Hyperphenylalaninemia in Cerebral Malaria

The mortality in severe malaria remains between 12-30% despite antimalarial therapy. The overwhelming majority of deaths from malaria occur in children in impoverished countries of the world with cerebral malaria (CM) and metabolic acidosis as the most important negative prognostic indicators. CM is a serious complication of falciparum malaria. It is characterized by fever, coma (not attributable to hypoglycemia), seizures (not attributable to febrile seizures) and abnormalities of muscle tone (rigidity, hypotonia) and body posture (decerebrate, decorticate, opisthotonic posturing). This observational prospective cohort study will enroll 512 Tanzanian children, 6 months to 6 years old, admitted to the hospital with CM (Group 1) as defined by World Health Organization criteria and uncomplicated malaria (UM-Group 2). Healthy children who are not acutely ill (healthy control, HC-Group 4) and children with coma and/or central nervous system (CNS) illness not attributed to malaria (NMC-Group 3) will serve as controls. Children will be recruited from 2 hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Amana Hospital in the Ilala District (AHID) and Mwananyamala Hospital (MDH)in the Kinondoni District. Children presenting to AHID or MDH, who are diagnosed with CM or a non-malarial CNS condition will be transferred by ambulance to the Clinical Research Unit (CRU) at Hubert Kairuki Memorial University (HKMU). Before transfer the child will be stabilized and treatment will be initiated. A lumbar puncture will be performed. Transfer to the HKMU-CRU will take place only with the parent(s)/guardian(s) permission and the parent(s) and/or guardian(s) will be transferred to HKMU with the child. Comatose children admitted to the hospitals will be evaluated by the house physician and/or member of the study team. Febrile children admitted to the hospital with high level Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia, no other cause of fever identified, nor evidence of severe malaria and no co-infection with other malaria species will be enrolled in the UM group. Health control children will be enrolled from outpatient well-baby clinics at AHID and MDH. All ill (groups II, III, IV)children will have complete blood picture, urinalysis, blood culture, and a blood smear for malaria. Lumbar puncture will be performed for diagnosis of meningitis or hemorrhage (in groups I and III) if there are no contraindications (e.g. papilledema or focal neurological signs suggesting a CNS mass lesion). Children will be treated according to Tanzanian standards based on the initial evaluation. Those subjects agreeing to enter the study will have portions of the blood, urine and CSF preserved for study purposes. Study subjects will be followed from the time of hospital admission until death or 1-2 weeks post hospital discharge. Primary study objectives are to: determine whether African children with cerebral malaria (CM) have sufficient levels of systemic tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) by analyzing their urine for metabolites of BH4; determine whether these children have sufficient levels of BH4 in their CNS by analyzing their cerebrospinal fluid for BH4 metabolites; and determine whether these children have sufficient levels of BH4-dependent biogenic amine neurotransmitters in their CNS by analyzing their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for metabolites of the neurotransmitters. Secondary objectives are to: determine natural history of hyperphenylalaninemia in CM and correlate with outcome (i.e., death or recovery); and determine whether BH4 deficiency is due to low expression of genes encoding de novo BH4 synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with CM.