AtherosclerosisPhase 2NCT00114517
ELITE: Early Versus Late Intervention Trial With Estradiol
A Phase 2 study testing 17B-estradiol in people with Atherosclerosis, run by University of Southern California at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of oral 17B-estradiol (estrogen) on the progression of early (subclinical) atherosclerosis and cognitive decline in healthy postmenopausal women. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Atherosclerosis
- What is being tested?
- 17B-estradiol
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 643 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Jul 2004to 5 Mar 2013
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Women with a serum estradiol level 25 pg/ml or less
- No period for 6 months or more
- Postmenopausal less than 6 years, OR 10 years or longer
Who cannot join
- Clinical signs, symptoms, or personal history of cardiovascular disease
- Women who have had a hysterectomy only and no oophorectomy (since time from menopause cannot be determined)
- Diabetes mellitus or fasting serum glucose 140 mg/dL or greater
- Uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg or greater)
- Thyroid disease (untreated)
- Serum creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL
Show all 12Show fewer
- Plasma triglyceride levels greater than 500 mg/dL
- Life threatening disease with prognosis less than 5 years
- Cirrhosis or liver disease
- History of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
- History of breast cancer
- Current hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, 90033
About this study
Official title: Biologic Response of Menopausal Women to 17B-Estradiol
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of oral 17B-estradiol (estrogen) on the progression of early (subclinical) atherosclerosis and cognitive decline in healthy postmenopausal women.
Read the detailed description
The primary hypothesis to be tested is that 17B-estradiol (estrogen) will reduce the progression of early atherosclerosis if initiated soon after menopause when the vascular endothelium (lining of blood vessels) is relatively healthy versus later when the endothelium has lost its responsiveness to estrogen. Ultrasonography will be used to measure the rate of change in the thickness of the carotid artery and cardiac computed tomography (CT) will be used to measure coronary artery calcium and coronary artery lesions. The second hypothesis to be tested is that 17B-estradiol (estrogen) will reduce the progression of cognitive decline if initiated soon after menopause when healthy brain tissue remains responsive to estrogen versus later when brain tissue has lost its responsiveness to estrogen.
A total of 643 (actual; 504 initially proposed) postmenopausal women were randomized according to their number of years since menopause, less than 6 years or 10 years or more, to receive either oral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily or matching placebo. Women with a uterus will also use vaginal progesterone gel 4% (or placebo gel) the last ten days of each month. The vaginal progesterone will be distributed in a double-blinded fashion along with the randomized treatment so that only women exposed to active treatment will receive active progesterone. As initially proposed, participants will undergo ultrasonography at baseline and every 6 months throughout the 2 to 5 years (average 3 years) of randomized treatment. Participants will also undergo cognitive testing at baseline and after 3 years of randomized treatment. The trial has been extended for an additional 2 to 2.5 years of randomized treatment (overall average randomized treatment of 5 years and range of 2 to 8.5 years). Ultrasonography will continue to be collected every 6 months and upon completion of randomized treatment, participants will undergo cardiac CT for coronary artery calcium and coronary artery lesion measurements. Participants will also undergo a third cognitive testing at the completion of randomized treatment.
- Conditions
- Atherosclerosis
- Being tested
- 17B-estradiol, Placebo
- Keywords
- atherosclerosis, CAD, cardiac computed tomography, cardiovascular disease, carotid artery intima-media thickness, cognitive function, computed tomography, coronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, coronary artery lesions, CVD, estrogen, estrogen therapy, hormone therapy, postmenopausal, subclinical vascular disease, timing hypothesis, ultrasonography, menopausal hormone replacement therapy, menopause
- Medical subject headings
- Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Artery Disease
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
17B-estradiolDrug
Also called Estrace, Estrogen, Estrogen replacement therapy, Hormone replacement therapy
Oral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily
PlaceboOther
Also called Matching placebo
Matching oral 17B-estradiol placebo daily
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 17B-estradiol | Active comparator | Oral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily Receives: Drug: 17B-estradiol |
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Matching oral 17B-estradiol placebo daily Receives: Other: Placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Rate of change in distal common carotid artery (CCA) far wall intima-media thickness (mm per year) in computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms that were obtained at two baseline examinations (averaged to obtain the baseline CIMT value) and every 6 months during trial follow-up.
