Cardiovascular DiseaseFATNCT00937963
Healthy Fatty Acids in Transition
A study testing Palm DAG Oil in people with Cardiovascular Disease, run by Penn State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a molecule that consists of two fatty acid chains bound by ester links to a glycerol molecule, in the form of 1,2 and 1,3 structural isomers. Approximately 10% of the edible oils on today's market are comprised from DAG. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 30 to 60 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Cardiovascular Disease
- What is being tested?
- Palm DAG Oil
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Feb 2009to Nov 2009
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 30 to 60 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- 30-60 years of age
- Moderately elevated LDL-C (120-175 mg/dL) and normal HDL-C (30-50 mg/dL)
- TG < 350 mg/dL
Who cannot join
- Smokers
- A history of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, kidney disease, and thyroid disease (unless controlled on medication)
- Lactation, pregnancy, or desire to become pregnant during the study
- Cholesterol-lowering medications
- Intake of putative cholesterol-lowering supplements (psyllium, fish oil capsules, soy lecithin, niacin, fiber, flax, and phytoestrogens, stanol/sterol supplemented foods)
- Vegetarianism
- Allergic to nuts (Other food allergies will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Penn State University
University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802
About this study
Official title: Healthy FAT (Fatty Acids in Transition) Study
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a molecule that consists of two fatty acid chains bound by ester links to a glycerol molecule, in the form of 1,2 and 1,3 structural isomers. Approximately 10% of the edible oils on today's market are comprised from DAG. DAG oil has a similar taste, appearance, and fatty acid composition as conventional triacylglycerol oil (TAG; consists of 3 fatty acids chains bound to a glycerol molecule), yet recent studies suggest that due to its different chemical structure, DAG oil may induce cardiovascular (CV) benefits. Specifically, human studies in the United States (US) and Japan have shown that long-term consumption of a diet containing DAG oil enhances loss of body weight and body fat compared with TAG oil of similar fatty acid composition. In postprandial studies, serum triglycerides (TG) and remnant like particle cholesterol concentrations, have shown to be lower following ingestion of DAG-enriched oil compared to conventional dietary oil (e.g., soybean, corn), or TAG oil. Therefore, DAG oil appears to be effective for preventing postprandial hyperlipidemia, which is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis.
The hypothesis that the investigators propose in this pilot study is that intake of DAG oil, compared to TAG oil will result in a lower LDL-C, and lower LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, as well as a reduction in TG levels. Given the significance of such findings, if confirmed, the investigators will evaluate other important clinical biomarkers for chronic disease (CV Disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome), such as insulin sensitivity and inflammation [as determined by C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 \& tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], which also may be beneficially affected by consumption of the palm DAG oil. During the pilot study, the investigators will reserve serum/plasma samples so that these additional assays may be run upon approval of the modification.
Read the detailed description
Commonly consumed vegetable fats and oils are comprised predominantly of TAG, and small amounts of DAG and monoacylglycerol. TAG consists of 3 fatty acid ester, whereas diacylglycerol oil has 2 fatty acid esters linked to a glycerol backbone. Recently, Watanabe et al., developed a process by which the ratio of glycerides found in plant oils such as soybean, canola (rapeseed), or corn can be shifted from TAG to DAG, leading to the formation of oil composed largely of DAG. Commercially, DAG oil is produced by esterification of fatty acids derived from natural edible plant oils in the presence of lipase enzyme. Commercially produced vegetable DAG oil contains >80% DAG, <20% TAG, <5% monoacylglycerols, and small amounts of emulsifiers and antioxidants to maintain quality. The main constituent fatty acids of DAG oil are oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids, present as 1,3- and 1,2 (or 2,3)-DAGs in a ratio of 7:3, respectively. These structural differences may be responsible for the purported metabolic effects of DAG compared to TAG oil, DAG oil has fewer fatty acids than TAG, and DAG-oil with a greater proportion of DAG in the sn-1,3 versus sn-1,2 form may be more readily oxidized. Thus, the effects of DAG oil on increasing LDL-C would be expected to be less than TAG oil.
- Conditions
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Being tested
- Palm DAG Oil
- Keywords
- cholesterol, cardiovascular, CVD, Triglycerides, Heart
- Medical subject headings
- Cardiovascular Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Palm DAG OilDietary supplement
Use of Palm DAG Oil to replace palm oil traditionally used in foods
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Palm Oil | Experimental | Traditional palm oil normally used in foods Receives: Dietary Supplement: Palm DAG Oil |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Lipoprotein profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG)
Participants receive a two week break between diet periods. Diet period 1 runs from week 1-4 and diet period 2 from week 7-10.
