HypertensionNCT02257268
Effectiveness of a Program for Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Promotion in Hypertensives
A study testing VAMOS program - Active life improving health in people with Hypertension, run by Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina at 1 site in Brazil.
Trial summary
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program, a physical activity and healthy eating promotion program, in hypertensive from Recife-Pernambuco- Brazil. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 40 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Hypertension
- What is being tested?
- VAMOS program - Active life improving health
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 90 participants
- Where
- 1 siteBrazil
- Study dates
- Oct 2014to Jul 2015
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 40 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Clinical diagnosis of hypertension;
- Must be under anti-hypertensive medications for three months or more;
- May not present diabetes or other cardiovascular diseases;
- May not be engaged in regular physical activity;
- May not have physical disabilities that compromise the physical activity practices.
Who cannot join
- Not agree to participated with study;
- Not agree to sign the written informed consent;
- Change in doses or type of anti-hypertensive medications.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effectiveness of VAMOS - a Change Behavior Program for Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Promotion - in Hypertensives
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program, a physical activity and healthy eating promotion program, in hypertensive from Recife-Pernambuco- Brazil. Approximately 90 subjects with a diagnosis of hypertension, under anti-hypertensive medication and classified as non-physically active, will be selected and randomly distributed into two groups: a change behavior group (CBG) and control group (CG). The CBG will participate of a change behavior program, entitled VAMOS - Active Life Improving Health, for 12 weeks and composed of a weekly meeting, in group, lasting about 90 minutes. In each weekly meeting, will be presented and discussed guidelines and strategies for practical physical activities in different fields and for adoption of a healthy diet in order that the level of physical activity and eating quality improve. The program will be evaluated by effectiveness, implementation and maintenance (initial and individual level) dimensions of RE-AIM framework. The effectiveness will be assessed from anthropometric measurements, body composition, eating habits, physical activity level, stages of self-change, self-efficacy, social support, quality of life and assessment of cardiovascular function at rest (clinic and home blood pressure, arterial stiffness, blood flow and flow-mediated dilation, heart rate and heart rate variability) before and after 12 weeks of intervention. The implementation will be assessed by identifying the extent to which the program will be conducted as planned. The maintenance, initial and at individual level, will be estimated from revaluations of all outcomes, as measured before and after the intervention, three months after the end of the program. For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA for mixed models wil be applied for for within and between groups comparison, if the premises of this test are met. The level of significance that will be adopted is P<0.05. All analyzes will be done at SPSS statistical package, version 17.0.
Read the detailed description
The overall goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program, a physical activity and healthy eating promotion program, in hypertensive from Recife-PE- Brazil. As secondaries goals, the study attempts to:
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program with regard to physical activity, the sedentary behavior and eating habits in hypertensives;
- analyze whether self-efficacy, stages of self-change and social support mediate the possible effects of VAMOS program on physical activity, sedentary behavior and eating habits in hypertensives;
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program with regard to clinic and home blood pressure, arterial stiffness, blood flow and flow-mediated dilation, heart rate and heart rate variability in hypertensives;
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program on anthropometric and body composition variables in hypertensives;
- analyze whether the possible result changes brought from VAMOS program in behavioral and biological variables promote changes in quality of life of hypertensives;
- assess the implementation of VAMOS program in nonpharmacological treatment of hypertension in Recife, northeastern of Brazil;
- identify whether the possible effects achieved from VAMOS remain three months after the end of the program in hypertensives.
