Alzheimer's DiseasePhase 2NCT01703117
Riluzole in Mild Alzheimer's Disease
A Phase 2 study testing Riluzole in people with Alzheimer's Disease, run by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Cognitive aging is a major source of disability in an increasingly aging population. The paucity of effective treatments for cognitive aging disorders, and most importantly in Alzheimer's disease instigates a need for further research into novel therapeutic possibilities. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 50 to 95 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Alzheimer's Disease
- What is being tested?
- Riluzole
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- Nov 2013to 26 May 2020
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 50 to 95 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Male or female; 50 - 95 years old with mild Alzheimer's disease determined after neurological and neuropsychological evaluation following the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer's disease Association criteria that recently revisited the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. For mild Alzheimer's disease, Clinical Dementia Ratings Scale (CDR) should be 0.5 or 1 and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSS) between 19 and 27.
- Must be on donepezil (Aricept®) or rivastigmine (Exelon®) or galantamine (Razadyne®) at a consistent dose for at least 2 months. Patients will be considered for inclusion if they were previously unable to tolerate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and as a result, are no longer on the medication for at least 2 months.
- Must be fluent in English
- The subject will appoint or have previously appointed a health care proxy specifically designated for research consent and that this be documented.
Who cannot join
- Severe Alzheimer's disease and other dementias as determined by neuropsychological testing and neurological evaluation.
- Previous riluzole treatment.
- MRI contraindication (severe claustrophobia, metal implants, shunts, pacemaker, joint implants, metal valves).
- Currently taking medications that either have evidence of glutamatergic activity or has previous MRS evidence of effects on brain glutamate levels at the discretion of the PI such as memantine, lamotrigine, lithium, opiates, bupropion, psychostimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and any other drug that the investigators judge might interfere with the study. (subjects on those medications may still be included in the study however only the values of NAA from MRS will be utilized and not the glutamate measurements).
- Currently a user of the following illicit drugs: cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) ("ecstasy"), heroin and other opioids or has a history of drug or alcohol abuse within the past 5 years.
- Serum creatinine >1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
Show all 21Show fewer
- Abnormal liver function test (greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST); or bilirubin >1.5 times the upper limit of normal.
- History of brain disease including Parkinson's Disease, severe brain trauma, seizures, history of stroke, clinically significant lacunar infarct in a region important for cognition or multiple lacunes or a cortical infarct or focal lesions of clinical significance, multiple sclerosis, mental retardation, normal pressure hydrocephalus, central nervous system (CNS) tumor, Huntington's disease, subdural hematoma or other serious neurological disorder.
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (Hba1c higher than 7) or chronically uncontrolled hypertension.
- Subject must not be taking Namenda® (memantine) for 6-weeks prior to study entrance.
- Currently taking any concomitant hepatotoxic drugs such as allopurinol, methyldopa and sulfasalazine.
- Any unstable serious co-existing medical condition(s) including but not limited to myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease requiring coronary bypass surgery, unstable angina, clinically evident congestive heart failure within 6 months prior to the screening visit.
- Current smoker or user of nicotine-containing products, such as chewing tobacco, nicotine patch or gum for the past 2 months.
- Current untreated major depression defined by Geriatric Depression Scale > 20.
- Participation in any investigational or marketed drug or device trial within 30 days prior to the screening visit.
- Significant neuropsychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, moderate-severe anxiety, vascular dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dementia, HIV dementia, and dementia in other specified diseases.
- Subjects who have been on donepezil for longer than 5 years.
- Weight> 300 pounds.
- Lactose intolerance.
- Any medical or social condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, might pose additional risk to the participant or confound the results of the study.
- Positive Hepatitis Serology (Hep. B antigen+ or Hep. C antibody+)
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York, 10029
The Rockefeller University
New York, New York, 10065
About this study
Official title: Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Cognitive Aging: Riluzole in Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Cognitive aging is a major source of disability in an increasingly aging population. The paucity of effective treatments for cognitive aging disorders, and most importantly in Alzheimer's disease instigates a need for further research into novel therapeutic possibilities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and its prevalence steeply increases. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neuropsychiatric disorders and in particular in Alzheimer's disease has been shown to cause significant cerebral damage. Early effective therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease is critical in order to prevent or at least slow down neuropathological progression that will lead to widespread irreversible neuronal loss and significant cognitive dysfunction. Riluzole, a glutamate modulator agent, will be tested in mild Alzheimer's disease patients. Cognitive functional changes along with two established in vivo biomarkers, namely, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) will be evaluated.