Measured: At the end of each 4 week diet period (week 4 and week 10)
Secondary outcomes (1)
Inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-α)
Measured: At the end of each 4 week diet period (week 4 and week 10)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 Jul 2009 (estimated)
- Study startFeb 2009
- Primary completionNov 2009
- Study completionNov 2009
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Cardiovascular DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Penn State UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Penn State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- California Healthcare Institute
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Penny M Kris-Etherton, PhD, Principal investigator, Penn State University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00937963
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PKE 103
- Acronym
- FAT
- Status last verified
- Aug 2023
- First submitted
- 18 Jun 2009
- Last updated
- 21 Aug 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Aug 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Healthy FAT (Fatty Acids in Transition) Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT00937963
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FAT / PKE 103
- Conditions
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Keywords
- cholesterol, cardiovascular, CVD, Triglycerides, Heart
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Penn State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- California Healthcare Institute
- Study start
- Feb 2009
- Primary completion
- Nov 2009 (actual)
- Study completion
- Nov 2009 (actual)
- First posted
- 13 Jul 2009 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a molecule that consists of two fatty acid chains bound by ester links to a glycerol molecule, in the form of 1,2 and 1,3 structural isomers. Approximately 10% of the edible oils on today's market are comprised from DAG. DAG oil has a similar taste, appearance, and fatty acid composition as conventional triacylglycerol oil (TAG; consists of 3 fatty acids chains bound to a glycerol molecule), yet recent studies suggest that due to its different chemical structure, DAG oil may induce cardiovascular (CV) benefits. Specifically, human studies in the United States (US) and Japan have shown that long-term consumption of a diet containing DAG oil enhances loss of body weight and body fat compared with TAG oil of similar fatty acid composition. In postprandial studies, serum triglycerides (TG) and remnant like particle cholesterol concentrations, have shown to be lower following ingestion of DAG-enriched oil compared to conventional dietary oil (e.g., soybean, corn), or TAG oil. Therefore, DAG oil appears to be effective for preventing postprandial hyperlipidemia, which is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis.
The hypothesis that the investigators propose in this pilot study is that intake of DAG oil, compared to TAG oil will result in a lower LDL-C, and lower LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, as well as a reduction in TG levels. Given the significance of such findings, if confirmed, the investigators will evaluate other important clinical biomarkers for chronic disease (CV Disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome), such as insulin sensitivity and inflammation [as determined by C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 \& tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], which also may be beneficially affected by consumption of the palm DAG oil. During the pilot study, the investigators will reserve serum/plasma samples so that these additional assays may be run upon approval of the modification.
Detailed description
Commonly consumed vegetable fats and oils are comprised predominantly of TAG, and small amounts of DAG and monoacylglycerol. TAG consists of 3 fatty acid ester, whereas diacylglycerol oil has 2 fatty acid esters linked to a glycerol backbone. Recently, Watanabe et al., developed a process by which the ratio of glycerides found in plant oils such as soybean, canola (rapeseed), or corn can be shifted from TAG to DAG, leading to the formation of oil composed largely of DAG. Commercially, DAG oil is produced by esterification of fatty acids derived from natural edible plant oils in the presence of lipase enzyme. Commercially produced vegetable DAG oil contains >80% DAG, <20% TAG, <5% monoacylglycerols, and small amounts of emulsifiers and antioxidants to maintain quality. The main constituent fatty acids of DAG oil are oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids, present as 1,3- and 1,2 (or 2,3)-DAGs in a ratio of 7:3, respectively. These structural differences may be responsible for the purported metabolic effects of DAG compared to TAG oil, DAG oil has fewer fatty acids than TAG, and DAG-oil with a greater proportion of DAG in the sn-1,3 versus sn-1,2 form may be more readily oxidized. Thus, the effects of DAG oil on increasing LDL-C would be expected to be less than TAG oil.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Palm Oil | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Palm DAG OilTraditional palm oil normally used in foods |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 30 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- 30-60 years of age
- Moderately elevated LDL-C (120-175 mg/dL) and normal HDL-C (30-50 mg/dL)
- TG < 350 mg/dL
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Smokers
- A history of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, kidney disease, and thyroid disease (unless controlled on medication)
- Lactation, pregnancy, or desire to become pregnant during the study
- Cholesterol-lowering medications
- Intake of putative cholesterol-lowering supplements (psyllium, fish oil capsules, soy lecithin, niacin, fiber, flax, and phytoestrogens, stanol/sterol supplemented foods)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Palm DAG OilUse of Palm DAG Oil to replace palm oil traditionally used in foods | Dietary supplement | Palm Oil |
Primary outcome
Lipoprotein profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG)
Time frame: At the end of each 4 week diet period (week 4 and week 10)
Participants receive a two week break between diet periods. Diet period 1 runs from week 1-4 and diet period 2 from week 7-10.
1 secondary outcome
Inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-α)
Time frame: At the end of each 4 week diet period (week 4 and week 10)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Aug 2023.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Penny M Kris-Etherton, PhD principal investigator
Penn State University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Palm DAG Oil in people with Cardiovascular Disease, run by Penn State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Aug 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Lipoprotein profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG) (time frame: At the end of each 4 week diet period (week 4 and week 10)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Aug 2023.