- Conditions
- Hypertension
- Being tested
- VAMOS program - Active life improving health
- Keywords
- health behavior; risk factors;
- Medical subject headings
- Hypertension, Health Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
VAMOS program - Active life improving healthBehavioural
All participants that will be assigned to change behavior group will participate of a change behavior program, entitled VAMOS (Active Life Improving Health), for 12 weeks. VAMOS is a lifestyle promotion program, that includes physical activity and healthy eating habits. The program is composed by a weekly meeting, in group, lasting about 90 min. In each weekly meeting, will be discussed guidelines and strategies for physical activities practices in different domains and for adoption of a healthy diet. All aspects and strategies included in the program are based in behavior changes theories. The participants of this group will receive an educational material and, in the middle of the program, they will earn a pedometer to aid in motivation and in the self-monitoring physical activity.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Change behavior group | Experimental | Change behavior group = Group of change behavior including physical activity and healthy habits promotion. Receives: Behavioral: VAMOS program - Active life improving health |
| Control group | No intervention | Control group = Group that will not receive the VAMOS program as intervention. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
change in clinic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) will be checked using an automatic oscillometric instrument (Omron HEM 742-E0 - USA). The patients will be instructed to eat a light meal before the measurements, to avoid physical exercise and alcohol ingestion for at least 24 hours prior to the visit, and to avoid smoking and caffeine for at least 12 hours. Measurements will be taken in two non-consecutive days, after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position and three measurements will be done in each day, with one minute interval between measurements. All measurements will be taken on the left arm, in a quiet environment, with monitored temperature.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in physical activity
Habitual physical activity will be assessed by GT3X or GT3X+ accelerometer (Actigraph - USA) and Actilife 6.10 software will be used to analysis. Each participant will be instructed to use the accelerometer for seven consecutive days, removing it only for sleeping, bathing or performing water activities. The device will be attached to an elastic belt and fixed in the right side of the hip. Data will be collected in a 30 Hz sample frequency and will be analyzed using 60-s epochs. Periods with consecutive values of zero (with 2-min of spike tolerance) for 60 min or longer will be interpreted as "accelerometer not worn" and excluded from the analysis. Physical activity data only will be included if the participant accumulate a minimum of 10 hours/day of recording for at least four days, including one weekend day.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in eating habits
Eating habits will be investigated from the number of meals daily, quality chewing food, dietary intake concomitantly liquids at mealtimes, habit of eating salads, raw or cooked vegetables, daily water consumption habits and intake of visible fat from meat and chicken. Also, the food frequency questionnaire will be applied, using a list of foods for which the average frequency of consumption over the last three months is given.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Secondary outcomes (10)
change in anthropometric parameters
Body mass will be measured with participants wearing light clothes and no shoes, using an automatic scale (Welmy - Brazil) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height will be measured using a stadiometer connected to scale to the nearest 0.5 cm. Body mass index will be calculated as the ratio between body mass in kilograms and the square of height in meters.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in body composition
Total body fat and body fat trunk will be estimated by densitometry scans for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy DXA, model NRL 41990, GE Lunar, Madison, WI). For the assessment, participants will be instructed to remain clothed but to remove any metallic prosthesis or objects. The procedure will last five to ten minutes for each individual and will be carried out by the same technician who will calibrate the device according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in arterial stiffness
Pulse wave analyses, to obtain augmentation index, central systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity will be measured using Sphygmocor (Atcor Medical, Sydney, Australia). The measurement of these parameters will be done according to guidelines specified by the Clinical Application of Arterial stiffness, Task Force III.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in heart rate variability
For heart rate variability assessment, R-R interval will be obtained using a heart rate monitor (POLAR, RS 800CX; Polar Electro Oy Inc, Kempele, Finland). Participants should remain in the supine position for 10 minutes, after approximately 10 minutes at rest. All analyses will be performed with Kubios software (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group - Finland) by a single evaluator, following the recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in blood flow and flow-mediated dilation
For assessment of blood flow and flow-mediated dilation, the method of venous occlusion pletysmography will be used (Hokanson - EC6 - EUA) with measurement being done in the left arm. A cuff will be placed around the left arm and another cuff will be placed around the wrist. A strain gauge pletysmography will be positioned in the largest forearm circumference. For blood flow measurement, the wrist cuff will be inflated and then the arm cuff for 10 seconds, followed by 10 seconds of deflation, totaling 20 seconds in each cycle. Inflation of the cuff will be made during the cardiac diastole, which will be perceived by an electrocardiogram. The measurement will be performed 12 times in a row, completing four minutes. The flow-mediated vasodilation will be assessed by vascular response to vasodilator stimuli using the technique of reactive hyperemia.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in home blood pressure monitoring
Each participant will receive an automatic device (OMRON - HEM - 742INT) and will be instructed to perform over four days, four measures of blood pressure at home, two in the morning and two at night. They will be instructed to taking five minutes of rest and one minute of interval between measurements. In addition, subjects will be instructed to perform the steps before taking the medicaments and before breakfast or dinner, following the recommendations of III Guidelines for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in stages of self-changes
The stages of self-changes for physical activity and for healthy eating habits will be assessed by questionnaires that classified subjects in one of five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in self-efficacy
The self-efficacy will be evaluated by scale "Self-Efficacy to Regulate Eating Habits e Self-Efficacy to Regulate Exercise" proposed by Bandura (2006) and validated for Brazilian adults by Boff (2012).
