SchizophreniaNCT01891721
Evaluating Two Types of Cognitive Training in Veterans With Schizophrenia
A study testing Brain Fitness Program (BFP), Cognitive Package (Cogpack) and Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) in people with Schizophrenia, run by VA Office of Research and Development at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Cognitive dysfunction is a major contributor to the poor community outcome of individuals with schizophrenia. Developing more effective cognitive remediation interventions is imperative to improve the daily lives of affected subjects and reduce the disability of this illness. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 25 to 65 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Schizophrenia
- What is being tested?
- Brain Fitness Program (BFP), Cognitive Package (Cogpack) and Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle)
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 105 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 21 Nov 2013to 30 Jun 2018
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 25 to 65 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Veterans with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
- Between 25 and 65 years of age
- Estimated premorbid inteIligence quotient (IQ) > 70 (based on reading ability)
- Understand spoken English sufficiently to comprehend the consent form
- Clinically stable (i.e., no inpatient hospitalization in the 3 months, no changes in psychiatric medications in the 6 weeks, and no changes in housing in the 2 months, prior to enrollment)
Who cannot join
- Documented history of mental retardation or severe learning disability
- Clinically significant neurological disease as determined by medical history (e.g., epilepsy, stroke)
- History of serious head injury with loss of consciousness greater than 1 hour and concomitant neuropsychological sequelae
- Meeting DSM-IV criteria for drug or alcohol dependence during the 6 months, or abuse during the month preceding study enrollment
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
Local Board and Care Facilities
Los Angeles, California, 90073
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA
West Los Angeles, California, 90073
About this study
Cognitive dysfunction is a major contributor to the poor community outcome of individuals with schizophrenia. Developing more effective cognitive remediation interventions is imperative to improve the daily lives of affected subjects and reduce the disability of this illness. The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate two types of cognitive training approaches to determine which one is more beneficial for individuals with schizophrenia. This study also uses electrophysiological techniques to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cognitive remediation. Findings from this study will provide information about how to design the most optimally efficient cognitive training intervention to improve the cognitive and social functioning of patients with severe mental illness.
Read the detailed description
Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects both higher-level neurocognitive operations (e.g., verbal memory, executive functioning) and lower-level perceptual processes (e.g., auditory processing). These deficits contribute to the poor community outcome and severe functional disability seen in patients. Effectively treating the cognitive dysfunction associated with this illness is important to achieve improvements in daily functioning. Recent meta-analytic studies report that cognitive training in schizophrenia has a moderate effect-size impact on cognitive functioning and a lower impact on daily functioning. However, most training interventions for schizophrenia have only targeted higher-order cognitive processes. A few recent interventions have targeted basic perceptual processing and shown that auditory and visual perceptual abilities can be trained and improved in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that basic perceptual processing may be an ideal target for intervention. At this point, it is still unclear whether a neuroplasticity-based, bottom-up intervention is more effective than an intervention that targets top-down functions like attention, working memory, and executive functioning.
This clinical trial will contrast a bottom-up intervention targeting basic auditory processes and a top-down intervention targeting higher-order cognitive functions, compared with a control condition, in Veterans with schizophrenia. These interventions will be assessed by their effects on representative measures from three outcome domains: 1) neurocognition, 2) electroencephalography (EEG), and 3) functional capacity. Participants will be randomly assigned to the bottom-up auditory training, top-down cognitive training, or control treatment (commercial computer games). All treatments will be administered three times a week (1 hour each) for 12 weeks. A comprehensive battery of cognitive, electrophysiological, and functional measures will be administered at baseline, 6 weeks, and at completion of treatment. The investigators will enroll 120 Veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder across the 5 years of the study.
This study will determine which training approach leads to the largest magnitude of improvement in neurocognition, functional capacity, and neural functioning measured with EEG. Moreover, it will shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying the response to training. By determining whether it is more beneficial to treat lower-level perceptual processes or higher-level cognitive functions, the results of this project will inform future recovery-based cognitive remediation interventions for Veterans with schizophrenia.