Read the detailed description
A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study will be performed. Forty-two individuals with a diagnosis of mild Alzheimer's disease between 50-95 years old will complete the study. All forty-two individuals will have been on an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is FDA approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, for at least 2 months prior to initiating the study, unless the medication was not previously tolerated. Twenty to twenty-two mild Alzheimer's disease patients will receive riluzole and another 20-22 will receive a placebo. All patients will have a neurological evaluation and neuropsychological tests performed to confirm that they meet criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease set out by the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer's disease Association that recently revisited the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria along with FDG-PET biomarker consistent with Alzheimer's disease.
- Conditions
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Being tested
- Riluzole, Placebo
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia
- Medical subject headings
- Alzheimer Disease, Dementia
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
RiluzoleDrug
Also called no other names
20-22 subjects between the ages of 60-85 will receive study drug.
PlaceboDrug
Also called no other names
20-22 subjects between the ages of 60-85 will receive placebo
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| age matched cohort 50-95 years old | Experimental | 20-22 subjects between the ages of 50-95 will receive riluzole Receives: Drug: Riluzole |
| 24 subjects between 50-95 years old | Placebo comparator | 20-22 subjects between 50-95 will receive placebo Receives: Drug: Placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Imaging Biomarkers FDG-PET SUVR in Regions of Interest
Change from baseline to 6 months in cerebral glucose metabolism measured with FDG PET in posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, precuneus, and medial temporal, lateral temporal, inferior parietal, and frontal lobes, referred to collectively as our pre-specified regions of interest.
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging procedure that measures glucose metabolism in the brain.It is a well-established Alzheimer's disease biomarker and predictor of disease progression. For each FDG PET scan, 5 mCi of fluorodeoxyglucose was administered followed by a 40 minute uptake period during which the participant was in a resting state. Images were acquired on a Siemens Biograph 64mCT scanner as a series of 4 frames of 5 minutes each. Using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust), motion correction was performed and frames averaged into a static image. Each 6 month scan was coregistered to the baseline FDG scan, which was co-registered to the participant's T1-weighted MRI scan.
Measured: Change from baseline to 6 months
Imaging Biomarkers N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in Posterior Cingulate (PC) Measured Through 1H MRS
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a neuronal viability marker measured through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS).In vivo brain levels of NAA, glutamate, tCr and other major metabolites were obtained using 1H MRS and a 2x2x2-cm3 Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PC) voxel of interest in approximately 6.5 minutes using the constant-time point-resolved spectroscopy (CT-PRESS) technique with TE 30 ms, 129 constant-time increments (t1) of 0.8ms, and TR 1500 ms and a receive-only 8-channel phased-array head coil.The levels of NAA and other metabolites were expressed semi-quantitatively as ratios of peak areas relative to that of the unsuppressed water signal (W) from the same voxels. For consistency with earlier MRS literature, levels of the same metabolites were also expressed as peak ratios relative to tCr area in the same voxel.
Measured: Changes from baseline to 6 months
Secondary outcomes (4)
Glutamate Levels Measured Through 1H MRS
In vivo measurement of glutamate with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (a neuroimaging study) in posterior cingulate as a marker of target engagement at three and six months compared to baseline.In vivo brain levels of glutamate, tCr and other major metabolites were obtained using 1H MRS and a 2x2x2-cm3 Posterior Cingulate Cortex voxel of interest in approximately 6.5 minutes using the constant-time point-resolved spectroscopy (CT-PRESS) technique with TE 30 ms, 129 constant-time increments (t1) of 0.8ms, and TR 1500 ms and a receive-only 8-channel phased-array head coil.The levels of glutamate and other metabolites were expressed semi-quantitatively as ratios of peak areas relative to that of the unsuppressed water signal (W) from the same voxels. For consistency with earlier MRS literature, levels of the same metabolites were also expressed as peak ratios relative to tCr area in the same voxel.
