Efficacy and Safety Study of Abatacept to Treat Lupus Nephritis

Confirmed at 2 consecutive visits. CRR defined as meeting all of 5 criteria. Renal function (RF): (Glomerular filtration rate [GFR] calculated using Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases equation equation) Calculated function abnormal at screening visit - return of renal function to greater than or equal to 90% of function at approximately 6 months prior to onset of the current episode of lupus nephritis. Calculated function normal at screening visit - estimated renal function 90% or greater of level at screening visit. Proteinuria: urinary protein/creatinine ratio <30 mg/mmol. Hematuria: red blood cell (RBC) count within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Pyuria: White blood cell count (WBC) within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Cylindruria: No RBC or WBC casts reported.

Confirmed at 2 consecutive visits. CRR defined as meeting all of 5 criteria. Renal function (RF): (Glomerular filtration rate [GFR] calculated using Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases equation equation) Calculated function abnormal at screening visit - return of renal function to greater than or equal to 90% of function at approximately 6 months prior to onset of the current episode of lupus nephritis. Calculated function normal at screening visit - estimated renal function 90% or greater of level at screening visit. Proteinuria: urinary protein/creatinine ratio <30 mg/mmol. Hematuria: red blood cell (RBC) count within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Pyuria: White blood cell count (WBC) within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Cylindruria: No RBC or WBC casts reported.

RI is defined as meeting all of the following criteria. Renal function: If MDRD is abnormal at screening, within 10% of the MDRD at screening; if MDRD is 60-89 at screening, greater than or equal to 50% improvement based on the screening value or 90% or greater of MDRD at screening; if MDRD is 15-59 at screening, if MDRD is normal at screening-within 10% of the MDRD at screening. Proteinuria: improvement greater than or equal to 50% from screening. Hematuria: red blood cell (RBC)count within normal limit of central laboratory. Pyuria: white blood cell (WBC) count within normal limit of central laboratory. Cylindruria: No RBC or WBC casts.

CRR defined as meeting all of 5 criteria. RF: (Glomerular filtration rate [GFR] calculated using MDRD equation) Calculated function abnormal at screening visit - return of renal function to greater than or equal to 90% of function at approximately 6 months prior to onset of the current episode of lupus nephritis. Calculated function normal at screening visit - estimated renal function 90% or greater of level at screening visit. Proteinuria: urinary protein/creatinine ratio <30 mg/mmol. Hematuria: red blood cell (RBC) count within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Pyuria: White blood cell count (WBC) within normal limits of Central Laboratory. Cylindruria: No RBC or WBC casts reported.

Durability of CRR, defined as the number of months (number of consecutive planned visits beyond Day 15) a participant met the definition of CRR during the double-blind treatment period. Refer to outcome 1 for description of CRR.

Baseline (BL) renal function, as estimated by calculation of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) equation, over time. Renal MDRD is an equation (calculation) used to estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in participants with impaired renal function based on serum creatinine, age, race, and gender. GFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2) = 175 * (Scr)^-1.154 * (Age)^-0.203 * (0.742 if female) * (1.212 if African American) (conventional units). mL, milliliters; min, minute; m^2, meters squared; Scr, serum creatinine. A negative value indicates worsening.

Mean change from baseline in renal function, as estimated by calculation of the MDRD equation, over time. Renal MDRD is an equation (calculation) used to estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in participants with impaired renal function based on serum creatinine, age, race, and gender. GFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2) = 175 * (Scr)^-1.154 * (Age)^-0.203 * (0.742 if female) * (1.212 if African American) (conventional units). mL, milliliters; min, minute; m^2, meters squared; Scr, serum creatinine. A positive value indicates improvement. Change from baseline=Post-baseline-baseline value.

SLICC/ACR score or damage index is a measure of cumulative damage due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Damage is defined as nonreversible change (not related to active inflammation) occurring since onset of lupus, ascertained by clinical assessment and present for at least 6 months. A score of 0=no damage, early damage is defined as ≥1. The total maximum score is 48, and increasing score indicates increasing disease severity.

RR is defined as meeting BOTH of the following criteria:RENAL FUNCTION: Less than or equal to 25% increase from baseline;PROTEINURIA: Greater than or equal to 50% improvement in the urine protein/creatinine ratio with one of the following - urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) <113 mg/mmol,, if the baseline ratio was <=339 mg/mmol OR UPCR <339 mg/mmol,if the baseline ratio > 339 mg/mmol. A participant was considered as achieving RR if response criteria at both months 11 and 12 (Days 337 and 365, respectively) were met. For 95% CI within each group, normal approximation is used if n>=5.

