Kidney DiseasePhase 1CKDNCT01087749
Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Volunteers
A Phase 1 study testing Propranolol, Losartan and Eprosartan in people with Kidney Disease, run by University of California, San Francisco at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to find out how chemicals in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease affect how medications are removed from the body. The patient will take one dose of three different drugs, one on each week, for a total of three single doses. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 70 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Kidney Disease
- What is being tested?
- Propranolol, Losartan and Eprosartan
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Mar 2010to Dec 2012
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 70 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Male or Female 18-70 years of age.
- Healthy volunteers or chronic kidney disease (GFR<40)
- Be able to provide written informed consent and comply with requirements of the study.
- Avoid eating grapefruit and drinking grapefruit juice from 7 days prior to the first study day until completion of the study.
- Abstinence from alcoholic beverages, caffeinated beverages and orange juice from 6pm the night before a study day until completion of the study day.
- Fast from food and beverages at least 8 hours prior to medication dosing.
- Be able to read, speak, and understand English.
Who cannot join
- Subjects with contraindications to taking the study drugs
- Subjects with known allergies to propranolol, losartan, or eprosartan.
- Subjects who smoke tobacco.
- Subjects with ongoing alcohol or illegal drug use.
- Subjects who are pregnant, lactating, or attempting to conceive.
- Subjects unable to maintain adequate birth control during the study.
Show all 11Show fewer
- Subjects unable to follow protocol instructions or protocol criteria.
- Subjects with hematocrit < 30mg/dL.
- Subjects who are insulin requiring diabetics.
- Subjects with low, or low normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [BP] <100mmHg)
- Subjects with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Clinical Reserach Center, UCSF
San Francisco, California, 94143
About this study
Official title: Pharmacokinetic Study of Propranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
The purpose of this study is to find out how chemicals in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease affect how medications are removed from the body. The patient will take one dose of three different drugs, one on each week, for a total of three single doses. The investigators want to find out if these three different medications are affected in different ways by the chemicals in the blood of patients with kidney disease.
Read the detailed description
It has been demonstrated that proteins known as drug transporters in different human organs and tissues are important for a drug to be absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated (ADME)18. The chemical properties of drugs can affect whether it needs a transporter protein to enter the cell or not. It is not well known how these proteins are affected in chronic disease and how different drugs may be absorbed, metabolized, or eliminated differently in certain diseases. Preliminary studies suggest that some drugs (those requiring drug transporter proteins) may show altered elimination in the presence of uremic toxins. Uremic toxins are substances accumulated in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease and many are not removed through hemodialysis (HD). We hypothesize that the different classes of drugs (BDDCS class1, 2, and 3) will have different degrees of changes in AUC, meaning that for a class 1 drug we would see less of a change in AUC than in a class 3 drug because a class 3 drug requires transporters. Previous studies can't make that comparison because they used different patients for each drug, so even if there were a change in a class 1 drug, it can't be compared to a class 3 drug. In order to get an accurate comparison, we will test the three drugs on the same patient and see how he AUC changes from drug to drug within the same patient comparing it to the healthy volunteer (taking the same three drugs).
- Conditions
- Kidney Disease
- Being tested
- Propranolol, Losartan, Eprosartan
- Medical subject headings
- Kidney Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PropranololDrug
Also called Propranolol Hydrochloride, Ciplar, Ciplar LA, Inderal
Propranolol 40mg PO will be given with 6oz of water.Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma.
LosartanDrug
Also called Cozaar, Losartan potassium, Anin
Losartan 50mg PO will be given with 6oz of water. Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma.
EprosartanDrug
Also called Teveten, Eprozar, Teveten HCT (paired with hydrochlorothiazide), Teveten Plus (paired with hydrochlorothiazide)
Erythromycin 125mg PO will be given with 6oz of water. Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Kidney Disease | Experimental | Propranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan will be administered to patients who have been diagnosed with Chronic Kidney disease and have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 40ml/min. Receives: Drug: Propranolol; Drug: Losartan; Drug: Eprosartan |
| Healthy Volunteers | Experimental | Propranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan will be administered to healthy volunteers without chronic kidney disease. Receives: Drug: Propranolol; Drug: Losartan; Drug: Eprosartan |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pharmacokinetic parameters
Three 12-hour days visits (on different weeks) will be investigated to obtain blood samples for 12 hours for three different medications. Blood samples will be obtained to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma.
Measured: 3 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Mar 2010 (estimated)
- Study startMar 2010
- Primary completionDec 2012
- Study completionDec 2012
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (13)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Kidney DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of California, San FranciscoThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, San Francisco
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Leslie Z Benet, PhD, Principal investigator, University of California, San FranciscoLynda Frassetto, MD, Principal investigator, University of California, San Francisco
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01087749
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PKUCSF2010
- Acronym
- CKD
- Status last verified
- May 2013
- First submitted
- 15 Mar 2010
- Last updated
- 30 May 2013
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Bianchetti G, Graziani G, Brancaccio D, Morganti A, Leonetti G, Manfrin M, Sega R, Gomeni R, Ponticelli C, Morselli PL. Pharmacokinetics and effects of propranolol in terminal uraemic patients and in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1976;1(5):373-84. doi: 10.2165/00003088-197601050-00004.
