Bipolar DisorderNCT01483391
Early Intervention for Youth at Risk for Bipolar Disorder
A study testing Enhanced Care and Family-Focused Treatment in people with Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder, run by University of California, Los Angeles at 3 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Children or teens with mood swings or depression who have a parent with bipolar disorder are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder themselves. This study will test a family-based therapy aimed at preventing or reducing the early symptoms of bipolar disorder in high-risk children (ages 9-17). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 9 to 17 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Enhanced Care and Family-Focused Treatment
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 150 participants
- Where
- 3 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 6 Oct 2011to 15 Sep 2020
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 9 to 17 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- For a child to be eligible:
- At least one biological parent or stepparent with whom the child or adolescent lives must be willing to participate in family treatment
- At least one biological parent has a verifiable diagnosis of bipolar disorder I or II
- The child must have a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified or major depressive disorder (MDD)
- If the main diagnosis is MDD, the depressive episode must have occurred within the past 2 years
- The child must have evidence of current significant affective symptoms, as determined by a score greater than 11 on the Young Mania Rating Scale within the last week or a score greater than 29 on the Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised within the last 2 weeks
- The family must speak English, although English need not be their first language
Who cannot join
- Fully diagnosable bipolar disorder I or II
- Diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder
- Evidence of mental retardation, as defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 70
- Presence of comorbid neurologic diseases such as seizure disorder
- Substance or alcohol abuse or dependence disorders in the 4 months prior to study recruitment
- Evidence of a life-threatening eating disorder or other medical disorder that requires emergency medical treatment
- Currently enrolled in regular family therapy
- Evidence of current sexual or physical abuse or domestic abuse between the adult partners
Trial locations and contacts
3 sites in 1 country.
United States3 sites
University of Colorado, Boulder
Boulder, Colorado, 80309
UCLA Child and Adolescent Mood Disorders Program, UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California, 90024-1759
Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
Stanford, California, 94304
About this study
Children or teens with mood swings or depression who have a parent with bipolar disorder are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder themselves. This study will test a family-based therapy aimed at preventing or reducing the early symptoms of bipolar disorder in high-risk children (ages 9-17). In a randomized trial, the investigators will compare two kinds of family-based treatment (one more and one less intensive) on the course of early mood symptoms and social functioning among high-risk children followed for up to 4 years. The investigators will examine the effects of family treatment on measures of neural activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Read the detailed description
Children who are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder (BD) often are showing significant mood swings or depression well before they develop the full disorder. Often, these children have one or more parents who have bipolar disorder. In addition to brief episodes of lethargic depression and mania or hypomania (periods of excessive activity), children and adolescents at risk for BD often have co-occurring disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, substance abuse disorders, and anxiety disorders.
Early interventions may lead to better mental health by preventing BD from ever fully expressing itself. This study will test an early intervention for BD called family-focused treatment (FFT), which has been designed to help children and adolescents who are at risk for developing BD. FFT will combine education about BD with training in communication strategies and problem-solving skills. It will focus on the family, because family environmental factors are related to the course and recurrence of BD. By reducing risk factors and teaching coping skills, FFT aims to reduce the early symptoms of BD, improve functioning, and delay the onset or reduce the severity of manic episodes.
Participation in this study will last up to 4 years, although the majority of the study will occur in the first year. There are three parts. In the first part, participating children and their families will complete research interviews and questionnaires about the child's mood, behavior, beliefs, and problems. Parent participants will provide information on the family background of mood or anxiety problems. All participants will receive a thorough medical-psychiatric evaluation and be provided with pharmacotherapy (as needed) from a study psychiatrist for the first year of the study.
In the second part, participants will be randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments: FFT or enhanced care. Participants receiving FFT will complete 12 therapy sessions in which parents, children, and siblings learn how to cope with mood disorders, new ways to talk to each other, and strategies for solving family problems. FFT sessions will occur weekly for the first 8 weeks and then every other week for the next 8 weeks. Participants receiving enhanced care will have 3 weekly sessions which will involve the youth and all family members. In session 1, clinicians summarize the diagnostic assessment, introduce mood charting, and offer instructional handouts on managing mood swings. In session 2, clinicians revisit mood charting, discuss medications (if relevant), and help the child and family develop a mood management plan. In session 3, families rehearse mood regulation strategies for current family, social or academic problems. Clinicians then meet with the child individually every month for the next 3 mos. to provide support, assist with problem-solving, and troubleshoot use of the mood management plan. So, both treatments last 4 months.