SLICC/ACR score or damage index is a measure of cumulative damage due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Damage is defined as non-reversible change (not related to active inflammation) occurring since onset of lupus, ascertained by clinical assessment and present for at least 6 months. A score of 0=no damage, early damage is defined as ≥1. The total maximum score is 48, and increasing score indicates increasing disease severity. Change from baseline=Postbaseline - baseline value.

The SF-36 is a validated instrument measuring health-related quality of life across multiple disease states. It has 36 questions with 8 subscale scores and 2 summary scores (1) physical component summary=physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and general health; (2) mental component summary=vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. There is no total overall score; scoring is done for both subscores and summary scores. For subscores and summary scores, 0 =worst score (or quality of life) and 100=best score. Change from Baseline= post-Baseline - Baseline value.

The SF-36 is a validated instrument measuring health-related quality of life across multiple disease states. It has 36 questions with 8 subscale scores and 2 summary scores (1) physical component summary=physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and general health; (2) mental component summary=vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. There is no total overall score; scoring is done for both subscores and summary scores. For subscores and summary scores, 0 =worst score (or quality of life) and 100=best score. Change from Baseline= post-Baseline - Baseline value.

The SF-36 is a validated instrument measuring health-related quality of life across multiple disease states. It has 36 questions with 8 subscale scores and 2 summary scores (1) physical component summary=physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and general health; (2) mental component summary=vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. There is no total overall score; scoring is done for both subscores and summary scores. For subscores and summary scores, 0 =worst score (or quality of life) and 100=best score. Change from Baseline= post-Baseline - Baseline value.

The SF-36 is a validated instrument measuring health-related quality of life across multiple disease states. It has 36 questions with 8 subscale scores and 2 summary scores (1) physical component summary=physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and general health; (2) mental component summary=vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. There is no total overall score; scoring is done for both subscores and summary scores. For subscores and summary scores, 0 =worst score (or quality of life) and 100=best score. Change from Baseline= post-Baseline - Baseline value.

A visual analogue scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale for measurement of subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured. The VAS for Fatigue (VAS-F) consists of a 100 mm line, with 0 (No Fatigue) on 1 end and 100 (Extreme Fatigue) on the other end, which a participant marks to indicate how much fatigue he or she feels. The marked point in mm is converted into a numeric value from 0 to 100, where 0=no fatigue and 100=maximum fatigue. Increasing numbers=increasing fatigue.

A visual analogue scale is a psychometric response scale for measurement of subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured.

The VAS for Fatigue (VAS-F) consists of a 100 mm line, with 0 (No Fatigue) on 1 end and 100 (Extreme Fatigue) on the other end, which a participant marks to indicate how much fatigue he or she feels. The marked point in mm is converted into a numeric value from 0 to 100, where 0=no fatigue and 100=maximum fatigue. Increasing numbers=increasing fatigue.

The reduction of fatigue assessed by Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). The FSS questionnaire is comprised of 9 statements inquiring about the examinee's sleep habits over the preceding week. Participants are asked to rate their level of agreement (toward seven) or disagreement (toward zero) with the nine statements. A score of 36 and above (out of a maximum of 63) indicates the presence of significant fatigue.

The reduction of fatigue assessed by Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). The FSS questionnaire is comprised of 9 statements inquiring about the examinee's sleep habits over the preceding week. Participants are asked to rate their level of agreement (toward seven) or disagreement (toward zero) with the nine statements. A score of 36 and above (out of a maximum of 63) indicates the presence of significant fatigue.

AE=any new unfavorable symptom, sign, or disease or worsening of a preexisting condition that may not have a causal relationship with treatment. SAE=a medical event that at any dose results in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or drug dependency/abuse; is life-threatening, an important medical event, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or requires or prolongs hospitalization. Related=possibly, probably, or certainly related to and of unknown relationship to study drug.

AEs of special interest were prospectively identified to be those that may be associated with the use of immunomodulatory agents. They are a subset of all AEs and may be either serious or non-serious.

