Cardiovascular DiseasesFINDNCT01463813
Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND)
A study testing Vitamin D3 in people with Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer, run by University of Eastern Finland at 1 site in Finland.
Trial summary
The Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 5-year supplementation study of the benefits and risks of vitamin D in the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CVD) and cancer among 18000 men 60 years or older and women 65 years or older. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 60 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer
- What is being tested?
- Vitamin D3
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 2,495 participants
- Where
- 1 siteFinland
- Study dates
- Sep 2012to Oct 2018
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 60 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Men 60 years or older
- Women 65 years or older
Who cannot join
- Cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention).
- Cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer).
- Any disease or state that raises a vitamin D related safety concern (such as chronic liver, thyroid or kidney disease, hypercalcemia, sarcoidosis or other granulomatous diseases such as active chronic tuberculosis or Wegener's granulomatosis).
- Use of supplements yielding vitamin D over 20 µg/day or calcium over 1200 mg/day and unwillingness to discontinue the use.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Finland1 site
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus
Kuopio, Northern Savonia, 70211
About this study
The Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 5-year supplementation study of the benefits and risks of vitamin D in the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CVD) and cancer among 18000 men 60 years or older and women 65 years or older.
[Edit 25.3.2015: Due to difficulties in recruitment and funding, the study size is approximately 2500 subjects, with a 550 subject subgroup with more detailed examinations]
Read more
The participants will be randomized to 3 groups with 6000 in each, with daily supplementation of either: 1) 40 µg/day (1600 IU) of vitamin D3, 2) 80 µg/day (3200 IU) of vitamin D3, or 3) placebo.
[Edit 15.3.2015: The 2500 subjects are randomized in 3 groups, approximately 830 subjects per group.]
Compliance, use of non-study drugs or supplements, diet, development of endpoints, and CVD and cancer risk factors will be assessed by questionnaires. Blood samples will be collected for assessment of effect modification by baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as for future ancillary studies of genetic/biochemical hypotheses. Event data will be obtained by record linkage from the national computerized hospitalization registry.
Read the detailed description
More detailed description available upon request.
- Conditions
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer
- Being tested
- Vitamin D3, Placebo
- Keywords
- bone density conservation agents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cholecalciferol, diabetes mellitus, type 2, dietary supplements, primary prevention, vitamin D
- Medical subject headings
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Neoplasms, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Vitamin D3Dietary supplement
Also called Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3 40 micrograms (1600 IU) per day
Vitamin D3Dietary supplement
Also called Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3 80 micrograms (3200 IU) per day
PlaceboDietary supplement
Inactive placebo
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Placebo, no Vitamin D3 Receives: Dietary Supplement: Placebo |
| Vitamin D3 80 | Experimental | Vitamin D3 80 micrograms (3200 IU) per day Receives: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin D3 40 | Experimental | Vitamin D3 40 micrograms (1600 IU) per day Receives: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Cardiovascular disease
CVD incidence in VitD arms vs. placebo arm.
Measured: 5 years
Cancer
Cancer incidence in VitD arms vs.placebo arm
Measured: 5 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 Nov 2011 (estimated)
- Study startSep 2012
- Primary completionOct 2018
- Study completionOct 2018
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Cardiovascular DiseasesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 2,495 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Eastern Finland
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Academy of Finland, Juho Vainio Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, University of Eastern Finland
- Investigators
- Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Eastern FinlandJyrki K Virtanen, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Eastern FinlandSari Voutilainen, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Eastern Finland
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01463813
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FIND
- Acronym
- FIND
- Status last verified
- Oct 2018
- First submitted
- 13 Oct 2011
- Last updated
- 23 Oct 2018
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on fracture incidence in an aging population - The Finnish vitamin D trial. Bone. 2026 Sep 7;213:118081. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2026.118081. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42704968Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Risk of Falls in a General Population-The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2026 Jun;74(6):1548-1557. doi: 10.1111/jgs.70295. Epub 2026 Jan 13.
PubMed 41531181Ahl NM, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tolmunen T, Virtanen JK. Vitamin D supplementation and incidence of major depressive disorder - A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2026 Feb;57:106570. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.106570. Epub 2025 Dec 30.
PubMed 41506003Lonnroos E, Ylilauri M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Incidence of Diagnosed Dementia Among Healthy Older Adults-The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025 Jun 10;80(7):glaf077. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaf077.
PubMed 40243375Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Kallio N, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Pihlajamaki J, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in healthy older adults not at high risk for diabetes (FIND): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2025 Apr;68(4):715-726. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06336-9. Epub 2024 Dec 2.