In the third part of the study, participants will complete follow-up assessments every 4 months for 1 year. Assessments will include interviews and questionnaires similar to those completed in the first part of the study.
The statistical analyses for this study will examine changes in symptoms and functioning from the baseline assessment through the 4 month follow-ups in year 1 and the 6 month follow-ups in years 2-4.
- Conditions
- Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder
- Being tested
- Enhanced Care, Family-Focused Treatment
- Keywords
- Bipolar disorder, Major depressive disorder, Mania, Depression, Cyclothymic Disorder
- Medical subject headings
- Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Mania, Depression, Cyclothymic Disorder
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Enhanced CareBehavioural
Also called Psychoeducation, Case Management
The 3 family sessions involve the youth and all family members. These sessions will help the child and family members with mood charting and developing a mood management plan. Families will rehearse mood regulation strategies for current family, social or academic problems. Clinicians then meet with the child individually every month for the next 3 mos. to provide support, assist with problem-solving, and troubleshoot use of the mood management plan.
Family-Focused TreatmentBehavioural
Also called Family Therapy, Family Psychoeducation, FFT, Family Intervention
12 therapy sessions involving the at-risk child or adolescent, parents, and available siblings. Therapy will include psychoeducation about mood disorders, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training. The goal of this intervention is to improve the child's ability to regulate moods and to reduce tension and conflict in the family.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Enhanced Care | Active comparator | Three sessions of family education and three sessions of individual support over 4 months. Receives: Behavioral: Enhanced Care |
| Family-Focused Treatment | Experimental | 12 therapy sessions involving the at-risk child or adolescent, parents, and available siblings. Therapy will include psychoeducation about mood disorders, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training. Receives: Behavioral: Family-Focused Treatment |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes in symptom severity
Changes in symptoms of at-risk children, as defined by depression and (hypo)mania scores and psychiatric status on the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (A-LIFE, the Child Depression Rating Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale
Measured: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1, and every 6 months in years 2-4
Secondary outcomes (3)
Delaying onset of a first (hypo)manic or mixed episode
We will evaluate through survival analyses whether family-focused treatment, due to its ameliorative effects on acute symptoms, is superior to enhanced care in delaying onset of a first (hypo)manic or mixed episode during the 2-4 year follow-up.
Measured: 2-4 years
Psychosocial functioning
Youths in family-focused treatment will show greater improvement from pretreatment to end of a 2-4 year follow-up in psychosocial functioning compared to youth in Enhanced Care.
Measured: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1 and every 6 months in years 2-4
Mental health service use
Youth in family-focused treatment will require fewer mental health services from pretreatment to end of a 2-4 year follow-up than youth in enhanced care
Measured: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1 and every 6 months in years 2-4
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Dec 2011 (estimated)
- Study start6 Oct 2011
- Primary completion15 Sep 2016
- Study completion15 Sep 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Bipolar DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of California, Los AngelesThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 150 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Stanford University, University of Colorado, Boulder
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, David J. Miklowitz, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
- Investigators
- David J Miklowitz, PhD, Principal investigator, UCLA Department of PsychiatryKiki D Chang, MD, Principal investigator, Stanford UniversityChristopher D Schneck, MD, Principal investigator, University of Colorado, Denver
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01483391
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- R01MH093676
- Status last verified
- Sep 2021
- First submitted
- 26 Nov 2011
- Last updated
- 4 Oct 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Upon completing the study we will submit a CD-ROM to the NIH Freedom of Information Act Coordinator containing all raw data, variable coding information, and copies of measures. Prior to archiving the data, we will remove all personal identifiers and other protected information. The youth's and parents' consent forms will make clear that the data, minus any identifying information, will be made available to other researchers at the end of the study.
Publications
Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD. Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations. Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer;20(3):881-97. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000424.
PubMed 18606036Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD, Taylor DO, George EL, Singh MK, Schneck CD, Dickinson LM, Howe ME, Garber J. Early psychosocial intervention for youth at risk for bipolar I or II disorder: a one-year treatment development trial. Bipolar Disord. 2011 Feb;13(1):67-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00890.x.
PubMed 21320254Miklowitz DJ, Weintraub MJ, Singh MK, Walshaw PD, Merranko JA, Birmaher B, Chang KD, Schneck CD. Mood Instability in Youth at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Oct;61(10):1285-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.009. Epub 2022 Mar 17.