LLN=lower limit of normal; ULN=upper limit of normal; PTV=pretreatment value. Normal ranges are provided by the Central Laboratory and may vary according to sex and age. Low(↓)Hemoglobin:>3g/dL decrease from PTV; ↓Hematocrit:<0.75xPTV;↓Erythrocyte count:<0.75xPTV; high(↑)Platelet count:>1.5xULN;↓Platelet count:<0.67xLLN;↓Leukocyte count:<0.75X LLN;↑Leukocyte count:>1.25xULN;↓Absolute(AB)Neutrophils+Bands:<1.00x10^3c/uL;↑AB Lymphocyte count:>7.50x10^3 c/uL; ↓AB lymphocyte count:<0.750x10^3 c/uL;↑AB monocyte count:>2000/mm^3;↑AB basophil count:>400/mm^3;↑AB eosinophil count:>0.750x10^3 c/uL.

LLN=lower limit of normal; ULN=upper limit of normal; PTV=pretreatment value. Normal ranges are provided by the Central Laboratory and may vary according to sex and age. ↑Serum Sodium:>1.05x ULN;↓Serum Potassium:<0.9x LLN;↑Serum Potassium:>1.1x ULN;↓Total Calcium:<0.8X LLN;↑Total Calcium:>1.2x ULN; ↓Serum Glucose(SG):<65 mg/dL;↑SG:>220 mg/dL;↓Fasting SG:<0.8x LLN;↑Fasting SG:>1.5x ULN;↓Total Protein:<0.9x LLN;↓Albumin:<0.9x LLN;↑Total Cholesterol:>2x PTV;↑Triglycerides:>=2.5x ULN;↑Fasting Triglycerides:>=2x ULN

ULN=upper limit of normal; PTV=pretreatment value. Normal ranges are provided by the Central Laboratory and may vary according to sex and age.

Alkaline Phosphatase:>2x ULN; ↑Aspartate Aminotransferase: >3x ULN; ↑Alanine Aminotransferase : >3x ULN; G-Glutamyl Transferase : >2x ULN; ↑Total Bilirubin : >2x ULN or if PTV > ULN then > 4x PTV; ↑Blood Urea Nitrogen >2x PTV; ↑Creatinine >1.5x PTV.

PTV=pretreatment value. Criteria for marked abnormality: Protein, glucose, blood, leukocyte esterase , if missing PTV then use >=2+ (or, if value >=4, or if PTV=0 or 0.5, >=2 or if PTV=1, >=3, or if PTV=2 or 3, >=4).

A validated, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay based on Meso-Scale Discovery instrumentation was used to evaluate immunogenicity. The ECL assay differentiated between two antibody specificities: (1) the 'Ig and/or Junction (Jn) Region' and (2) 'CLTA4 and possibly Ig'. A sample was considered positive if it had a titer of 10 or greater and if immunodepletion was observed with abatacept with or without CTLA4-T.

A quantitative immunoglobulins (Igs) test is used to detect abnormal levels of the three major classes of Igs (IgG, IgA, and IgM). Abnormal test results typically indicate that there is something affecting the immune system which requires further testing.

A quantitative immunoglobulin (Ig) test is used to detect abnormal levels of the 3 major classes of Ig (IgG, IgA, and IgM). Abnormal test results typically indicate that something is affecting the immune system and further testing is required.

Please refer to Outcome 31 for the respective baseline values

The Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study (ACCESS) defines complete response as a response meeting all of the following criteria: serum creatinine ≤upper limit of normal as defined by the central laboratory or ≤125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline; urine protein/creatinine ratio <50 mg/mmoL; and prednisone or prednisone-equivalent dose tapered to 10 mg per day.

Patient response=complete, partial, or no response. Complete response=serum creatinine (SCr) normal, inactive urinary sediment, no cellular casts, urinary protein/creatinine (UPCR) ratio<56.5 mg/mmol. Partial response=SCr normal or ≤25% above baseline value, RBCs at reference range, UPCR <56.5 mg/mmoL OR ≥50% improvement in UPCR with one of the following: UPCR <113 or <339 mg/mmoL, based on the baseline ratio. No response=Not achieving complete or partial response criteria.

SLICC=Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; ACR=American College of Rheumatology. The SLICC/ACR Damage Index measures organ damage (nonreversible change, unrelated to active inflammation) occurring since onset of lupus, ascertained by clinical assessment and present for at least 6 months unless otherwise stated. The index assesses 47 items in 12 systems: Ocular, Neuropsychiatric, Renal, Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Peripheral Vascular, Musculoskeletal, Skin, Premature Gonadal Failure, Diabetes, Malignancy. Scores range from 0 to 2, and the same lesion cannot be scored twice. If damage is noted for a particular item, it is scored 1. No damage is scored 0. Some items may score 2 points if they occur more than once, so that the maximum possible score is 47. Scores can only increase with time, but scores rarely reach over 12. It is usually completed (or updated) yearly.