- Conditions
- Schizophrenia
- Being tested
- Brain Fitness Program (BFP), Cognitive Package (Cogpack), Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle)
- Keywords
- cognitive training, schizophrenia, mismatch negativity, cognition, functional capacity, EEG
- Medical subject headings
- Schizophrenia
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Brain Fitness Program (BFP)Behavioural
This computerized "bottom-up" cognitive intervention is designed to improve the speed and accuracy of auditory information processing through increasingly more difficult stimulus recognition, discrimination, sequencing, and memory tasks under conditions of close attentional control, high reward, and novelty. BFP consists of 6 exercises. Stimuli across the exercises are chosen such that they span the acoustic and organizational structure of speech, from very simple acoustic stimuli and tasks to complex manipulations of continuous speech. The exercises adaptively progress based on the subject's individual performance during a training session and become more challenging as the subject's abilities improve. Participants will work with 4 of the 6 exercises (15 min per exercise) in each session.
Cognitive Package (Cogpack)Behavioural
This computerized "top-down" cognitive intervention is designed to provide training across a broad range of cognitive functions. Cogpack consists of domain-specific exercises aimed at training specific cognitive areas (attention, working memory, verbal and visual memory, executive functioning, reasoning, language) and non-domain-specific exercises that require the use of several functions at a time. Cogpack includes low-level cognitive exercises (i.e., scanning, hand-eye coordination, and psychomotor speed) that will not be included in this protocol to better separate bottom-up from top-down training interventions. There will be a total of 34 exercises and variants of the same exercises with different levels of difficulty. In each session, participants will work on a different subset of 4 to 6 exercises.
Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle)Behavioural
Sporcle computer games will be used as a "placebo" treatment to control for the effects of computer exposure, contact with research personnel, time spent being cognitively active, and financial compensation for participation. The games cover trivia-type questions about geography, entertainment, science, history, literature, sports, movies, etc. Subjects will receive the same amount of attention from staff members and the same monetary reinforcements as participants in the experimental treatment groups. They will also complete 3 hours of "training" per week over 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Specific Perceptual Training - Brain Fitness Program (BFP) | Experimental | In each session, participants will work on 4 of the 6 BFP exercises (15 min per exercise). Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Brain Fitness Program (BFP) |
| Broad Cognitive Training - Cognitive Package (Cogpack) | Experimental | In each session, participants will work on a different subset of 4 to 6 Cogpack exercises. Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Cognitive Package (Cogpack) |
| Control Treatment - Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) | Active comparator | In each session, participants will play between 8 and 16 games (1 to 15 min per game). Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Neurocognition
The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess basic cognition. It includes tests representing 6 separable cognitive domains. The MCCB composite score (average of 6 domain t-scores) served as the primary cognitive outcome measure. Minimum and maximum values are 20 and 68. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Measured: Within one week of training completion
Secondary outcomes (2)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A Mismatch Negativity (MMN) Paradigm was used to assess basic auditory processing. MMN amplitude was measured as the mean voltage in the 145-200 ms latency range at pooled frontocentral electodes. Minimum and maximum values are -8 and +2 microvolts. More negative scores mean a better outcome.
Measured: After 6 weeks of training and within one week of training completion
Functional Capacity
The University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) was used to assess functional capacity. The UPSA total score served as a secondary functional outcome measure. Minimum and maximum values are 40 and 100. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Measured: Within one week of training completion
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Jul 2013 (estimated)
- Study start21 Nov 2013
- Primary completion30 Jun 2018
- Study completion30 Jun 2018
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SchizophreniaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by VA Office of Research and DevelopmentThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 105 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- VA Office of Research and Development
- Sponsor type
- US federal agency
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Carol Jahchan, PhD, Principal investigator, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01891721
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- MHBB-015-12F
- Status last verified
- Apr 2019
- First submitted
- 25 Jun 2013
- Last updated
- 14 Aug 2019
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Adcock RA, Dale C, Fisher M, Aldebot S, Genevsky A, Simpson GV, Nagarajan S, Vinogradov S. When top-down meets bottom-up: auditory training enhances verbal memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Nov;35(6):1132-41. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp068. Epub 2009 Sep 10.
PubMed 19745022Medalia A, Choi J. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Sep;19(3):353-64. doi: 10.1007/s11065-009-9097-y. Epub 2009 May 15.
