Reducing Alcohol Exposed Pregnancy Risk: EARLY Randomized Controlled Trial

Drinking women are at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP) if they use contraception ineffectively. Binge drinking among women of childbearing age has increased, and risky frequent drinking has remained stable in this group of women. Although many women stop or reduce their drinking once they realize they are pregnant, pregnancy recognition does not occur until the 4th to 6th week of gestation for most women. Serious harm can occur to the fetus, especially between weeks 3 and 10 of gestation, if women drink during this period. Additionally, increasing numbers of women are drinking during pregnancy, despite public health warnings and scientific proof that alcohol is a teratogen. Although many women are aware of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), few are aware that even low levels of alcohol exposure could lead to alcohol-related neurobehavioral disorders and alcohol-related birth defects (ARND, ARBD), now known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Intervening before conception with women who are at risk for AEP could eliminate some cases of FASD. Women at risk are problem drinkers who fail to use contraception effectively, and those with ineffective contraception who sometimes drink at risk levels. Intervention could focus on postponing pregnancy among problem drinkers, or reducing drinking among women who forgo pregnancy prevention, or both.

Motivational interviewing focusing on the dual behaviors that compose risk for AEP is a promising approach. A five session, dual-focused motivational interviewing plus contraception counseling intervention was effective for women at risk for AEP who were not seeking treatment. Unfortunately, even though such interventions may prove effective, they are unlikely to be adopted in community settings due to their length and cost. What is needed is a less costly, transportable brief intervention that uses the effective components of these longer interventions, but delivers them in a condensed format. A briefer intervention could be used with women awaiting services or added to existing therapeutic services, and thus could have a larger public health impact on reducing the risk of AEP for women drawn from diverse settings. A single-session intervention, Project Balance, has shown evidence of efficacy with college women, but will require adaptation for less educated community-based women with more severe drinking problems or less contraception use. The next step needed to advance this field is to develop and test a less time-intensive intervention that builds on effective and theory-based interventions, and to test that intervention in women drawn from higher risk settings.

The purpose of this Stage 1b project is to develop and test the efficacy of a brief, theory-based, behavioral intervention among a high-risk community sample of fertile women who are at particularly high risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Because prevention of AEP will be achieved whether woman change drinking OR contraception, the primary endpoints will be rates of risky drinking and ineffective contraception at six-month follow-up, in addition to dichotomously defined "successful outcome" that will be observed whenever a woman has sufficiently altered one or both of the behaviors that placed her at risk of AEP. The goal is to identify a transferable intervention that effectively reduces behaviors that put women at risk for AEP and alcohol-related birth defects including FASD. The specific aims are to:

1. Develop the "Exploring Alcohol and Contraception Risks that Limit You" (EARLY) intervention, refine training methods and materials, and train therapists to deliver the intervention accurately.
2. Develop measures of the internal validity and fidelity of the intervention, and establish their psychometric properties.
3. Test the efficacy of the EARLY intervention against a minimal intervention condition that controls for the effects of assessment, time, and attention. Efficacy to retain participants, reduce drinking, and increase contraception will be tested in a pilot randomized trial of women drawn from the target populations: settings serving problem drinkers (outpatient drug and alcohol treatment settings) or women with ineffective contraceptive habits (STD and public health clinics)
4. Develop materials needed for a Stage 2 efficacy trial, including evidence of the feasibility and promise of the EARLY intervention, treatment manuals, therapist training materials, and a final instrumentation package.
5. Examine the role of variables other than group assignment (alcohol problem severity, psychiatric co-morbidity, drug use/severity, trans-theoretical model variables (readiness, stages, and processes of change, self efficacy, and therapeutic alliance) to mediate or moderate response, and examine secondary outcomes of the intervention, such as changes in readiness.