ObesityPhase 1/2NCT01862029
Effects of Roflumilast on Insulin and Blood Sugar Levels in Prediabetic Overweight and Obese Individuals
A Phase 1/2 study testing Roflumilast in people with Obesity, run by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Background: Roflumilast is a drug used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is designed to help reduce lung inflammation. However, during testing, roflumilast also appeared to reduce high blood sugar levels in people with COPD and type 2 diabetes. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 30 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Obesity
- What is being tested?
- Roflumilast
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 22 May 2013to 25 Jul 2017
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 30 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adult, weight- and diet-stable men and women in good general health with no significant underlying illnesses and normal or clinically insignificant results (medical histories, laboratory profiles, physical examination, and electrocardiograms),
- Women must be non-pregnant or post-menopausal, or women of childbearing potential must be non-lactating and using an effective form of birth control during and for 30 days after the study period (partner's use of condoms or partner's vasectomy is not an acceptable contraception method for this study),
- Must be 30 - 65 years of age, inclusive
- Body Mass Index (BMI) > 24.9 and < 39.5 kg/m(2) with a stable (plus-minus 2.5 kg) weight for the last 6 months by history,
- Pre-diabetes, as defined by a fasting blood glucose of greater than 100 mg/dL and less than 126 mg/dL and/or A1C equal or greater than 5.7 and less than or equal to 6.5 %
- Subjects must be able to understand the protocol and provide written informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Women will be excluded from our study if they are pregnant, breastfeeding, or if they plan to become pregnant prior to the end of the study,
- Cannot be on any medications including multivitamins or nutritional supplements that in the investigator s opinion will affect insulin sensitivity
- Currently taking systemic corticosteroids, insulin, or anticoagulants, anxiolytics, ketoconazole, erythromycin, cimetidine, enoxacin, strong CYP 3A4/1A2 inducers (e.g., rifampicin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin), birth control pills containing gestodene and ethinyl estradiol, use food supplements that cannot be discontinued, or any other medication that the investigators deem a contraindication.
- AST or ALT > 3 times the upper normal limit
- Hepatitis B antigen, HIV or C positive antibody tests,
- Liver disease, pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, , (serum creatinine > 1.5mg/dl), coronary heart disease, heart failure (New York Heart Association heart failure Class III or IV), peripheral vascular disease, coagulopathy.
Show all 11Show fewer
- History of or current diagnosis of major depressive disorder, or history of or current diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders that in the opinion of the investigator would make participant unsafe for the participant.
- Currently being treated for any form of cancer or have a history of cancer, that in the investigator s judgment would not make the participant a candidate for the study for safety or scientific reasons.
- Claustrophobic,
- On a weight loss program with ongoing weight loss, or a history of eating disorders. Actively using tobacco products or have used tobacco products within last year (>3 cigarettes/day), regular alcoholic beverage intake of more than two drinks per day. Subjects with any condition that would have made them, in the opinion of the principal investigator (PI), unsuitable for the study.
- Subjects with a contraindication for the ultrasound contrast agent.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
About this study
Official title: An Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Effects of Roflumilast on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Parameters in Prediabetic Overweight and Obese Individuals
Background:
- Roflumilast is a drug used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is designed to help reduce lung inflammation. However, during testing, roflumilast also appeared to reduce high blood sugar levels in people with COPD and type 2 diabetes. Other tests showed that roflumilast also improved blood sugar levels in people who only had type 2 diabetes. Researchers want to see how roflumilast affects insulin and blood sugar levels in overweight or obese people who are not diabetic, but who have high blood sugar levels.
Read more
Objectives:
- To see how well roflumilast improves blood sugar and insulin levels in prediabetic overweight or obese individuals.
Eligibility:
- Individuals between 30 to 65 years old who are overweight or obese (body mass index of 24.9 to 39.9 kg/m2) and have elevated blood sugar levels.
Design:
- This study will last approximately 8 weeks. Participants will have approximately five study visits over about 7 weeks. Two of these visits will be overnight inpatient stays.
- Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. Blood and urine samples will be collected. They will also have a 3-day diet and exercise assessment with a dietitian.
- In Week 1, participants will have a special diet for 2 days to keep their regular weight. They will then have a 2-day inpatient stay. During their stay, they will have multiple tests, including blood sugar tests and full body scans. They may provide a fat and muscle tissue biopsy sample. They will then receive the study drug to take during the study.
- In Week 2, participants will repeat the diet study from the screening visit. They will receive a different dose of the study drug.