PubMed 19444614Popov T, Jordanov T, Rockstroh B, Elbert T, Merzenich MM, Miller GA. Specific cognitive training normalizes auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 1;69(5):465-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.028. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
PubMed 21092939Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(1):119-36. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430.
PubMed 10755673Fisher M, Holland C, Merzenich MM, Vinogradov S. Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;166(7):805-11. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050757. Epub 2009 May 15.
PubMed 19448187Light GA, Braff DL. Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):127-36. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.127.
PubMed 15699289
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Aug 2019. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluating Two Types of Cognitive Training in Veterans With Schizophrenia
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01891721
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MHBB-015-12F
- Conditions
- Schizophrenia
- Keywords
- cognitive training, schizophrenia, mismatch negativity, cognition, functional capacity, EEG
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 105 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- VA Office of Research and DevelopmentUS federal agency
- Study start
- 21 Nov 2013 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2018 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Jul 2013 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 14 Aug 2019
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Cognitive dysfunction is a major contributor to the poor community outcome of individuals with schizophrenia. Developing more effective cognitive remediation interventions is imperative to improve the daily lives of affected subjects and reduce the disability of this illness. The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate two types of cognitive training approaches to determine which one is more beneficial for individuals with schizophrenia. This study also uses electrophysiological techniques to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cognitive remediation. Findings from this study will provide information about how to design the most optimally efficient cognitive training intervention to improve the cognitive and social functioning of patients with severe mental illness.
Detailed description
Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects both higher-level neurocognitive operations (e.g., verbal memory, executive functioning) and lower-level perceptual processes (e.g., auditory processing). These deficits contribute to the poor community outcome and severe functional disability seen in patients. Effectively treating the cognitive dysfunction associated with this illness is important to achieve improvements in daily functioning. Recent meta-analytic studies report that cognitive training in schizophrenia has a moderate effect-size impact on cognitive functioning and a lower impact on daily functioning. However, most training interventions for schizophrenia have only targeted higher-order cognitive processes. A few recent interventions have targeted basic perceptual processing and shown that auditory and visual perceptual abilities can be trained and improved in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that basic perceptual processing may be an ideal target for intervention. At this point, it is still unclear whether a neuroplasticity-based, bottom-up intervention is more effective than an intervention that targets top-down functions like attention, working memory, and executive functioning.
This clinical trial will contrast a bottom-up intervention targeting basic auditory processes and a top-down intervention targeting higher-order cognitive functions, compared with a control condition, in Veterans with schizophrenia. These interventions will be assessed by their effects on representative measures from three outcome domains: 1) neurocognition, 2) electroencephalography (EEG), and 3) functional capacity. Participants will be randomly assigned to the bottom-up auditory training, top-down cognitive training, or control treatment (commercial computer games). All treatments will be administered three times a week (1 hour each) for 12 weeks. A comprehensive battery of cognitive, electrophysiological, and functional measures will be administered at baseline, 6 weeks, and at completion of treatment. The investigators will enroll 120 Veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder across the 5 years of the study.
This study will determine which training approach leads to the largest magnitude of improvement in neurocognition, functional capacity, and neural functioning measured with EEG. Moreover, it will shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying the response to training. By determining whether it is more beneficial to treat lower-level perceptual processes or higher-level cognitive functions, the results of this project will inform future recovery-based cognitive remediation interventions for Veterans with schizophrenia.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Specific Perceptual Training - Brain Fitness Program (BFP) | Experimental | Behavioral: Brain Fitness Program (BFP)In each session, participants will work on 4 of the 6 BFP exercises (15 min per exercise). Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. |
| Broad Cognitive Training - Cognitive Package (Cogpack) | Experimental | Behavioral: Cognitive Package (Cogpack)In each session, participants will work on a different subset of 4 to 6 Cogpack exercises. Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. |
| Control Treatment - Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) | Active comparator | Behavioral: Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle)In each session, participants will play between 8 and 16 games (1 to 15 min per game). Duration of training is 1 hour per day, 3 days per week, for 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 25 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Veterans with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