Measured: Baseline x 2 and then every 6 months up to 6.7 years
Secondary outcomes (2)
Change in Neurocognitive Function (Global Cognition)
All neuropsychological test scores at baseline and follow-up assessments were standardized ([raw score - mean score]/standard deviation) using the baseline means and standard deviations from the entire ELITE sample. Each of three cognitive composite scores was calculated at baseline and follow-up assessments as the weighted average of the individual donor standardized test scores, weighted by the inverse correlation among tests.The change from baseline (endpoint minus baseline cognitive outcome) was computed for each of the cognitive scores (verbal memory, global cognition, and executive functions). Since the outcome is not a single test but a weighted average of multiple tests, the range is not standard and not reported. Higher scores mean better outcomes.
Measured: Baseline and at 2.5 years and 5 years
Coronary Artery Calcium
Number of participants with coronary artery calcium measured by cardiac computed tomography
Measured: End of randomized treatment, up to 6.7 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Jun 2005 (estimated)
- Study startJul 2004
- Primary completion12 Feb 2013
- Study completion5 Mar 2013
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for AtherosclerosisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of Southern CaliforniaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 643 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Southern California
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Howard N. Hodis, M.D., University of Southern California
- Investigators
- Howard N. Hodis, M.D., Principal investigator, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00114517
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AG0025
- Other IDs
- R01AG024154
- Status last verified
- Dec 2022
- First submitted
- 15 Jun 2005
- Last updated
- 18 Jan 2023
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Shoupe D, Azen SP, Stanczyk FZ, Hwang-Levine J, Budoff MJ, Henderson VW. Methods and baseline cardiovascular data from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol testing the menopausal hormone timing hypothesis. Menopause. 2015 Apr;22(4):391-401. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000343.
PubMed 25380275Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW, Shoupe D, Budoff MJ, Hwang-Levine J, Li Y, Feng M, Dustin L, Kono N, Stanczyk FZ, Selzer RH, Azen SP; ELITE Research Group. Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 31;374(13):1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241.
PubMed 27028912Henderson VW, St John JA, Hodis HN, McCleary CA, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Kono N, Dustin L, Allayee H, Mack WJ. Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: A randomized trial of the timing hypothesis. Neurology. 2016 Aug 16;87(7):699-708. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002980. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
PubMed 27421538Chen IJ, Stanczyk FZ, Sriprasert I, Karim R, Shoupe D, Kono N, Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Sex steroid hormones and subclinical atherosclerosis progression in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2025 Mar 3;192(3):248-256. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvaf032.
PubMed 39980346Lin F, Pa J, Karim R, Hodis HN, Han SD, Henderson VW, St John JA, Mack WJ. Subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis and cognitive function in older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022 May 7;14(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-00997-7.
PubMed 35526057Sriprasert I, Mert M, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Shoupe D. Use of oral estradiol plus vaginal progesterone in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2021 Dec;154:13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.09.002. Epub 2021 Sep 5.
PubMed 34736575Sriprasert I, Kono N, Karim R, Hodis HN, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Mack WJ. Factors Associated With Serum Estradiol Levels Among Postmenopausal Women Using Hormone Therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):675-684. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004006.
PubMed 32925623Sriprasert I, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Allayee H, Brinton RD, Karim R. Effect of ApoE4 Genotype on the Association Between Metabolic Phenotype and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Cardiol. 2019 Oct 1;124(7):1031-1037. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.06.022. Epub 2019 Jul 15.
PubMed 31362877Sriprasert I, Hodis HN, Karim R, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Henderson VW, Mack WJ. Differential Effect of Plasma Estradiol on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Early vs Late Postmenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Feb 1;104(2):293-300. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01600.