Measured: Change from baseline to 6 months
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) - Cognitive Subscale (ADAScog)
The ADAS comprises two subscales, cognitive and non-cognitive. The Cognitive Subscale (ADAScog) is a psychometric instrument that includes 11 tasks and evaluates memory, attention, reasoning, language, orientation, and praxis, scored from 0 to 70. The full ADAS total is scored by summing the number of errors made on each task on a range from 0 to 150 so that higher scores indicate worse performance.The non-cognitive component was not used in this study. Obtained for correlation with neuroimaging biomarkers.
Measured: baseline to 6 months
Neuropsychiatry Inventory - NPI
NPI assesses psychopathology in participants with dementia and other neurologic disorders. Information is obtained from a caregiver familiar with the participant's behavior. Total score ranges from 0 to 144; Higher scores indicate greater disease severity.
Obtained for correlation with neuroimaging
Measured: baseline to 6 months
ADCS Activities of Daily Living
ADCS-ADL is a 23-item inventory developed as a Rater-administered questionnaire answered by the participant's caregiver. It measures performance of basic and instrumental activities of daily living by participants. The total score ranges from 0 to 78, with lower scores indicating greater disease severity.
Obtained for correlation with neuroimaging
Measured: baseline to 6 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Oct 2012 (estimated)
- Study startNov 2013
- Primary completion26 May 2020
- Study completion26 May 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Alzheimer's DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Rockefeller University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ana Pereira, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Investigators
- Ana Pereira, MD, Principal investigator, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01703117
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- GCO 18-0623
- Other IDs
- APE-0792
- Status last verified
- Jul 2021
- First submitted
- 4 Oct 2012
- Last updated
- 22 Sep 2021
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
Publications
Matthews DC, Mao X, Dowd K, Tsakanikas D, Jiang CS, Meuser C, Andrews RD, Lukic AS, Lee J, Hampilos N, Shafiian N, Sano M, David Mozley P, Fillit H, McEwen BS, Shungu DC, Pereira AC. Riluzole, a glutamate modulator, slows cerebral glucose metabolism decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2021 Dec 31;144(12):3742-3755. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab222.
PubMed 34145880
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Sep 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Cognitive Aging: Riluzole in Mild Alzheimer's Disease
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01703117
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GCO 18-0623
- Conditions
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Rockefeller University
- Study start
- Nov 2013 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 26 May 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 26 May 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 10 Oct 2012 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 22 Sep 2021
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Cognitive aging is a major source of disability in an increasingly aging population. The paucity of effective treatments for cognitive aging disorders, and most importantly in Alzheimer's disease instigates a need for further research into novel therapeutic possibilities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and its prevalence steeply increases. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neuropsychiatric disorders and in particular in Alzheimer's disease has been shown to cause significant cerebral damage. Early effective therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease is critical in order to prevent or at least slow down neuropathological progression that will lead to widespread irreversible neuronal loss and significant cognitive dysfunction. Riluzole, a glutamate modulator agent, will be tested in mild Alzheimer's disease patients. Cognitive functional changes along with two established in vivo biomarkers, namely, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) will be evaluated.
Detailed description
A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study will be performed. Forty-two individuals with a diagnosis of mild Alzheimer's disease between 50-95 years old will complete the study. All forty-two individuals will have been on an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is FDA approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, for at least 2 months prior to initiating the study, unless the medication was not previously tolerated. Twenty to twenty-two mild Alzheimer's disease patients will receive riluzole and another 20-22 will receive a placebo. All patients will have a neurological evaluation and neuropsychological tests performed to confirm that they meet criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease set out by the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer's disease Association that recently revisited the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria along with FDG-PET biomarker consistent with Alzheimer's disease.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| age matched cohort 50-95 years old | Experimental | Drug: Riluzole20-22 subjects between the ages of 50-95 will receive riluzole |
| 24 subjects between 50-95 years old | Placebo comparator | Drug: Placebo20-22 subjects between 50-95 will receive placebo |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 50 to 95 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Male or female; 50 - 95 years old with mild Alzheimer's disease determined after neurological and neuropsychological evaluation following the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer's disease Association criteria that recently revisited the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. For mild Alzheimer's disease, Clinical Dementia Ratings Scale (CDR) should be 0.5 or 1 and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSS) between 19 and 27.