AE=any new unfavorable symptom, sign, or disease or worsening of a preexisting condition that may not have a causal relationship with treatment. SAE=a medical event that at any dose results in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or drug dependency/abuse; is life-threatening, an important medical event, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or requires or prolongs hospitalization. Related=possibly, probably, or certainly related to and of unknown relationship to study drug.

Collected in at least 1 sample. Assessment includes immunogenicity (detection of serum antibodies which bind to CTLA4-Ig in the in vitro assays) and exposure to corticosteroids

Renal response=serum creatinine level ≤25% above baseline value and greater than or equal to 50% improvement in the urine protein/creatinine ratio with 1 of the following: urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) <113 mg/mmol, if the baseline ratio was <= 339 mg/mmol OR UPCR <339 mg/mmol,if the baseline ratio >339 mg/mmol.

preRX=pretreatment; LLN=lower limit of normal; ULN=upper limit of normal. Hemoglobin (g/dL): >3g/dL decrease from preRX value. Hematocrit(%): <0.75*preRX. Erythrocytes (*10^6 c/uL): <0.75*preRX. Platelet count (*10^9 c/L): <0.67*LLN, or >1.5*ULN, or if preRX <LLN, use <0.5*preRX and <100,000/mm^3. Leukocytes (*10^3 c/uL): <0.75*LLN or >1.25*ULN, or if preRX <LLN, use <0.8* preRX or >ULN; if preRX>ULN, use >1.2*preRX or <LLN. Neutrophils + Bands (absolute) (*10^3 c/uL): If value <1.0*10^3 or if value >7.50*10^3 c/uL. Monocytes (absolute) (*10^3 c/uL): If value >2000/mm^3. Basophils (absolute)(*10^3 c/uL): If value >.750*10^3 c/uL. Eosinophils (absolute) (*10^3 c/uL): If value >.750*10^3 c/uL. ALP (U/L): >2*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >3* preRX. AST (U/L): >3*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >4*preRX. ALT (U/L): >3*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >4*preRX. GGT (U/L):>2*ULN, or if preRX >ULN, use >3*preRX. Bilirubin, total (mg/dL): >2*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >4*preRX. BUN (mg/dL): >1.5*preRX.

LLN=lower limit of normal; ULN=upper limit of normal; preRX=pretreatment. Sodium, serum (mEq/L): <0.95*LLN or >1.05*ULN, or if preRX<LLN, use <0.95*preRX or >ULN if preRX>ULN, use >1.05*preRX or <LLN. Potassium, serum (mEq/L): <0.9* LLN or >1.1*ULN, or if preRX <LLN, use <0.9*preRX or >ULN if preRX>ULN, use >1.1*preRX or <LLN. Chloride, serum (mEq/L): <0.9*LLN or >1.1*ULN, or if preRX<LLN, use <0.9*preRX or >ULN. Calcium, total (mg/dL): <0.8*LLN or >1.2*ULN, or if preRX<LLN, use <0.75*preRX or >ULN if preRX>ULN, use >1.25*preRX or <LLN. Glucose, serum (mg/dL): <65 mg/dL, or >220 mg/dL. Glucose, fasting serum (mg/dL): <0.8*LLN or >1.5*ULN, or if preRX <LLN, use <0.8*preRX or >ULN if preRX>ULN, use >2.0*preRX or <LLN. Albumin (g/dL): <0.9*LLN, or if preRX <LLN, use <0.75*preRX. Cholesterol, total (mg/dL): >2*preRX. Triglycerides (mg/dL): >=2.5*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >=2.5*preRX. Triglycerides, fasting (mg/dL): >=2*ULN, or if preRX>ULN, use >2.0*preRX.

preRX=pretreatment. Protein, urine: If missing preRX, use >=2, or if value >=4, or if preRX =0 or 0.5, use >=2, or if preRX=1, use >=3, or if preRX=2 OR 3 then use >=4. Glucose, urine: If missing preRX, use >=2, or if value >=4, or if preRX=0 or 0.5, use >=2, or if preRX=1, use >=3, or if preRX=2 or 3, use >=4. Blood, urine: If missing preRX, use >=2, or if value >=4, or if preRX =0 or 0.5, use >=2, or if preRX=1, use >=3, or if preRX=2 or 3, use >=4. Leukocyte esterase, urine: If missing preRX, use >=2, or if value >=4, or if preRX=0 or 0.5, use >=2, or if preRX=1, use >=3, or if preRX=2 or 3, use >=4.