Staphylococcus AureusNCT01105767
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI) Prevention in Military Trainees
A study testing Chlorhexidine gluconate and Supplemental training, education and hygiene in people with Staphylococcus Aureus and MRSA Skin Infections, run by Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This cluster-randomized prospective study will evaluate the effect of hygiene-based intervention strategies on the incidence of overall SSTI and MRSA-associated SSTI among military trainees. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 42 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Staphylococcus Aureus, MRSA Skin Infections, Staphylococcal Skin Infections
- What is being tested?
- Chlorhexidine gluconate and Supplemental training, education and hygiene
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30,209 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- May 2010to Jan 2012
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 42 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Trainees assigned to one of the six selected training battalions
- Trainees who present with an SSTI at the clinic or the hospital
- Provide informed consent
Who cannot join
- Fails to meet inclusion criteria
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Evaluating Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Military Trainees
This cluster-randomized prospective study will evaluate the effect of hygiene-based intervention strategies on the incidence of overall SSTI and MRSA-associated SSTI among military trainees. The proposed interventions used singly or in combination include standardized training and education, and weekly chlorhexidine showers.
Read the detailed description
MRSA SSTIs have become endemic in congregate community settings where there is frequent close person-to-person contact, such as athletic teams, correctional facilities, and military training facilities. These infections interfere with the mission of training soldiers as they impair soldiers' ability to participate in required activities and successfully complete a training program. Hygiene-based prevention programs (e.g., hand washing, environmental disinfection, and community-based education) appear to be effective in stemming outbreaks of MRSA SSTIs and need to by systematical evaluated.
This cluster-randomized prospective study will evaluate the effect of hygiene-based intervention strategies on the incidence of overall SSTI and MRSA-associated SSTI among military trainees. The study population will be drawn from six training battalions, each consisting of an average of six companies. Each company is composed of four platoons consisting of approximately 50 trainees. Training battalions are the unit of randomization in this study and sub-clusters (platoons within companies) within each battalion will receive the same hygiene-based intervention assigned to that battalion at study start. During the proposed 20-month evaluation period, five cycles of platoons (approximately 14 weeks per cycle) will enter and exit training activities. In total, the study population will be comprised of approximately 36,000 trainees observed over a 20-month period. Each of the six battalions will receive an in-processing preventive medicine briefing augmented with MRSA prevention information based on U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. Additionally, trainees who seek medical care for a SSTI will receive standardized care at a SSTI clinic applying uniform practice guidance. Four of the battalions will also receive supplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants, including standardized guidance on SSTI surveillance (e.g., skin inspection) for drill sergeants; trainees will be instructed to take a 10 minute shower with soap every Sunday while in garrison; and will be issued a personal first aid kit. Two of these four battalions will be offered chlorhexidine antiseptic body wash to use during the Sunday shower. Endpoints of the evaluation (i.e., incident SSTIs among military trainees) will be captured through clinical record review at the completion of training.
- Being tested
- Chlorhexidine gluconate, Supplemental training, education and hygiene
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA Skin Infection, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, Chlorhexidine gluconate
- Medical subject headings
- Staphylococcal Infections, Staphylococcal Skin Infections
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Chlorhexidine gluconateDrug
Self applied chlorhexidine body wash (4% chlorhexidine gluconate, Hibiclens®, Mӧlnlycke Heath Care, Norcross, Georgia) once a week to wash/cover the body (except the face and genitalia).
Supplemental training, education and hygieneOther
Supplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants included pocket cards and posters. Drill sergeants received briefings on SSTI and skin inspection/minor wound care. Trainees were instructed to take an additional 10-minute shower with soap and a wash cloth every week. They were also issued a first aid kit.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Standard | No intervention | Trainees received a preventive medicine briefing augmented with SSTI and MRSA SSTI prevention information and personal hygiene instructions. Trainees seeking medical care for an SSTI received standardized SSTI care (e.g., antimicrobial therapy, wound management, patient education) at the Troop Medical Clinic. High-touch common surfaces within the battalion areas were cleaned with standard Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectants. |
| Group 2 Enhanced Standard | Active comparator | Trainees received the components of the Standard group as well as supplemental training, education and hygiene. They were instructed to take an additional 10-minute shower with soap and a wash cloth every week. They were also issued a first aid kit. Supplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants was also provided (e.g., pocket cards, posters). Drill sergeants received briefings on SSTI and skin inspection/minor wound care. Receives: Other: Supplemental training, education and hygiene |
| Group 3 Chlorhexidine | Active comparator | Trainees received the components of the Standard and Enhanced Standard groups and were offered chlorhexidine body wash (4% chlorhexidine gluconate, Hibiclens®, Mӧlnlycke Heath Care, Norcross, Georgia) to use with a wash cloth after using their personal soap for the additional once-weekly shower. Trainees were provided with verbal and written/graphic instructions for use. Receives: Drug: Chlorhexidine gluconate; Other: Supplemental training, education and hygiene |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Incidence of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI)
Measured: At the end of the 20 month study
Incidence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)-Associated SSTI
Measured: At the end of the 20 month study
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Apr 2010 (estimated)
- Study startMay 2010
- Primary completionJan 2012
- Study completionJan 2012
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (8)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Staphylococcus AureusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30,209 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Michael Ellis, MD, Principal investigator, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01105767
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IDCRP-055
- Status last verified
- Feb 2023
- First submitted
- 14 Apr 2010
- Last updated
- 3 Feb 2023
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, van Driel ML, Bawazeer GA, Jones MA, Hoffmann TC, Clark J, Beller EM, Glasziou PP, Conly JM. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30;1(1):CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6.
