Parenting BehaviourNCT02141048
Evaluation of the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training.
A study testing Positive Parenting Skills Training in people with Parenting Behaviour and Child Behaviour Problems, run by University of Cape Town at 1 site in South Africa.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training (PPST), a parenting programme being delivered in South Africa, is effective in improving parenting, and child behaviour related outcomes. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Parenting Behaviour, Child Behaviour Problems
- What is being tested?
- Positive Parenting Skills Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 140 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSouth Africa
- Study dates
- Apr 2014to Dec 2015
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Primary caregivers (the person most responsible for the well-being of a child)
- Has a child between the ages of 5-12 years
- Looks after this child for a minimum of four nights a week
- Indicated interest in the programme and expressed willingness to enrol in the study
- Another adult in the household (if available)
- Lives with the index child (selected by the formerly mentioned caregiver) for at least four nights a week
Who cannot join
- Primary Caregiver
- Has already participated in the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training or the Parenting and Leadership Training
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
South Africa1 site
The Department of Psychology and the School of Management Studies, the University of Cape Town
Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701
About this study
Official title: Evaluation of the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training (PPST), a parenting programme being delivered in South Africa, is effective in improving parenting, and child behaviour related outcomes.
Read the detailed description
The evaluation of the PPST will assess both the fidelity of the intervention's implementation, as well as the outcomes of the programme in a randomised controlled trial. Programme facilitators and intervention group participants will provide data for the former. For the outcome evaluation, two types of participants will be recruited who will provide self-report data: primary caregivers (n = 80) and where possible another adult living in the home with this primary caregiver and their selected child (n = 60). This "other adult" data will serve to verify the primary caregivers' self-report data. Both participants will provide demographic information, and report on parenting behaviour and child behaviour. Their data will be analysed separately in intention to treat analyses and secondary analyses which consider moderators of programme effectiveness.
- Conditions
- Parenting Behaviour, Child Behaviour Problems
- Being tested
- Positive Parenting Skills Training
- Keywords
- Parenting programme, Randomised controlled trial, South Africa, Positive parenting, Child behaviour problems, Implementation fidelity, Low- and middle-income country
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Positive Parenting Skills TrainingBehavioural
This parenting programme is delivered by facilitators from the Parent Centre. It is intended for any caregivers of children between the ages of 6-12 years. It consists of seven weekly 3-hour sessions, and is group-based. Once the group size reaches 20 or more people sessions are co-facilitated. The first session provides an overview of the programme. The remaining sessions consider topics including: factors that affect child behaviour, understanding children's feelings, building children's self-esteem, assertive parenting, gaining child-co-operation, effective discipline, and problem solving. The programme is knowledge-based and encourages the development of various parenting skills through the inclusion of experiential activities (e.g., role-plays and homework practice).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Parenting Skills Training | Experimental | Participants assigned to the intervention group will receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training. Receives: Behavioral: Positive Parenting Skills Training |
| Wait-list control | No intervention | Participants assigned to the wait-list control group will receive no intervention for the duration of this trial. Only after the one-year follow-up assessment has been completed will they receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Scale (PS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The PS is a self-report measure that can be used to assess dysfunctional discipline practices of parents of young children. It has been validated on a sample of parents who had children between the ages of 5-12 years. The scale is comprised of three factors: verbosity, overreactivity and laxness. It consists of 30 items which can be answered on a 7-point scale. Scale anchors vary per question but are essentially parenting mistakes paired with more effective parenting behaviours (e.g., "I often hold a grudge" vs. "things get back to normal quickly").
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parent Behaviour Inventory (PBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The PBI is a self-report measure that is suggested to reflect two dimensions of parenting behaviour: (1) hostile/coercive "behaviour which expresses negative affect or indifference toward the child" and could include using physical punishment, threat or coercion to influence child behaviour; and (2) supportive/engaged parenting which reflects parental acceptance of a child through signs of affection, instrumental and emotional support and shared activities. It is suitable for use with parents of children who are young school-age. The PBI consists of 20 items which can be answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Scale anchors range from "not at all true" to "very true".