PubMed 35307538Singh MK, Nimarko AF, Garrett AS, Gorelik AJ, Roybal DJ, Walshaw PD, Chang KD, Miklowitz DJ. Changes in Intrinsic Brain Connectivity in Family-Focused Therapy Versus Standard Psychoeducation Among Youths at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Apr;60(4):458-469. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.892. Epub 2020 Aug 1.
PubMed 32745598Miklowitz DJ, Schneck CD, Walshaw PD, Singh MK, Sullivan AE, Suddath RL, Forgey Borlik M, Sugar CA, Chang KD. Effects of Family-Focused Therapy vs Enhanced Usual Care for Symptomatic Youths at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 May 1;77(5):455-463. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4520.
PubMed 31940011Miklowitz DJ, Portnoff LC, Armstrong CC, Keenan-Miller D, Breen EC, Muscatell KA, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in adolescents with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016 Jul 30;241:315-22. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.120. Epub 2016 May 7.
PubMed 27227701
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Oct 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Early Intervention for Youth at Risk for Bipolar Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01483391
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- R01MH093676
- Conditions
- Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder
- Keywords
- Bipolar disorder, Major depressive disorder, Mania, Depression, Cyclothymic Disorder
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 150 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Los AngelesUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Stanford University, University of Colorado, Boulder
- Study start
- 6 Oct 2011 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Sep 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Sep 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 Dec 2011 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Children or teens with mood swings or depression who have a parent with bipolar disorder are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder themselves. This study will test a family-based therapy aimed at preventing or reducing the early symptoms of bipolar disorder in high-risk children (ages 9-17). In a randomized trial, the investigators will compare two kinds of family-based treatment (one more and one less intensive) on the course of early mood symptoms and social functioning among high-risk children followed for up to 4 years. The investigators will examine the effects of family treatment on measures of neural activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Detailed description
Children who are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder (BD) often are showing significant mood swings or depression well before they develop the full disorder. Often, these children have one or more parents who have bipolar disorder. In addition to brief episodes of lethargic depression and mania or hypomania (periods of excessive activity), children and adolescents at risk for BD often have co-occurring disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, substance abuse disorders, and anxiety disorders.
Early interventions may lead to better mental health by preventing BD from ever fully expressing itself. This study will test an early intervention for BD called family-focused treatment (FFT), which has been designed to help children and adolescents who are at risk for developing BD. FFT will combine education about BD with training in communication strategies and problem-solving skills. It will focus on the family, because family environmental factors are related to the course and recurrence of BD. By reducing risk factors and teaching coping skills, FFT aims to reduce the early symptoms of BD, improve functioning, and delay the onset or reduce the severity of manic episodes.
Participation in this study will last up to 4 years, although the majority of the study will occur in the first year. There are three parts. In the first part, participating children and their families will complete research interviews and questionnaires about the child's mood, behavior, beliefs, and problems. Parent participants will provide information on the family background of mood or anxiety problems. All participants will receive a thorough medical-psychiatric evaluation and be provided with pharmacotherapy (as needed) from a study psychiatrist for the first year of the study.
In the second part, participants will be randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments: FFT or enhanced care. Participants receiving FFT will complete 12 therapy sessions in which parents, children, and siblings learn how to cope with mood disorders, new ways to talk to each other, and strategies for solving family problems. FFT sessions will occur weekly for the first 8 weeks and then every other week for the next 8 weeks. Participants receiving enhanced care will have 3 weekly sessions which will involve the youth and all family members. In session 1, clinicians summarize the diagnostic assessment, introduce mood charting, and offer instructional handouts on managing mood swings. In session 2, clinicians revisit mood charting, discuss medications (if relevant), and help the child and family develop a mood management plan. In session 3, families rehearse mood regulation strategies for current family, social or academic problems. Clinicians then meet with the child individually every month for the next 3 mos. to provide support, assist with problem-solving, and troubleshoot use of the mood management plan. So, both treatments last 4 months.
In the third part of the study, participants will complete follow-up assessments every 4 months for 1 year. Assessments will include interviews and questionnaires similar to those completed in the first part of the study.
