Type 2 DiabetesMCG-T2DNCT01939782
Metabolic Clock Genes During Fasting and After Food Intake in Type 2 Diabetics
A study testing No Breakfast (NoB) and Yes Breakfast (YesB) in people with Type 2 Diabetes, run by Tel Aviv University at 1 site in Israel.
Trial summary
This study is undertaken to explore whether compared to extension of overnight fast until lunch versus the breakfast consumption influence the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC), at noon and after isocaloric lunch in type 2 diabetic patients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 26 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Type 2 Diabetes
- What is being tested?
- No Breakfast (NoB) and Yes Breakfast (YesB)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteIsrael
- Study dates
- Feb 2015to Nov 2015
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 26 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Type 2 diabetic patients
- HbA1C > 6.5%
- Duration of diabetes: 0.5 to 30 years
- Subjects ≥ 26 and ≤ 65 years of age
- BMI: > 26 kg/m2
- All oral antidiabetic treatments and will be allowed, not insulin treatment
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- Normal liver and kidney function
- Normal thyroid function
- Stable physical activity pattern during the three months immediately preceding study
- No metabolic disease other than diabetes
- Usually wakes up between 06:00 and 07:00 and goes to sleep between 22:00 and 24:00.
- Normal TSH and FT4 levels
- No shift work within 5 years of the study
- Did not cross time zones within 1 month of the study
- Acceptable health beside diabetes based on interview, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests
- Read and understood the informed consent form and signed it voluntarily
- Healthy non diabetic, and not known as diabetic
- Fating glucose <100 mg/dl
- HbA1C <5.7 %
- Not taking any antidiabetic drugs
- Subjects ≥ 26 and ≤ 65 years of age
- BMI: <26 kg/m2
- Normal liver and kidney function
- Normal TSH and FT4 levels
- Usually wakes up between 06:00 and 07:00 and goes to sleep between 22:00 and 24:00.
- No shift work within 5 years of the study
- Did not cross time zones within 1 month of the study
- Acceptable health based on interview, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests
- Read and understood the informed consent form and signed it voluntarily
Who cannot join
- Clinically significant pulmonary, cardiac, renal, hepatic, neurologic, psychiatric, infectious, malignant disease
- Type 1 diabetes
- Treatment with Insulin
- Serum creatinin level > 1.5 mg/dl
- Pregnancy or lactation
- Illicit drug abuse or alcoholism
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- Subjects taking anoretic drugs during the month immediately prior to study
- Subjects on steroid treatment
- Subjects known by the principal investigator to be unable to cooperate for any reason.
- Abnormal liver function tests defined as an increase by a factor of at least 2 above the upper normal limit of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- Night or rotating shift work
- Jet lag during the 2 week period immediately prior to study onset
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Israel1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Daniela Jakubowicz MD
Holon, N/A = Not Applicable, 58100
Daniela Jakubowicz, MD, 972508105552, daniela.jak@gmail.com
Julio Wainstein, MD, 972506296940, vainstein@wolfson.health.gov.il
About this study
Official title: Metabolic Clock Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells During Fasting and After Food Intake in the Breakfast in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
This study is undertaken to explore whether compared to extension of overnight fast until lunch versus the breakfast consumption influence the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC), at noon and after isocaloric lunch in type 2 diabetic patients.
Read the detailed description
Most of our metabolic function is controlled by metabolic clock genes that regulate glucose, lipid metabolism and several other circadian metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance obesity and type 2 diabetes. The main group of clock genes resides in the SCN nuclei and is synchronized by light/dark signals. However similar clock oscillators called peripheral clocks are found in almost all tissues, including in the liver, heart, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscles, and adipocytes and in peripheral blood cells (PBC). The peripheral clocks, and specially those metabolic clock genes, seem to be controlled mainly by food cues.
The time of food intake synchronize simultaneously and in parallel way almost all the peripheral metabolic clock genes including those expressed and in peripheral blood cells (PBC) i.e. leucocytes, monocytes; allowing to explore the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression of the whole body by assessing its expression in the PBC. Impaired oscillation of the metabolic clock gene mRNA expression was found in diabetic animal models and in patients with type 2 diabetes and were inversely correlated with HbA1c.
In support of these finding we reported that high calorie breakfast with reduced dinner improved insulin sensitivity and weight loss rate among obese subjects, while in type 2 diabetic patients the high calorie breakfast was associated with improvement of HbA1c.
Moreover, recently was shown that very short time (only 120 min) after food intake in the breakfast, was sufficient to reset the expression of the circadian clock genes.