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Young Children Scale (PARYC) - Setting Limits subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The PARYC is a self-report measure which assesses the frequency of engagement with particular parenting behaviours towards children, on a 7-point Likert scale from "not at all" to "most of the time". It also determines whether performing this behaviour is seen as a problem for the parent with response options including either "yes" or "no". This evaluation will only utilise the Settling Limits subscale which consists of 7 items. The convergent validity of the scale is supported.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The ECBI can be used to assess behaviour problems in children from 2 to 16 years old. It is comprised of 36 items. Each item is assessed on two dimensions; how often it occurs (i.e., frequency) and identification of the behaviour as a problem for the parent. Frequency ratings are answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from "never occurs" to "always occurs". By summing these answers together one is provided with an overall problem behaviour Intensity Score. Parents when identifying whether a behaviour is a problem for them answer either "yes" or "no" when asked about the particular behaviour. These answers can also be summed to create a total Problem Score. There is ample evidence for the ECBI to be a psychometrically sound measure, demonstrating its validity and reliability in measuring child problem behaviours.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) - Externalising Problem subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Only the Externalising Problem subscale of the CBCL/6-18 school age version will be used in this study. This subscale is made up of 35 items which assess aggressive and rule breaking behaviour. The subscale assesses such behaviours on a three-point Likert-type scale with options ranging from 0 "not true", to 2 "very true". There is strong support for this scale's psychometric properties.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Secondary outcomes (3)
Change in levels of a parent's sense of competence on the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
This measure is a parent self-report. The PSOC's factor structure is composed of two dimensions of parenting self-esteem namely, efficacy and satisfaction. The scale consists of 17 items which can be answered on a 6-point Likert-type scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." Some of these items are reverse scored. The scale and its respective subscales have demonstrated high levels of internal consistency. The subscale's convergent and divergent validity are also supported.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of conflict and closeness in the parent-child relationship on the Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The CPRS is a self-report which assesses parent's perceptions of the relationships they have with their children (between 3-12 years). It consists of 15 items, which are answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The anchors for this scale range from "does not apply" to "definitely applies". The measure has two subscales; a conflict subscale assesses the extent to which a parent feels that their relationship with their child is characterised by negativity, and a closeness subscale which measures the degree to which a parent feels that the relationship with their child is characterised by open communication, warmth and affection. The scale has adequate evidence for reliability and validity, suggesting it is psychometrically sound.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of child self-esteem on the Child Health Questionnaire - Self-esteem subscale (CHQ-ES), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
The CHQ-ES is a parent-report. The CHQ measures 14 psychosocial and physical concepts, and is designed and normed for use with children between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Only the self-esteem concept will be used in this evaluation. This concept is comprised of 6 items, which parents can answer on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied". The scale determines how satisfied the parent thinks their child is with aspects of themselves and their lives. Internal consistency reliability in two samples (Australian and American) was found to be above α= 0.8 for this subscale.This scale also shows high levels of item discriminant validity.
Measured: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 May 2014 (estimated)
- Study startApr 2014
- Primary completionDec 2015
- Study completionDec 2015
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Parenting BehaviourStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 140 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Cape Town
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Parent Centre
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Soraya Lester, University of Cape Town
- Investigators
- Soraya N Lester, MPhil, Principal investigator, University of Cape Town
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02141048
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1952 Lester
- Status last verified
- Mar 2016
- First submitted
- 12 May 2014
- Last updated
- 14 Mar 2016
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: All baseline, post-test and follow-up data will be shared on request. Please contact the Principal Investigator for access.
Publications
Kane GA, Wood VA, Barlow J. Parenting programmes: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Child Care Health Dev. 2007 Nov;33(6):784-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00750.x.
PubMed 17944788Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. [World report on violence and health]. Biomedica. 2002 Dec;22 Suppl 2:327-36. Spanish.
PubMed 12596453Knerr W, Gardner F, Cluver L. Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Prev Sci. 2013 Aug;14(4):352-63. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1.
PubMed 23315023Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, Boyle CL. A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):567-89. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9. Epub 2008 Jan 19.
PubMed 18205039
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Mar 2016. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluation of the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02141048
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1952 Lester
- Conditions
- Parenting Behaviour, Child Behaviour Problems
- Keywords
- Parenting programme, Randomised controlled trial, South Africa, Positive parenting, Child behaviour problems, Implementation fidelity, Low- and middle-income country
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 140 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Cape TownUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The Parent Centre
- Study start
- Apr 2014
- Primary completion
- Dec 2015 (actual)
- Study completion
- Dec 2015 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 May 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training (PPST), a parenting programme being delivered in South Africa, is effective in improving parenting, and child behaviour related outcomes.