- Must be on donepezil (Aricept®) or rivastigmine (Exelon®) or galantamine (Razadyne®) at a consistent dose for at least 2 months. Patients will be considered for inclusion if they were previously unable to tolerate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and as a result, are no longer on the medication for at least 2 months.
- Must be fluent in English
- The subject will appoint or have previously appointed a health care proxy specifically designated for research consent and that this be documented.
Key exclusion criteria (21 listed)
- Severe Alzheimer's disease and other dementias as determined by neuropsychological testing and neurological evaluation.
- Previous riluzole treatment.
- MRI contraindication (severe claustrophobia, metal implants, shunts, pacemaker, joint implants, metal valves).
- Currently taking medications that either have evidence of glutamatergic activity or has previous MRS evidence of effects on brain glutamate levels at the discretion of the PI such as memantine, lamotrigine, lithium, opiates, bupropion, psychostimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and any other drug that the investigators judge might interfere with the study. (subjects on those medications may still be included in the study however only the values of NAA from MRS will be utilized and not the glutamate measurements).
- Currently a user of the following illicit drugs: cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) ("ecstasy"), heroin and other opioids or has a history of drug or alcohol abuse within the past 5 years.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| RiluzoleAlso: no other names20-22 subjects between the ages of 60-85 will receive study drug. | Drug | age matched cohort 50-95 years old |
| PlaceboAlso: no other names20-22 subjects between the ages of 60-85 will receive placebo | Drug | 24 subjects between 50-95 years old |
Primary outcome
Imaging Biomarkers FDG-PET SUVR in Regions of Interest
Time frame: Change from baseline to 6 months
Change from baseline to 6 months in cerebral glucose metabolism measured with FDG PET in posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, precuneus, and medial temporal, lateral temporal, inferior parietal, and frontal lobes, referred to collectively as our pre-specified regions of interest. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging procedure that measures glucose metabolism in the brain.It is a well-established Alzheimer's disease biomarker and predictor of disease progression. For each FDG PET scan, 5 mCi of fluorodeoxyglucose was administered followed by a 40 minute uptake period during which the participant was in a resting state. Images were acquired on a Siemens Biograph 64mCT scanner as a series of 4 frames of 5 minutes each. Using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust), motion correction was performed and frames averaged into a static image. Each 6 month scan was coregistered to the baseline FDG scan, which was co-registered to the participant's T1-weighted MRI scan.
Imaging Biomarkers N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in Posterior Cingulate (PC) Measured Through 1H MRS
Time frame: Changes from baseline to 6 months
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a neuronal viability marker measured through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS).In vivo brain levels of NAA, glutamate, tCr and other major metabolites were obtained using 1H MRS and a 2x2x2-cm3 Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PC) voxel of interest in approximately 6.5 minutes using the constant-time point-resolved spectroscopy (CT-PRESS) technique with TE 30 ms, 129 constant-time increments (t1) of 0.8ms, and TR 1500 ms and a receive-only 8-channel phased-array head coil.The levels of NAA and other metabolites were expressed semi-quantitatively as ratios of peak areas relative to that of the unsuppressed water signal (W) from the same voxels. For consistency with earlier MRS literature, levels of the same metabolites were also expressed as peak ratios relative to tCr area in the same voxel.
4 secondary outcomes
Glutamate Levels Measured Through 1H MRS
Time frame: Change from baseline to 6 months
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) - Cognitive Subscale (ADAScog)
Time frame: baseline to 6 months
Neuropsychiatry Inventory - NPI
Time frame: baseline to 6 months
ADCS Activities of Daily Living
Time frame: baseline to 6 months
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Sep 2021.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Results publication: PubMed 34145880Matthews DC, Mao X, Dowd K, Tsakanikas D, Jiang CS, Meuser C, Andrews RD, Lukic AS, Lee J, Hampilos N, Shafiian N, Sano M, David Mozley P, Fillit H, McEwen BS, Shungu DC, Pereira AC. Riluzole, a glutamate modulator, slows cerebral glucose metabolism decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2021 Dec 31;144(12):3742-3755. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab222.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Ana Pereira, MD principal investigator
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Riluzole in people with Alzheimer's Disease, run by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 21 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Sep 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 22 Sep 2021). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Imaging Biomarkers FDG-PET SUVR in Regions of Interest (time frame: Change from baseline to 6 months). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01703117, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Sep 2021.