PubMed 36715243Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Jones MA, Thorning S, Beller EM, Clark J, Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Conly JM. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 20;11(11):CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub5.
PubMed 33215698Johnson RC, Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, LaBreck PT, Mor D, Elassal EM, Lanier JB, Redden CL, Cui T, Teneza-Mora N, Bishop DK, Hall ER, Bishop-Lilly KA, Merrell DS. Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 25;11(10):e0165491. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165491. eCollection 2016.
PubMed 27780238Millar EV, Schlett CD, Law NN, Chen WJ, D'Onofrio MJ, Bennett JW, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Reduction in Acute Respiratory Infection Among Military Trainees: Secondary Effects of a Hygiene-Based Cluster-Randomized Trial for Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016 Sep;37(9):1118-20. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.154. Epub 2016 Jul 8. No abstract available.
PubMed 27387422D'Onofrio MJ, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Cui T, Lanier JB, Law NN, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Reduction in acute gastroenteritis among military trainees: secondary effects of a hygiene-based cluster-randomized trial for skin and soft tissue infection prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015 Mar;36(3):358-60. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.65.
PubMed 25695181Millar EV, Chen WJ, Schlett CD, Cui T, Crawford KB, Lanier JB, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Frequent use of chlorhexidine-based body wash associated with a reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among military trainees. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Feb;59(2):943-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03993-14. Epub 2014 Nov 24.
PubMed 25421482Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Crawford KB, Cui T, Lanier JB, Tribble DR. Prevalence of nasal colonization and strain concordance in patients with community-associated Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;35(10):1251-6. doi: 10.1086/678060. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
PubMed 25203178Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Wilkins KJ, Crawford KB, Morrison-Rodriguez SM, Pacha LA, Gorwitz RJ, Lanier JB, Tribble DR. Hygiene strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections: a cluster-randomized controlled trial among high-risk military trainees. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;58(11):1540-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu166. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
PubMed 24633684
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Feb 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluating Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Military Trainees
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01105767
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IDCRP-055
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA Skin Infection, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, Chlorhexidine gluconate
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30,209 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Study start
- May 2010
- Primary completion
- Jan 2012 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jan 2012 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Apr 2010 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 4 Nov 2014
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This cluster-randomized prospective study will evaluate the effect of hygiene-based intervention strategies on the incidence of overall SSTI and MRSA-associated SSTI among military trainees. The proposed interventions used singly or in combination include standardized training and education, and weekly chlorhexidine showers.
Detailed description
MRSA SSTIs have become endemic in congregate community settings where there is frequent close person-to-person contact, such as athletic teams, correctional facilities, and military training facilities. These infections interfere with the mission of training soldiers as they impair soldiers' ability to participate in required activities and successfully complete a training program. Hygiene-based prevention programs (e.g., hand washing, environmental disinfection, and community-based education) appear to be effective in stemming outbreaks of MRSA SSTIs and need to by systematical evaluated.