PubMed 1017154Lam JL, Shugarts SB, Okochi H, Benet LZ. Elucidating the effect of final-day dosing of rifampin in induction studies on hepatic drug disposition and metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Nov;319(2):864-70. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.108282. Epub 2006 Aug 11.
PubMed 16905688Lau YY, Okochi H, Huang Y, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its hydroxy metabolites in rats and the effects of concomitant rifampicin single doses: relevance of first-pass effect from hepatic uptake transporters, and intestinal and hepatic metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1175-81. doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.009076. Epub 2006 Apr 19.
PubMed 16624870Lau YY, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. effect of OATP1B transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;81(2):194-204. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100038. Epub 2006 Dec 27.
PubMed 17192770Guevin C, Michaud J, Naud J, Leblond FA, Pichette V. Down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome p450 in chronic renal failure: role of uremic mediators. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;137(7):1039-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704951.
PubMed 12429576Martin DE, Chapelsky MC, Ilson B, Tenero D, Boike SC, Zariffa N, Jorkasky DK. Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of eprosartan in healthy volunteers and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb;38(2):129-37. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04401.x.
PubMed 9549643Michaud J, Naud J, Chouinard J, Desy F, Leblond FA, Desbiens K, Bonnardeaux A, Pichette V. Role of parathyroid hormone in the downregulation of liver cytochrome P450 in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Nov;17(11):3041-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006010035. Epub 2006 Oct 4.
PubMed 17021269Naud J, Michaud J, Leblond FA, Lefrancois S, Bonnardeaux A, Pichette V. Effects of chronic renal failure on liver drug transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Jan;36(1):124-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.018192. Epub 2007 Oct 16.
PubMed 17940133Nolin TD, Naud J, Leblond FA, Pichette V. Emerging evidence of the impact of kidney disease on drug metabolism and transport. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun;83(6):898-903. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2008.59. Epub 2008 Apr 2.
PubMed 18388866Sica DA, Halstenson CE, Gehr TW, Keane WF. Pharmacokinetics and blood pressure response of losartan in end-stage renal disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Jun;38(6):519-26. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200038060-00005.
PubMed 10885588Sun H, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. Effects of uremic toxins on hepatic uptake and metabolism of erythromycin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1239-46. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.000521. Epub 2004 Jul 30.
PubMed 15286055Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W; European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x.
PubMed 12675874Wu CY, Benet LZ. Predicting drug disposition via application of BCS: transport/absorption/ elimination interplay and development of a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system. Pharm Res. 2005 Jan;22(1):11-23. doi: 10.1007/s11095-004-9004-4.
PubMed 15771225
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 May 2013. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Pharmacokinetic Study of Propranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01087749
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CKD / PKUCSF2010
- Conditions
- Kidney Disease
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, San FranciscoUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Mar 2010
- Primary completion
- Dec 2012 (actual)
- Study completion
- Dec 2012 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Mar 2010 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to find out how chemicals in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease affect how medications are removed from the body. The patient will take one dose of three different drugs, one on each week, for a total of three single doses. The investigators want to find out if these three different medications are affected in different ways by the chemicals in the blood of patients with kidney disease.
Detailed description
It has been demonstrated that proteins known as drug transporters in different human organs and tissues are important for a drug to be absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated (ADME)18. The chemical properties of drugs can affect whether it needs a transporter protein to enter the cell or not. It is not well known how these proteins are affected in chronic disease and how different drugs may be absorbed, metabolized, or eliminated differently in certain diseases. Preliminary studies suggest that some drugs (those requiring drug transporter proteins) may show altered elimination in the presence of uremic toxins. Uremic toxins are substances accumulated in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease and many are not removed through hemodialysis (HD). We hypothesize that the different classes of drugs (BDDCS class1, 2, and 3) will have different degrees of changes in AUC, meaning that for a class 1 drug we would see less of a change in AUC than in a class 3 drug because a class 3 drug requires transporters. Previous studies can't make that comparison because they used different patients for each drug, so even if there were a change in a class 1 drug, it can't be compared to a class 3 drug. In order to get an accurate comparison, we will test the three drugs on the same patient and see how he AUC changes from drug to drug within the same patient comparing it to the healthy volunteer (taking the same three drugs).
Study design
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Kidney Disease | Experimental | Drug: Propranolol, Drug: Losartan, Drug: EprosartanPropranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan will be administered to patients who have been diagnosed with Chronic Kidney disease and have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 40ml/min. |
| Healthy Volunteers | Experimental | Drug: Propranolol, Drug: Losartan, Drug: EprosartanPropranolol, Losartan, and Eprosartan will be administered to healthy volunteers without chronic kidney disease. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 70 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Male or Female 18-70 years of age.