PubMed 30272234Karim R, Stanczyk FZ, Brinton RD, Rettberg J, Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Association of endogenous sex hormones with adipokines and ghrelin in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):508-15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2834. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
PubMed 25405497Henderson VW. Aging, estrogens, and episodic memory in women. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2009 Dec;22(4):205-14. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181a74ce7.
PubMed 19996872
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Jan 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Biologic Response of Menopausal Women to 17B-Estradiol
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00114517
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AG0025
- Conditions
- Atherosclerosis
- Keywords
- atherosclerosis, CAD, cardiac computed tomography, cardiovascular disease, carotid artery intima-media thickness, cognitive function, computed tomography, coronary artery calcium
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 643 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- Study start
- Jul 2004
- Primary completion
- 12 Feb 2013 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Mar 2013 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Jun 2005 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 8 Jun 2017
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of oral 17B-estradiol (estrogen) on the progression of early (subclinical) atherosclerosis and cognitive decline in healthy postmenopausal women.
Detailed description
The primary hypothesis to be tested is that 17B-estradiol (estrogen) will reduce the progression of early atherosclerosis if initiated soon after menopause when the vascular endothelium (lining of blood vessels) is relatively healthy versus later when the endothelium has lost its responsiveness to estrogen. Ultrasonography will be used to measure the rate of change in the thickness of the carotid artery and cardiac computed tomography (CT) will be used to measure coronary artery calcium and coronary artery lesions. The second hypothesis to be tested is that 17B-estradiol (estrogen) will reduce the progression of cognitive decline if initiated soon after menopause when healthy brain tissue remains responsive to estrogen versus later when brain tissue has lost its responsiveness to estrogen.
A total of 643 (actual; 504 initially proposed) postmenopausal women were randomized according to their number of years since menopause, less than 6 years or 10 years or more, to receive either oral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily or matching placebo. Women with a uterus will also use vaginal progesterone gel 4% (or placebo gel) the last ten days of each month. The vaginal progesterone will be distributed in a double-blinded fashion along with the randomized treatment so that only women exposed to active treatment will receive active progesterone. As initially proposed, participants will undergo ultrasonography at baseline and every 6 months throughout the 2 to 5 years (average 3 years) of randomized treatment. Participants will also undergo cognitive testing at baseline and after 3 years of randomized treatment. The trial has been extended for an additional 2 to 2.5 years of randomized treatment (overall average randomized treatment of 5 years and range of 2 to 8.5 years). Ultrasonography will continue to be collected every 6 months and upon completion of randomized treatment, participants will undergo cardiac CT for coronary artery calcium and coronary artery lesion measurements. Participants will also undergo a third cognitive testing at the completion of randomized treatment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 17B-estradiol | Active comparator | Drug: 17B-estradiolOral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily |
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Other: PlaceboMatching oral 17B-estradiol placebo daily |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Women with a serum estradiol level 25 pg/ml or less
- No period for 6 months or more
- Postmenopausal less than 6 years, OR 10 years or longer
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- Clinical signs, symptoms, or personal history of cardiovascular disease
- Women who have had a hysterectomy only and no oophorectomy (since time from menopause cannot be determined)
- Diabetes mellitus or fasting serum glucose 140 mg/dL or greater
- Uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg or greater)
- Thyroid disease (untreated)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 17B-estradiolAlso: Estrace, Estrogen, Estrogen replacement therapy, Hormone replacement therapyOral 17B-estradiol 1 mg daily | Drug | 17B-estradiol |
| PlaceboAlso: Matching placeboMatching oral 17B-estradiol placebo daily | Other | Placebo |
Primary outcome
Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Time frame: Baseline x 2 and then every 6 months up to 6.7 years
Rate of change in distal common carotid artery (CCA) far wall intima-media thickness (mm per year) in computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms that were obtained at two baseline examinations (averaged to obtain the baseline CIMT value) and every 6 months during trial follow-up.