This cluster-randomized prospective study will evaluate the effect of hygiene-based intervention strategies on the incidence of overall SSTI and MRSA-associated SSTI among military trainees. The study population will be drawn from six training battalions, each consisting of an average of six companies. Each company is composed of four platoons consisting of approximately 50 trainees. Training battalions are the unit of randomization in this study and sub-clusters (platoons within companies) within each battalion will receive the same hygiene-based intervention assigned to that battalion at study start. During the proposed 20-month evaluation period, five cycles of platoons (approximately 14 weeks per cycle) will enter and exit training activities. In total, the study population will be comprised of approximately 36,000 trainees observed over a 20-month period. Each of the six battalions will receive an in-processing preventive medicine briefing augmented with MRSA prevention information based on U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. Additionally, trainees who seek medical care for a SSTI will receive standardized care at a SSTI clinic applying uniform practice guidance. Four of the battalions will also receive supplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants, including standardized guidance on SSTI surveillance (e.g., skin inspection) for drill sergeants; trainees will be instructed to take a 10 minute shower with soap every Sunday while in garrison; and will be issued a personal first aid kit. Two of these four battalions will be offered chlorhexidine antiseptic body wash to use during the Sunday shower. Endpoints of the evaluation (i.e., incident SSTIs among military trainees) will be captured through clinical record review at the completion of training.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Standard | No intervention | –Trainees received a preventive medicine briefing augmented with SSTI and MRSA SSTI prevention information and personal hygiene instructions. Trainees seeking medical care for an SSTI received standardized SSTI care (e.g., antimicrobial therapy, wound management, patient education) at the Troop Medical Clinic. High-touch common surfaces within the battalion areas were cleaned with standard Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectants. |
| Group 2 Enhanced Standard | Active comparator | Other: Supplemental training, education and hygieneTrainees received the components of the Standard group as well as supplemental training, education and hygiene. They were instructed to take an additional 10-minute shower with soap and a wash cloth every week. They were also issued a first aid kit. Supplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants was also provided (e.g., pocket cards, posters). Drill sergeants received briefings on SSTI and skin inspection/minor wound care. |
| Group 3 Chlorhexidine | Active comparator | Drug: Chlorhexidine gluconate, Other: Supplemental training, education and hygieneTrainees received the components of the Standard and Enhanced Standard groups and were offered chlorhexidine body wash (4% chlorhexidine gluconate, Hibiclens®, Mӧlnlycke Heath Care, Norcross, Georgia) to use with a wash cloth after using their personal soap for the additional once-weekly shower. Trainees were provided with verbal and written/graphic instructions for use. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 42 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Trainees assigned to one of the six selected training battalions
- Trainees who present with an SSTI at the clinic or the hospital
- Provide informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Fails to meet inclusion criteria
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorhexidine gluconateSelf applied chlorhexidine body wash (4% chlorhexidine gluconate, Hibiclens®, Mӧlnlycke Heath Care, Norcross, Georgia) once a week to wash/cover the body (except the face and genitalia). | Drug | Group 3 Chlorhexidine |
| Supplemental training, education and hygieneSupplemental SSTI education for trainees and drill sergeants included pocket cards and posters. Drill sergeants received briefings on SSTI and skin inspection/minor wound care. Trainees were instructed to take an additional 10-minute shower with soap and a wash cloth every week. They were also issued a first aid kit. | Other | Group 2 Enhanced Standard, Group 3 Chlorhexidine |
Primary outcome
Incidence of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI)
Time frame: At the end of the 20 month study
Incidence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)-Associated SSTI
Time frame: At the end of the 20 month study
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Feb 2023.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 36715243Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, van Driel ML, Bawazeer GA, Jones MA, Hoffmann TC, Clark J, Beller EM, Glasziou PP, Conly JM. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30;1(1):CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 33215698Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, van Driel ML, Jones MA, Thorning S, Beller EM, Clark J, Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Conly JM. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 20;11(11):CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub5.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 27780238Johnson RC, Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, LaBreck PT, Mor D, Elassal EM, Lanier JB, Redden CL, Cui T, Teneza-Mora N, Bishop DK, Hall ER, Bishop-Lilly KA, Merrell DS. Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 25;11(10):e0165491. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165491. eCollection 2016.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 27387422Millar EV, Schlett CD, Law NN, Chen WJ, D'Onofrio MJ, Bennett JW, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Reduction in Acute Respiratory Infection Among Military Trainees: Secondary Effects of a Hygiene-Based Cluster-Randomized Trial for Skin and Soft-Tissue Infection Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016 Sep;37(9):1118-20. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.154. Epub 2016 Jul 8. No abstract available.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 25695181D'Onofrio MJ, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Cui T, Lanier JB, Law NN, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Reduction in acute gastroenteritis among military trainees: secondary effects of a hygiene-based cluster-randomized trial for skin and soft tissue infection prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015 Mar;36(3):358-60. doi: 10.1017/ice.2014.65.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 25421482Millar EV, Chen WJ, Schlett CD, Cui T, Crawford KB, Lanier JB, Tribble DR, Ellis MW. Frequent use of chlorhexidine-based body wash associated with a reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among military trainees. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Feb;59(2):943-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03993-14. Epub 2014 Nov 24.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 25203178Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Crawford KB, Cui T, Lanier JB, Tribble DR. Prevalence of nasal colonization and strain concordance in patients with community-associated Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;35(10):1251-6. doi: 10.1086/678060. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 24633684Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Wilkins KJ, Crawford KB, Morrison-Rodriguez SM, Pacha LA, Gorwitz RJ, Lanier JB, Tribble DR. Hygiene strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections: a cluster-randomized controlled trial among high-risk military trainees. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;58(11):1540-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu166. Epub 2014 Mar 14.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Michael Ellis, MD principal investigator
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Chlorhexidine gluconate and Supplemental training, education and hygiene in people with Staphylococcus Aureus and MRSA Skin Infections, run by Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Feb 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 4 Nov 2014). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Incidence of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI) (time frame: At the end of the 20 month study). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01105767, which also lists 8 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Feb 2023.