- Between 25 and 65 years of age
- Estimated premorbid inteIligence quotient (IQ) > 70 (based on reading ability)
- Understand spoken English sufficiently to comprehend the consent form
- Clinically stable (i.e., no inpatient hospitalization in the 3 months, no changes in psychiatric medications in the 6 weeks, and no changes in housing in the 2 months, prior to enrollment)
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Documented history of mental retardation or severe learning disability
- Clinically significant neurological disease as determined by medical history (e.g., epilepsy, stroke)
- History of serious head injury with loss of consciousness greater than 1 hour and concomitant neuropsychological sequelae
- Meeting DSM-IV criteria for drug or alcohol dependence during the 6 months, or abuse during the month preceding study enrollment
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Brain Fitness Program (BFP)This computerized "bottom-up" cognitive intervention is designed to improve the speed and accuracy of auditory information processing through increasingly more difficult stimulus recognition, discrimination, sequencing, and memory tasks under conditions of close attentional control, high reward, and novelty. BFP consists of 6 exercises. Stimuli across the exercises are chosen such that they span the acoustic and organizational structure of speech, from very simple acoustic stimuli and tasks to complex manipulations of continuous speech. The exercises adaptively progress based on the subject's individual performance during a training session and become more challenging as the subject's abilities improve. Participants will work with 4 of the 6 exercises (15 min per exercise) in each session. | Behavioural | Specific Perceptual Training - Brain Fitness Program (BFP) |
| Cognitive Package (Cogpack)This computerized "top-down" cognitive intervention is designed to provide training across a broad range of cognitive functions. Cogpack consists of domain-specific exercises aimed at training specific cognitive areas (attention, working memory, verbal and visual memory, executive functioning, reasoning, language) and non-domain-specific exercises that require the use of several functions at a time. Cogpack includes low-level cognitive exercises (i.e., scanning, hand-eye coordination, and psychomotor speed) that will not be included in this protocol to better separate bottom-up from top-down training interventions. There will be a total of 34 exercises and variants of the same exercises with different levels of difficulty. In each session, participants will work on a different subset of 4 to 6 exercises. | Behavioural | Broad Cognitive Training - Cognitive Package (Cogpack) |
| Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle)Sporcle computer games will be used as a "placebo" treatment to control for the effects of computer exposure, contact with research personnel, time spent being cognitively active, and financial compensation for participation. The games cover trivia-type questions about geography, entertainment, science, history, literature, sports, movies, etc. Subjects will receive the same amount of attention from staff members and the same monetary reinforcements as participants in the experimental treatment groups. They will also complete 3 hours of "training" per week over 12 weeks, for a total of 36 hours. | Behavioural | Control Treatment - Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) |
Primary outcome
Neurocognition
Time frame: Within one week of training completion
The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess basic cognition. It includes tests representing 6 separable cognitive domains. The MCCB composite score (average of 6 domain t-scores) served as the primary cognitive outcome measure. Minimum and maximum values are 20 and 68. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
2 secondary outcomes
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Time frame: After 6 weeks of training and within one week of training completion
Functional Capacity
Time frame: Within one week of training completion
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Aug 2019.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 19745022Adcock RA, Dale C, Fisher M, Aldebot S, Genevsky A, Simpson GV, Nagarajan S, Vinogradov S. When top-down meets bottom-up: auditory training enhances verbal memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Nov;35(6):1132-41. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp068. Epub 2009 Sep 10.
- Background: PubMed 19444614Medalia A, Choi J. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Sep;19(3):353-64. doi: 10.1007/s11065-009-9097-y. Epub 2009 May 15.
- Background: PubMed 21092939Popov T, Jordanov T, Rockstroh B, Elbert T, Merzenich MM, Miller GA. Specific cognitive training normalizes auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 1;69(5):465-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.028. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
- Background: PubMed 10755673Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff"? Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(1):119-36. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430.
- Background: PubMed 19448187Fisher M, Holland C, Merzenich MM, Vinogradov S. Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;166(7):805-11. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050757. Epub 2009 May 15.
- Background: PubMed 15699289Light GA, Braff DL. Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):127-36. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.127.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Carol Jahchan, PhD principal investigator
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Brain Fitness Program (BFP), Cognitive Package (Cogpack) and Commercial Computer Games (Sporcle) in people with Schizophrenia, run by VA Office of Research and Development at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Aug 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 14 Aug 2019). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Neurocognition (time frame: Within one week of training completion). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01891721, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Aug 2019.