Detailed description
The evaluation of the PPST will assess both the fidelity of the intervention's implementation, as well as the outcomes of the programme in a randomised controlled trial. Programme facilitators and intervention group participants will provide data for the former. For the outcome evaluation, two types of participants will be recruited who will provide self-report data: primary caregivers (n = 80) and where possible another adult living in the home with this primary caregiver and their selected child (n = 60). This "other adult" data will serve to verify the primary caregivers' self-report data. Both participants will provide demographic information, and report on parenting behaviour and child behaviour. Their data will be analysed separately in intention to treat analyses and secondary analyses which consider moderators of programme effectiveness.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Parenting Skills Training | Experimental | Behavioral: Positive Parenting Skills TrainingParticipants assigned to the intervention group will receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training. |
| Wait-list control | No intervention | –Participants assigned to the wait-list control group will receive no intervention for the duration of this trial. Only after the one-year follow-up assessment has been completed will they receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Primary caregivers (the person most responsible for the well-being of a child)
- Another adult in the household (if available)
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Primary Caregiver
- Has already participated in the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training or the Parenting and Leadership Training
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Parenting Skills TrainingThis parenting programme is delivered by facilitators from the Parent Centre. It is intended for any caregivers of children between the ages of 6-12 years. It consists of seven weekly 3-hour sessions, and is group-based. Once the group size reaches 20 or more people sessions are co-facilitated. The first session provides an overview of the programme. The remaining sessions consider topics including: factors that affect child behaviour, understanding children's feelings, building children's self-esteem, assertive parenting, gaining child-co-operation, effective discipline, and problem solving. The programme is knowledge-based and encourages the development of various parenting skills through the inclusion of experiential activities (e.g., role-plays and homework practice). | Behavioural | Positive Parenting Skills Training |
Primary outcome
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Scale (PS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
The PS is a self-report measure that can be used to assess dysfunctional discipline practices of parents of young children. It has been validated on a sample of parents who had children between the ages of 5-12 years. The scale is comprised of three factors: verbosity, overreactivity and laxness. It consists of 30 items which can be answered on a 7-point scale. Scale anchors vary per question but are essentially parenting mistakes paired with more effective parenting behaviours (e.g., "I often hold a grudge" vs. "things get back to normal quickly").
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parent Behaviour Inventory (PBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
The PBI is a self-report measure that is suggested to reflect two dimensions of parenting behaviour: (1) hostile/coercive "behaviour which expresses negative affect or indifference toward the child" and could include using physical punishment, threat or coercion to influence child behaviour; and (2) supportive/engaged parenting which reflects parental acceptance of a child through signs of affection, instrumental and emotional support and shared activities. It is suitable for use with parents of children who are young school-age. The PBI consists of 20 items which can be answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Scale anchors range from "not at all true" to "very true".
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Young Children Scale (PARYC) - Setting Limits subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
The PARYC is a self-report measure which assesses the frequency of engagement with particular parenting behaviours towards children, on a 7-point Likert scale from "not at all" to "most of the time". It also determines whether performing this behaviour is seen as a problem for the parent with response options including either "yes" or "no". This evaluation will only utilise the Settling Limits subscale which consists of 7 items. The convergent validity of the scale is supported.
Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
The ECBI can be used to assess behaviour problems in children from 2 to 16 years old. It is comprised of 36 items. Each item is assessed on two dimensions; how often it occurs (i.e., frequency) and identification of the behaviour as a problem for the parent. Frequency ratings are answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from "never occurs" to "always occurs". By summing these answers together one is provided with an overall problem behaviour Intensity Score. Parents when identifying whether a behaviour is a problem for them answer either "yes" or "no" when asked about the particular behaviour. These answers can also be summed to create a total Problem Score. There is ample evidence for the ECBI to be a psychometrically sound measure, demonstrating its validity and reliability in measuring child problem behaviours.
Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) - Externalising Problem subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Only the Externalising Problem subscale of the CBCL/6-18 school age version will be used in this study. This subscale is made up of 35 items which assess aggressive and rule breaking behaviour. The subscale assesses such behaviours on a three-point Likert-type scale with options ranging from 0 "not true", to 2 "very true". There is strong support for this scale's psychometric properties.
3 secondary outcomes
Change in levels of a parent's sense of competence on the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of conflict and closeness in the parent-child relationship on the Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Change in levels of child self-esteem on the Child Health Questionnaire - Self-esteem subscale (CHQ-ES), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Mar 2016.
- Background: PubMed 17944788Kane GA, Wood VA, Barlow J. Parenting programmes: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Child Care Health Dev. 2007 Nov;33(6):784-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00750.x.
- Background: PubMed 12596453Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. [World report on violence and health]. Biomedica. 2002 Dec;22 Suppl 2:327-36. Spanish.
- Background: PubMed 23315023Knerr W, Gardner F, Cluver L. Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Prev Sci. 2013 Aug;14(4):352-63. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1.
- Background: PubMed 18205039Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, Boyle CL. A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):567-89. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9. Epub 2008 Jan 19.
- The Parent Centre's websiteLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. All baseline, post-test and follow-up data will be shared on request. Please contact the Principal Investigator for access.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Soraya N Lester, MPhil principal investigator
University of Cape Town
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Positive Parenting Skills Training in people with Parenting Behaviour and Child Behaviour Problems, run by University of Cape Town at 1 site in South Africa.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Mar 2016. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in South Africa. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Scale (PS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up. (time frame: Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02141048, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Mar 2016.