- In Week 3, participants will review their diet results and have blood and urine tests.
- In Week 5, participants will repeat the diet and exercise study from the screening visit.
- In Week 6, participants will repeat the inpatient studies and tests from Week 1.
In the last week, participants will have a final follow-up visit.
Read the detailed description
Resveratrol, a polyphenol most notably found in red wine has anti-aging properties in mice fed a high-fat diet; resveratrol protects against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Several clinical trials have been conducted to study the metabolic effects of resveratrol. Although these trials have used different subject groups (e.g. obese healthy, type 2 diabetics or older adults with glucose intolerance), they suggest that resveratrol may improve insulin sensitivity. However, the therapeutic potential of resveratrol is diminished by the fact that it has a very promiscuous target profile. In order to translate resveratrol biology into clinical application, it is helpful to identify the cellular target(s) of resveratrol that mediate the desired effects and to develop therapies specific for that target(s). Recently, we discovered that the metabolic effects of resveratrol appear to result from competitive inhibition of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which increases cAMP levels. The cAMP-dependent pathways activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is essential for the metabolic effects of resveratrol. Inhibiting PDE4 with rolipram reproduces all of the metabolic benefits of resveratrol, including protection against diet-induced obesity and an increase in mitochondrial content, fat oxidation, physical stamina and glucose tolerance in mice. Based on results from cellular and preclinical studies, we hypothesize that PDE4 inhibition will ameliorate insulin resistance in pre-diabetic individuals. To test these hypotheses, we will conduct an exploratory study on the potential beneficial effects of roflumilast (Daxas (Registered Trademark)), a PDE4 inhibitor, on insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic individuals.Each study participant will receive oral roflumilast (250 (micro)g, once a day for 2 weeks, followed by 500 (micro)g once a day for 4 weeks). At baseline and after the 6-week treatment period, we will assess insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic glucose clamp technique, glucose clamp ). In addition, Beta-cell function, skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, body composition, and circulating adipocytokine profile will be measured at baseline and after treatment to evaluate potential changes that may be related to improvements in metabolic function. Vascular function is not only an indicator of insulin sensitivity, but is also important for glucose delivery and metabolism. If possible, vascular function will be assessed along with the other parameters at baseline and after treatment with roflumilast. Regarding vascular function, we may measure basal and insulin-stimulated brachial artery blood flow (large conduit artery assessed by Doppler ultrasound) as well as capillary recruitment in forearm skeletal muscle (small nutritive arterioles assessed by ultrasound with microbubble contrast). This study will explore whether roflumilast is effective at improving insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic individuals. Results from this study may have important implications for the potential use of roflumilast in treating type 2 diabetes.
- Conditions
- Obesity
- Being tested
- Roflumilast
- Keywords
- Mitochondria in Diabetes, Obesity, Roflumilast, Phosphodiesterase-4, Pre-Diabetes
- Medical subject headings
- Obesity, Glucose Intolerance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
RoflumilastDrug
Selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Roflumilast | Experimental | Not described Receives: Drug: Roflumilast |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Insulin Sensitivity- Pre-roflumilast
Our primary outcome measure is the change in peripheral insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure's M value, which was obtained before the subjects began roflumilast, was used to assess the primary outcome.
Measured: Baseline
Change in Insulin Sensitivity - Post-roflumilast
Our primary outcome measure is the change in peripheral insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure's M value, which was obtained post-roflumilast, was used for this primary outcome assessment.
Measured: 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 May 2013 (estimated)
- Study start22 May 2013
- Primary completion25 Jul 2017
- Study completion25 Jul 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ObesityStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)The sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Sponsor type
- US National Institutes of Health
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Jay H Chung, M.D., Principal investigator, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01862029
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 130123
- Other IDs
- 13-H-0123
- Status last verified
- 26 Feb 2018
- First submitted
- 22 May 2013
- Last updated
- 4 Sep 2018
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Wouters EF, Bredenbroker D, Teichmann P, Brose M, Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Goke B. Effect of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast on glucose metabolism in patients with treatment-naive, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):E1720-5. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2886. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
PubMed 22723325Yajima H, Komatsu M, Schermerhorn T, Aizawa T, Kaneko T, Nagai M, Sharp GW, Hashizume K. cAMP enhances insulin secretion by an action on the ATP-sensitive K+ channel-independent pathway of glucose signaling in rat pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1999 May;48(5):1006-12. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1006.