This study is undertaken to explore whether compared to extension of overnight fast until lunch versus the breakfast consumption influence the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC), at noon and after isocaloric lunch in type 2 diabetic patients.
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Being tested
- No Breakfast (NoB), Yes Breakfast (YesB)
- Keywords
- Metabolic CLock Genes (MCG), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
No Breakfast (NoB)Other
Also called NoB
In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol triglycerides and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch).
Yes Breakfast (YesB)Other
Also called YesB
In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol, triglycerides and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) | Experimental | In type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), the investigators will evaluate the metabolic clock gene expression in PBC and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol intact GLP-1, triglycerides ,cortisol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA l and DPP4 plasma activity in two different occasions:
1. No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00
2. Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). Receives: Other: No Breakfast (NoB); Other: Yes Breakfast (YesB) |
| Healthy No Diabetics | Active comparator | In healthy No Diabetics,: the investigators will evaluate the metabolic clock gene expression in PBC and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol intact GLP-1, triglycerides ,cortisol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA l and DPP4 plasma activity in two different occasions:
1. No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00
2. Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). Receives: Other: No Breakfast (NoB); Other: Yes Breakfast (YesB) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Metabolic Clock Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells(PBC),
In all subjects the the blood samples for metabolic clock gene expression in PBC will be evaluated in PBC in two different occasions Fasting No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for the clock genes will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch)
Measured: Blood samples for the clock genes will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2h after lunch)
Secondary outcomes (4)
Serum glucose insulin and intact GLP-1 levels
In all subjects the the blood samples for serum glucose insulin and intact GLP-1 levels will be evaluated, in two different occasions:
No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin will be taken after overnight fast at 8:00 and then every hour until 15:30.
Measured: Blood samples for glucose insulin and intact GLP-1 levels will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30 , 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
Serum Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids
In all subjects the the blood samples for serum Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids plasma levels will be evaluated, in two different occasions No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00
Measured: Blood samples for Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30 , 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
DPP4 plasma activity
In all subjects the the blood samples for DPP4 plasma activity will be evaluated in PBC in two different occasions No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch)
Measured: Blood samples for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30, before lunch at 12:00 and at 15:30
Serum Cortisol
In all subjects the the blood samples for serum Cortisol will be evaluated, in two different occasions No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00
Measured: Blood samples for Cortisol will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 Sep 2013 (estimated)
- Study startFeb 2015
- Primary completionSep 2015 (estimated)
- Study completionNov 2015 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Type 2 DiabetesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Tel Aviv University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Daniela Jakubowicz, Tel Aviv University
- Investigators
- Daniela Jakubowicz, MD, Principal investigator, Diabetes Unit E. Wolfson Medical Center. Tel Aviv University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01939782
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 0102-13-WOMC
- Acronym
- MCG-T2D
- Status last verified
- Apr 2015
- First submitted
- 2 Sep 2013
- Last updated
- 22 Apr 2015
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Landau Z, Raz I, Ahren B, Chapnik N, Ganz T, Menaged M, Barnea M, Bar-Dayan Y, Froy O. Influences of Breakfast on Clock Gene Expression and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Individuals and Individuals With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017 Nov;40(11):1573-1579. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2753. Epub 2017 Aug 22.
PubMed 28830875
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Apr 2015. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Metabolic Clock Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells During Fasting and After Food Intake in the Breakfast in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01939782
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MCG-T2D / 0102-13-WOMC
- Conditions
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Keywords
- Metabolic CLock Genes (MCG), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Tel Aviv UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Feb 2015
- Primary completion
- Sep 2015 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Nov 2015 (estimated)
- First posted
- 11 Sep 2013 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study is undertaken to explore whether compared to extension of overnight fast until lunch versus the breakfast consumption influence the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC), at noon and after isocaloric lunch in type 2 diabetic patients.
Detailed description
Most of our metabolic function is controlled by metabolic clock genes that regulate glucose, lipid metabolism and several other circadian metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance obesity and type 2 diabetes. The main group of clock genes resides in the SCN nuclei and is synchronized by light/dark signals. However similar clock oscillators called peripheral clocks are found in almost all tissues, including in the liver, heart, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscles, and adipocytes and in peripheral blood cells (PBC). The peripheral clocks, and specially those metabolic clock genes, seem to be controlled mainly by food cues.