The statistical analyses for this study will examine changes in symptoms and functioning from the baseline assessment through the 4 month follow-ups in year 1 and the 6 month follow-ups in years 2-4.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Enhanced Care | Active comparator | Behavioral: Enhanced CareThree sessions of family education and three sessions of individual support over 4 months. |
| Family-Focused Treatment | Experimental | Behavioral: Family-Focused Treatment12 therapy sessions involving the at-risk child or adolescent, parents, and available siblings. Therapy will include psychoeducation about mood disorders, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 9 to 17 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- For a child to be eligible:
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Fully diagnosable bipolar disorder I or II
- Diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder
- Evidence of mental retardation, as defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 70
- Presence of comorbid neurologic diseases such as seizure disorder
- Substance or alcohol abuse or dependence disorders in the 4 months prior to study recruitment
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Enhanced CareAlso: Psychoeducation, Case ManagementThe 3 family sessions involve the youth and all family members. These sessions will help the child and family members with mood charting and developing a mood management plan. Families will rehearse mood regulation strategies for current family, social or academic problems. Clinicians then meet with the child individually every month for the next 3 mos. to provide support, assist with problem-solving, and troubleshoot use of the mood management plan. | Behavioural | Enhanced Care |
| Family-Focused TreatmentAlso: Family Therapy, Family Psychoeducation, FFT, Family Intervention12 therapy sessions involving the at-risk child or adolescent, parents, and available siblings. Therapy will include psychoeducation about mood disorders, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training. The goal of this intervention is to improve the child's ability to regulate moods and to reduce tension and conflict in the family. | Behavioural | Family-Focused Treatment |
Primary outcome
Changes in symptom severity
Time frame: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1, and every 6 months in years 2-4
Changes in symptoms of at-risk children, as defined by depression and (hypo)mania scores and psychiatric status on the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (A-LIFE, the Child Depression Rating Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale
3 secondary outcomes
Delaying onset of a first (hypo)manic or mixed episode
Time frame: 2-4 years
Psychosocial functioning
Time frame: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1 and every 6 months in years 2-4
Mental health service use
Time frame: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1 and every 6 months in years 2-4
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Oct 2021.
- Background: PubMed 18606036Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD. Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations. Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer;20(3):881-97. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000424.
- Background: PubMed 21320254Miklowitz DJ, Chang KD, Taylor DO, George EL, Singh MK, Schneck CD, Dickinson LM, Howe ME, Garber J. Early psychosocial intervention for youth at risk for bipolar I or II disorder: a one-year treatment development trial. Bipolar Disord. 2011 Feb;13(1):67-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00890.x.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 35307538Miklowitz DJ, Weintraub MJ, Singh MK, Walshaw PD, Merranko JA, Birmaher B, Chang KD, Schneck CD. Mood Instability in Youth at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Oct;61(10):1285-1295. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.009. Epub 2022 Mar 17.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 32745598Singh MK, Nimarko AF, Garrett AS, Gorelik AJ, Roybal DJ, Walshaw PD, Chang KD, Miklowitz DJ. Changes in Intrinsic Brain Connectivity in Family-Focused Therapy Versus Standard Psychoeducation Among Youths at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Apr;60(4):458-469. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.892. Epub 2020 Aug 1.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31940011Miklowitz DJ, Schneck CD, Walshaw PD, Singh MK, Sullivan AE, Suddath RL, Forgey Borlik M, Sugar CA, Chang KD. Effects of Family-Focused Therapy vs Enhanced Usual Care for Symptomatic Youths at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 May 1;77(5):455-463. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4520.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 27227701Miklowitz DJ, Portnoff LC, Armstrong CC, Keenan-Miller D, Breen EC, Muscatell KA, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in adolescents with bipolar and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016 Jul 30;241:315-22. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.120. Epub 2016 May 7.
- UCLA Child and Adolescent Mood Disorders ProgramLink provided by the sponsor.
- Stanford University Pediatric Bipolar Disorders ProgramLink provided by the sponsor.
- University of Colorado Depression CenterLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Upon completing the study we will submit a CD-ROM to the NIH Freedom of Information Act Coordinator containing all raw data, variable coding information, and copies of measures. Prior to archiving the data, we will remove all personal identifiers and other protected information. The youth's and parents' consent forms will make clear that the data, minus any identifying information, will be made available to other researchers at the end of the study.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
David J Miklowitz, PhD principal investigator
UCLA Department of Psychiatry
Kiki D Chang, MD principal investigator
Stanford University
Christopher D Schneck, MD principal investigator
University of Colorado, Denver
3 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Enhanced Care and Family-Focused Treatment in people with Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder, run by University of California, Los Angeles at 3 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Oct 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 3 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes in symptom severity (time frame: Measured at baseline, every 4 months in year 1, and every 6 months in years 2-4). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01483391, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Oct 2021.