PubMed 10331404Millesi H. Peripheral nerve surgery today: turning point or continuous development? J Hand Surg Br. 1990 Aug;15(3):281-7. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681_90_90004-n. No abstract available.
PubMed 2230491Muo IM, MacDonald SD, Madan R, Park SJ, Gharib AM, Martinez PE, Walter MF, Yang SB, Rodante JA, Courville AB, Walter PJ, Cai H, Glicksman M, Guerrieri GM, Ben-Dor RR, Ouwerkerk R, Mao S, Chung JH. Early effects of roflumilast on insulin sensitivity in adults with prediabetes and overweight/obesity involve age-associated fat mass loss - results of an exploratory study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019 May 27;12:743-759. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S182953. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31213865
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Sep 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- An Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Effects of Roflumilast on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Parameters in Prediabetic Overweight and Obese Individuals
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01862029
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 130123
- Conditions
- Obesity
- Keywords
- Mitochondria in Diabetes, Obesity, Roflumilast, Phosphodiesterase-4, Pre-Diabetes
- Phase
- Phase 1/2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)US National Institutes of Health
- Study start
- 22 May 2013
- Primary completion
- 25 Jul 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- 25 Jul 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 May 2013 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 4 Sep 2018
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Background:
- Roflumilast is a drug used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is designed to help reduce lung inflammation. However, during testing, roflumilast also appeared to reduce high blood sugar levels in people with COPD and type 2 diabetes. Other tests showed that roflumilast also improved blood sugar levels in people who only had type 2 diabetes. Researchers want to see how roflumilast affects insulin and blood sugar levels in overweight or obese people who are not diabetic, but who have high blood sugar levels.
Objectives:
- To see how well roflumilast improves blood sugar and insulin levels in prediabetic overweight or obese individuals.
Eligibility:
- Individuals between 30 to 65 years old who are overweight or obese (body mass index of 24.9 to 39.9 kg/m2) and have elevated blood sugar levels.
Design:
- This study will last approximately 8 weeks. Participants will have approximately five study visits over about 7 weeks. Two of these visits will be overnight inpatient stays.
- Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. Blood and urine samples will be collected. They will also have a 3-day diet and exercise assessment with a dietitian.
- In Week 1, participants will have a special diet for 2 days to keep their regular weight. They will then have a 2-day inpatient stay. During their stay, they will have multiple tests, including blood sugar tests and full body scans. They may provide a fat and muscle tissue biopsy sample. They will then receive the study drug to take during the study.
- In Week 2, participants will repeat the diet study from the screening visit. They will receive a different dose of the study drug.
- In Week 3, participants will review their diet results and have blood and urine tests.
- In Week 5, participants will repeat the diet and exercise study from the screening visit.
- In Week 6, participants will repeat the inpatient studies and tests from Week 1.
In the last week, participants will have a final follow-up visit.
Detailed description
Resveratrol, a polyphenol most notably found in red wine has anti-aging properties in mice fed a high-fat diet; resveratrol protects against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Several clinical trials have been conducted to study the metabolic effects of resveratrol. Although these trials have used different subject groups (e.g. obese healthy, type 2 diabetics or older adults with glucose intolerance), they suggest that resveratrol may improve insulin sensitivity. However, the therapeutic potential of resveratrol is diminished by the fact that it has a very promiscuous target profile. In order to translate resveratrol biology into clinical application, it is helpful to identify the cellular target(s) of resveratrol that mediate the desired effects and to develop therapies specific for that target(s). Recently, we discovered that the metabolic effects of resveratrol appear to result from competitive inhibition of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which increases cAMP levels. The cAMP-dependent pathways activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is essential for the metabolic effects of resveratrol. Inhibiting PDE4 with rolipram reproduces all of the metabolic benefits of resveratrol, including protection against diet-induced obesity and an increase in mitochondrial content, fat oxidation, physical stamina and glucose tolerance in mice. Based on results from cellular and preclinical studies, we hypothesize that PDE4 inhibition will ameliorate insulin resistance in pre-diabetic individuals. To test these hypotheses, we will conduct an exploratory study on the potential beneficial effects of roflumilast (Daxas (Registered Trademark)), a PDE4 inhibitor, on insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic individuals.Each study participant will receive oral roflumilast (250 (micro)g, once a day for 2 weeks, followed by 500 (micro)g once a day for 4 weeks). At baseline and after the 6-week treatment period, we will assess insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic glucose clamp technique, glucose clamp ). In addition, Beta-cell function, skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, body composition, and circulating adipocytokine profile will be measured at baseline and after treatment to evaluate potential changes that may be related to improvements in metabolic function. Vascular function is not only an indicator of insulin sensitivity, but is also important for glucose delivery and metabolism. If possible, vascular function will be assessed along with the other parameters at baseline and after treatment with roflumilast. Regarding vascular function, we may measure basal and insulin-stimulated brachial artery blood flow (large conduit artery assessed by Doppler ultrasound) as well as capillary recruitment in forearm skeletal muscle (small nutritive arterioles assessed by ultrasound with microbubble contrast). This study will explore whether roflumilast is effective at improving insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic individuals. Results from this study may have important implications for the potential use of roflumilast in treating type 2 diabetes.