- Healthy volunteers or chronic kidney disease (GFR<40)
- Be able to provide written informed consent and comply with requirements of the study.
- Avoid eating grapefruit and drinking grapefruit juice from 7 days prior to the first study day until completion of the study.
- Abstinence from alcoholic beverages, caffeinated beverages and orange juice from 6pm the night before a study day until completion of the study day.
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Subjects with contraindications to taking the study drugs
- Subjects with known allergies to propranolol, losartan, or eprosartan.
- Subjects who smoke tobacco.
- Subjects with ongoing alcohol or illegal drug use.
- Subjects who are pregnant, lactating, or attempting to conceive.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PropranololAlso: Propranolol Hydrochloride, Ciplar, Ciplar LA, InderalPropranolol 40mg PO will be given with 6oz of water.Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma. | Drug | Chronic Kidney Disease, Healthy Volunteers |
| LosartanAlso: Cozaar, Losartan potassium, AninLosartan 50mg PO will be given with 6oz of water. Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma. | Drug | Chronic Kidney Disease, Healthy Volunteers |
| EprosartanAlso: Teveten, Eprozar, Teveten HCT (paired with hydrochlorothiazide), Teveten Plus (paired with hydrochlorothiazide)Erythromycin 125mg PO will be given with 6oz of water. Blood samples will be obtained for 12 hours to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma. | Drug | Chronic Kidney Disease, Healthy Volunteers |
Primary outcome
Pharmacokinetic parameters
Time frame: 3 weeks
Three 12-hour days visits (on different weeks) will be investigated to obtain blood samples for 12 hours for three different medications. Blood samples will be obtained to determine the medication concentration in the plasma. There is no therapeutic effect on this study, since patients will receive a low single dose of the medication, and we'll assess the different pharmacokinetic parameters based on the concentrations of the medicine in plasma.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 May 2013.
- Background: PubMed 1017154Bianchetti G, Graziani G, Brancaccio D, Morganti A, Leonetti G, Manfrin M, Sega R, Gomeni R, Ponticelli C, Morselli PL. Pharmacokinetics and effects of propranolol in terminal uraemic patients and in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1976;1(5):373-84. doi: 10.2165/00003088-197601050-00004.
- Background: PubMed 16905688Lam JL, Shugarts SB, Okochi H, Benet LZ. Elucidating the effect of final-day dosing of rifampin in induction studies on hepatic drug disposition and metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Nov;319(2):864-70. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.108282. Epub 2006 Aug 11.
- Background: PubMed 16624870Lau YY, Okochi H, Huang Y, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its hydroxy metabolites in rats and the effects of concomitant rifampicin single doses: relevance of first-pass effect from hepatic uptake transporters, and intestinal and hepatic metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1175-81. doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.009076. Epub 2006 Apr 19.
- Background: PubMed 17192770Lau YY, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. effect of OATP1B transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;81(2):194-204. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100038. Epub 2006 Dec 27.
- Background: PubMed 12429576Guevin C, Michaud J, Naud J, Leblond FA, Pichette V. Down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome p450 in chronic renal failure: role of uremic mediators. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;137(7):1039-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704951.
- Background: PubMed 9549643Martin DE, Chapelsky MC, Ilson B, Tenero D, Boike SC, Zariffa N, Jorkasky DK. Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of eprosartan in healthy volunteers and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb;38(2):129-37. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04401.x.
- Background: PubMed 17021269Michaud J, Naud J, Chouinard J, Desy F, Leblond FA, Desbiens K, Bonnardeaux A, Pichette V. Role of parathyroid hormone in the downregulation of liver cytochrome P450 in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Nov;17(11):3041-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006010035. Epub 2006 Oct 4.
- Background: PubMed 17940133Naud J, Michaud J, Leblond FA, Lefrancois S, Bonnardeaux A, Pichette V. Effects of chronic renal failure on liver drug transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Jan;36(1):124-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.018192. Epub 2007 Oct 16.
- Background: PubMed 18388866Nolin TD, Naud J, Leblond FA, Pichette V. Emerging evidence of the impact of kidney disease on drug metabolism and transport. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun;83(6):898-903. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2008.59. Epub 2008 Apr 2.
- Background: PubMed 10885588Sica DA, Halstenson CE, Gehr TW, Keane WF. Pharmacokinetics and blood pressure response of losartan in end-stage renal disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Jun;38(6):519-26. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200038060-00005.
- Background: PubMed 15286055Sun H, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Benet LZ. Effects of uremic toxins on hepatic uptake and metabolism of erythromycin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1239-46. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.000521. Epub 2004 Jul 30.
- Background: PubMed 12675874Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W; European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Leslie Z Benet, PhD principal investigator
University of California, San Francisco
Lynda Frassetto, MD principal investigator
University of California, San Francisco
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1 study testing Propranolol, Losartan and Eprosartan in people with Kidney Disease, run by University of California, San Francisco at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 May 2013. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pharmacokinetic parameters (time frame: 3 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01087749, which also lists 13 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 May 2013.