The time of food intake synchronize simultaneously and in parallel way almost all the peripheral metabolic clock genes including those expressed and in peripheral blood cells (PBC) i.e. leucocytes, monocytes; allowing to explore the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression of the whole body by assessing its expression in the PBC. Impaired oscillation of the metabolic clock gene mRNA expression was found in diabetic animal models and in patients with type 2 diabetes and were inversely correlated with HbA1c.
In support of these finding we reported that high calorie breakfast with reduced dinner improved insulin sensitivity and weight loss rate among obese subjects, while in type 2 diabetic patients the high calorie breakfast was associated with improvement of HbA1c.
Moreover, recently was shown that very short time (only 120 min) after food intake in the breakfast, was sufficient to reset the expression of the circadian clock genes.
This study is undertaken to explore whether compared to extension of overnight fast until lunch versus the breakfast consumption influence the oscillation of the metabolic clock gene expression in peripheral blood cells (PBC), at noon and after isocaloric lunch in type 2 diabetic patients.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Diagnosis
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) | Experimental | Other: No Breakfast (NoB), Other: Yes Breakfast (YesB)In type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), the investigators will evaluate the metabolic clock gene expression in PBC and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol intact GLP-1, triglycerides ,cortisol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA l and DPP4 plasma activity in two different occasions: 1. No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 2. Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). |
| Healthy No Diabetics | Active comparator | Other: No Breakfast (NoB), Other: Yes Breakfast (YesB)In healthy No Diabetics,: the investigators will evaluate the metabolic clock gene expression in PBC and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol intact GLP-1, triglycerides ,cortisol, plasma free fatty acids (FFA l and DPP4 plasma activity in two different occasions: 1. No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 2. Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 26 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (29 listed)
- Type 2 diabetic patients
- HbA1C > 6.5%
- Duration of diabetes: 0.5 to 30 years
- Subjects ≥ 26 and ≤ 65 years of age
- BMI: > 26 kg/m2
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- Clinically significant pulmonary, cardiac, renal, hepatic, neurologic, psychiatric, infectious, malignant disease
- Type 1 diabetes
- Treatment with Insulin
- Serum creatinin level > 1.5 mg/dl
- Pregnancy or lactation
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| No Breakfast (NoB)Also: NoBIn both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol triglycerides and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and thenat 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). | Other | Healthy No Diabetics, Type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) |
| Yes Breakfast (YesB)Also: YesBIn both occasions the blood samples for glucose and insulin, cortisol, triglycerides and intact GLP-1 will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 8:30, 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30. The samples for clock genes and for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch). | Other | Healthy No Diabetics, Type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) |
Primary outcome
Metabolic Clock Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells(PBC),
Time frame: Blood samples for the clock genes will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2h after lunch)
In all subjects the the blood samples for metabolic clock gene expression in PBC will be evaluated in PBC in two different occasions Fasting No Breakfast (NoB): fasting until lunch at 12:00 Yes Breakfast (YesB): eating breakfast at 8:30 and lunch at 12:00 In both occasions the blood samples for the clock genes will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2 h after lunch)
4 secondary outcomes
Serum glucose insulin and intact GLP-1 levels
Time frame: Blood samples for glucose insulin and intact GLP-1 levels will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30 , 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
Serum Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids
Time frame: Blood samples for Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30 , 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
DPP4 plasma activity
Time frame: Blood samples for DPP4 plasma activity will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30, before lunch at 12:00 and at 15:30
Serum Cortisol
Time frame: Blood samples for Cortisol will be taken after overnight fast at 8:30 and then at 9:00, 10:30, 12:00, 12:30, 14:00 and 15:30
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Apr 2015.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 28830875Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Landau Z, Raz I, Ahren B, Chapnik N, Ganz T, Menaged M, Barnea M, Bar-Dayan Y, Froy O. Influences of Breakfast on Clock Gene Expression and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Individuals and Individuals With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017 Nov;40(11):1573-1579. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2753. Epub 2017 Aug 22.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Daniela Jakubowicz, MD principal investigator
Diabetes Unit E. Wolfson Medical Center. Tel Aviv University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing No Breakfast (NoB) and Yes Breakfast (YesB) in people with Type 2 Diabetes, run by Tel Aviv University at 1 site in Israel.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 29 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Apr 2015. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Israel. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Daniela Jakubowicz, MD (972508105552, daniela.jak@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Metabolic Clock Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells(PBC), (time frame: Blood samples for the clock genes will be taken at 8:30, 12:00 (before lunch) and at 15:30 (3 1/2h after lunch)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01939782, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Apr 2015.