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Roflumilast | Experimental | Drug: Roflumilast |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 30 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Adult, weight- and diet-stable men and women in good general health with no significant underlying illnesses and normal or clinically insignificant results (medical histories, laboratory profiles, physical examination, and electrocardiograms),
- Women must be non-pregnant or post-menopausal, or women of childbearing potential must be non-lactating and using an effective form of birth control during and for 30 days after the study period (partner's use of condoms or partner's vasectomy is not an acceptable contraception method for this study),
- Must be 30 - 65 years of age, inclusive
- Body Mass Index (BMI) > 24.9 and < 39.5 kg/m(2) with a stable (plus-minus 2.5 kg) weight for the last 6 months by history,
- Pre-diabetes, as defined by a fasting blood glucose of greater than 100 mg/dL and less than 126 mg/dL and/or A1C equal or greater than 5.7 and less than or equal to 6.5 %
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Women will be excluded from our study if they are pregnant, breastfeeding, or if they plan to become pregnant prior to the end of the study,
- Cannot be on any medications including multivitamins or nutritional supplements that in the investigator s opinion will affect insulin sensitivity
- Currently taking systemic corticosteroids, insulin, or anticoagulants, anxiolytics, ketoconazole, erythromycin, cimetidine, enoxacin, strong CYP 3A4/1A2 inducers (e.g., rifampicin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin), birth control pills containing gestodene and ethinyl estradiol, use food supplements that cannot be discontinued, or any other medication that the investigators deem a contraindication.
- AST or ALT > 3 times the upper normal limit
- Hepatitis B antigen, HIV or C positive antibody tests,
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| RoflumilastSelective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor | Drug | Roflumilast |
Primary outcome
Change in Insulin Sensitivity- Pre-roflumilast
Time frame: Baseline
Our primary outcome measure is the change in peripheral insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure's M value, which was obtained before the subjects began roflumilast, was used to assess the primary outcome.
Change in Insulin Sensitivity - Post-roflumilast
Time frame: 6 weeks
Our primary outcome measure is the change in peripheral insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure's M value, which was obtained post-roflumilast, was used for this primary outcome assessment.
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Sep 2018.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 22723325Wouters EF, Bredenbroker D, Teichmann P, Brose M, Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Goke B. Effect of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast on glucose metabolism in patients with treatment-naive, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):E1720-5. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2886. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
- Background: PubMed 10331404Yajima H, Komatsu M, Schermerhorn T, Aizawa T, Kaneko T, Nagai M, Sharp GW, Hashizume K. cAMP enhances insulin secretion by an action on the ATP-sensitive K+ channel-independent pathway of glucose signaling in rat pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1999 May;48(5):1006-12. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1006.
- Background: PubMed 2230491Millesi H. Peripheral nerve surgery today: turning point or continuous development? J Hand Surg Br. 1990 Aug;15(3):281-7. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681_90_90004-n. No abstract available.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31213865Muo IM, MacDonald SD, Madan R, Park SJ, Gharib AM, Martinez PE, Walter MF, Yang SB, Rodante JA, Courville AB, Walter PJ, Cai H, Glicksman M, Guerrieri GM, Ben-Dor RR, Ouwerkerk R, Mao S, Chung JH. Early effects of roflumilast on insulin sensitivity in adults with prediabetes and overweight/obesity involve age-associated fat mass loss - results of an exploratory study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019 May 27;12:743-759. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S182953. eCollection 2019.
- NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web PageLink provided by the sponsor.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Jay H Chung, M.D. principal investigator
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1/2 study testing Roflumilast in people with Obesity, run by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Sep 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this combined phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 4 Sep 2018). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Insulin Sensitivity- Pre-roflumilast (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01862029, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Sep 2018; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 8 Nov 2026.