2 secondary outcomes
Change in Neurocognitive Function (Global Cognition)
Time frame: Baseline and at 2.5 years and 5 years
Coronary Artery Calcium
Time frame: End of randomized treatment, up to 6.7 years
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Jan 2023.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 25380275Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Shoupe D, Azen SP, Stanczyk FZ, Hwang-Levine J, Budoff MJ, Henderson VW. Methods and baseline cardiovascular data from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol testing the menopausal hormone timing hypothesis. Menopause. 2015 Apr;22(4):391-401. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000343.
- Results publication: PubMed 27028912Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW, Shoupe D, Budoff MJ, Hwang-Levine J, Li Y, Feng M, Dustin L, Kono N, Stanczyk FZ, Selzer RH, Azen SP; ELITE Research Group. Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 31;374(13):1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241.
- Results publication: PubMed 27421538Henderson VW, St John JA, Hodis HN, McCleary CA, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Kono N, Dustin L, Allayee H, Mack WJ. Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: A randomized trial of the timing hypothesis. Neurology. 2016 Aug 16;87(7):699-708. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002980. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39980346Chen IJ, Stanczyk FZ, Sriprasert I, Karim R, Shoupe D, Kono N, Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Sex steroid hormones and subclinical atherosclerosis progression in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2025 Mar 3;192(3):248-256. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvaf032.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 35526057Lin F, Pa J, Karim R, Hodis HN, Han SD, Henderson VW, St John JA, Mack WJ. Subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis and cognitive function in older adults. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022 May 7;14(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-00997-7.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 34736575Sriprasert I, Mert M, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Shoupe D. Use of oral estradiol plus vaginal progesterone in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2021 Dec;154:13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.09.002. Epub 2021 Sep 5.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 32925623Sriprasert I, Kono N, Karim R, Hodis HN, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Mack WJ. Factors Associated With Serum Estradiol Levels Among Postmenopausal Women Using Hormone Therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):675-684. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004006.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31362877Sriprasert I, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Allayee H, Brinton RD, Karim R. Effect of ApoE4 Genotype on the Association Between Metabolic Phenotype and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Cardiol. 2019 Oct 1;124(7):1031-1037. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.06.022. Epub 2019 Jul 15.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 30272234Sriprasert I, Hodis HN, Karim R, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, Henderson VW, Mack WJ. Differential Effect of Plasma Estradiol on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Early vs Late Postmenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Feb 1;104(2):293-300. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01600.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 25405497Karim R, Stanczyk FZ, Brinton RD, Rettberg J, Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Association of endogenous sex hormones with adipokines and ghrelin in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):508-15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2834. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 19996872Henderson VW. Aging, estrogens, and episodic memory in women. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2009 Dec;22(4):205-14. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181a74ce7.
Related trials for Atherosclerosis
Active, not recruitingPhase 4
Effects of Sequential Therapy With Mexidol® (Intravenous) and Mexidol® FORTE 250 (Oral) on Functional Brain Activity Assessed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biochemical Parameters in Patients With Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Comparison of Patients With and Without Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic Abnormalities, Obesity & Overweight
Active, not recruiting
SUCCESS (SelUtion, Safety, effiCaCy, hEalth economicS and promS) PTA Study
Peripheral Artery Disease
Active, not recruitingPhase 3
A Study of Inclisiran to Prevent Cardiovascular Events in High-risk Primary Prevention Patients.
Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
RecruitingPhase 3
Reducing Adverse Vascular Outcomes With Factor XI Inhibition in Adult Participants With Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Recruiting
The THOR IDE Study
Peripheral Artery Disease, Peripheral Artery Stenosis
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Howard N. Hodis, M.D. principal investigator
Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing 17B-estradiol in people with Atherosclerosis, run by University of Southern California at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Jan 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 8 Jun 2017). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis (time frame: Baseline x 2 and then every 6 months up to 6.7 years). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT00114517, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Jan 2023.