PubMed 39621103Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on atrial fibrillation in generally healthy men and women: The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. Am Heart J. 2023 Oct;264:177-182. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.05.024. Epub 2023 Jun 10.
PubMed 37302737
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Oct 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01463813
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FIND / FIND
- Conditions
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer
- Keywords
- bone density conservation agents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cholecalciferol, diabetes mellitus, type 2, dietary supplements, primary prevention, vitamin D
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 2,495 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Eastern FinlandUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Academy of Finland, Juho Vainio Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Study start
- Sep 2012 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Oct 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- Oct 2018 (actual)
- First posted
- 2 Nov 2011 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 5-year supplementation study of the benefits and risks of vitamin D in the primary prevention of cardiovascular (CVD) and cancer among 18000 men 60 years or older and women 65 years or older.
[Edit 25.3.2015: Due to difficulties in recruitment and funding, the study size is approximately 2500 subjects, with a 550 subject subgroup with more detailed examinations]
The participants will be randomized to 3 groups with 6000 in each, with daily supplementation of either: 1) 40 µg/day (1600 IU) of vitamin D3, 2) 80 µg/day (3200 IU) of vitamin D3, or 3) placebo.
[Edit 15.3.2015: The 2500 subjects are randomized in 3 groups, approximately 830 subjects per group.]
Compliance, use of non-study drugs or supplements, diet, development of endpoints, and CVD and cancer risk factors will be assessed by questionnaires. Blood samples will be collected for assessment of effect modification by baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as for future ancillary studies of genetic/biochemical hypotheses. Event data will be obtained by record linkage from the national computerized hospitalization registry.
Detailed description
More detailed description available upon request.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Dietary Supplement: PlaceboPlacebo, no Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin D3 80 | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3Vitamin D3 80 micrograms (3200 IU) per day |
| Vitamin D3 40 | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3Vitamin D3 40 micrograms (1600 IU) per day |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 60 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Men 60 years or older
- Women 65 years or older
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention).
- Cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer).
- Any disease or state that raises a vitamin D related safety concern (such as chronic liver, thyroid or kidney disease, hypercalcemia, sarcoidosis or other granulomatous diseases such as active chronic tuberculosis or Wegener's granulomatosis).
- Use of supplements yielding vitamin D over 20 µg/day or calcium over 1200 mg/day and unwillingness to discontinue the use.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D3Also: CholecalciferolVitamin D3 40 micrograms (1600 IU) per day | Dietary supplement | Vitamin D3 40 |
| Vitamin D3Also: CholecalciferolVitamin D3 80 micrograms (3200 IU) per day | Dietary supplement | Vitamin D3 80 |
| PlaceboInactive placebo | Dietary supplement | Placebo |
Primary outcome
Cardiovascular disease
Time frame: 5 years
CVD incidence in VitD arms vs. placebo arm.
Cancer
Time frame: 5 years
Cancer incidence in VitD arms vs.placebo arm
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Oct 2018.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42704968Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on fracture incidence in an aging population - The Finnish vitamin D trial. Bone. 2026 Sep 7;213:118081. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2026.118081. Online ahead of print.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41531181Rikkonen T, Hantunen S, Kroger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Tuppurainen M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Risk of Falls in a General Population-The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2026 Jun;74(6):1548-1557. doi: 10.1111/jgs.70295. Epub 2026 Jan 13.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41506003Ahl NM, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tolmunen T, Virtanen JK. Vitamin D supplementation and incidence of major depressive disorder - A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2026 Feb;57:106570. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.106570. Epub 2025 Dec 30.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40243375Lonnroos E, Ylilauri M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Hantunen S, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on the Incidence of Diagnosed Dementia Among Healthy Older Adults-The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025 Jun 10;80(7):glaf077. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaf077.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39621103Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Kallio N, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Pihlajamaki J, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in healthy older adults not at high risk for diabetes (FIND): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2025 Apr;68(4):715-726. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06336-9. Epub 2024 Dec 2.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37302737Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Lamberg-Allardt C, Manson JE, Nurmi T, Uusitupa M, Voutilainen A, Tuomainen TP. The effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on atrial fibrillation in generally healthy men and women: The Finnish Vitamin D Trial. Am Heart J. 2023 Oct;264:177-182. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.05.024. Epub 2023 Jun 10.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, MD, PhD principal investigator
University of Eastern Finland
Jyrki K Virtanen, PhD principal investigator
University of Eastern Finland
Sari Voutilainen, PhD principal investigator
University of Eastern Finland
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Vitamin D3 in people with Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer, run by University of Eastern Finland at 1 site in Finland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Oct 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Finland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Cardiovascular disease (time frame: 5 years). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01463813, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Oct 2018.