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in social support
The social support for physical activities will be evaluated by a scale proposed by Reis et al. (2011).
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in quality of life
The quality of life will be assessed by two general questions from Whoqol BREF.
Measured: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Oct 2014 (estimated)
- Study startOct 2014
- Primary completionJun 2015
- Study completionJul 2015
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HypertensionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Aline Mendes Gerage, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
- Investigators
- Raphael M Ritti-Dias, Doctor, Study director, University of PernambucoTania Rosane B Benedetti, Doctor, Study director, Federal University of Santa CatarinaAline M Gerage, PhD student, Principal investigator, Federal University of Santa Catarina
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02257268
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- VAMOS REC 01
- Status last verified
- Aug 2015
- First submitted
- 27 Sep 2014
- Last updated
- 19 Aug 2015
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Gerage AM, Benedetti TRB, Cavalcante BR, Farah BQ, Ritti-Dias RM. Efficacy of a behavior change program on cardiovascular parameters in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2020 Jan 31;18:eAO5227. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5227. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 32022106Gerage AM, Benedetti TRB, Ritti-Dias RM, Dos Santos ACO, de Souza BCC, Almeida FA. Effectiveness of a Behavior Change Program on Physical Activity and Eating Habits in Patients With Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Phys Act Health. 2017 Dec 1;14(12):943-952. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0268. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
PubMed 28682707
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Aug 2015. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effectiveness of VAMOS - a Change Behavior Program for Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Promotion - in Hypertensives
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02257268
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- VAMOS REC 01
- Conditions
- Hypertension
- Keywords
- health behavior; risk factors;
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 90 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Oct 2014
- Primary completion
- Jun 2015 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jul 2015 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Oct 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program, a physical activity and healthy eating promotion program, in hypertensive from Recife-Pernambuco- Brazil. Approximately 90 subjects with a diagnosis of hypertension, under anti-hypertensive medication and classified as non-physically active, will be selected and randomly distributed into two groups: a change behavior group (CBG) and control group (CG). The CBG will participate of a change behavior program, entitled VAMOS - Active Life Improving Health, for 12 weeks and composed of a weekly meeting, in group, lasting about 90 minutes. In each weekly meeting, will be presented and discussed guidelines and strategies for practical physical activities in different fields and for adoption of a healthy diet in order that the level of physical activity and eating quality improve. The program will be evaluated by effectiveness, implementation and maintenance (initial and individual level) dimensions of RE-AIM framework. The effectiveness will be assessed from anthropometric measurements, body composition, eating habits, physical activity level, stages of self-change, self-efficacy, social support, quality of life and assessment of cardiovascular function at rest (clinic and home blood pressure, arterial stiffness, blood flow and flow-mediated dilation, heart rate and heart rate variability) before and after 12 weeks of intervention. The implementation will be assessed by identifying the extent to which the program will be conducted as planned. The maintenance, initial and at individual level, will be estimated from revaluations of all outcomes, as measured before and after the intervention, three months after the end of the program. For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA for mixed models wil be applied for for within and between groups comparison, if the premises of this test are met. The level of significance that will be adopted is P<0.05. All analyzes will be done at SPSS statistical package, version 17.0.
Detailed description
The overall goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program, a physical activity and healthy eating promotion program, in hypertensive from Recife-PE- Brazil. As secondaries goals, the study attempts to:
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program with regard to physical activity, the sedentary behavior and eating habits in hypertensives;
- analyze whether self-efficacy, stages of self-change and social support mediate the possible effects of VAMOS program on physical activity, sedentary behavior and eating habits in hypertensives;
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program with regard to clinic and home blood pressure, arterial stiffness, blood flow and flow-mediated dilation, heart rate and heart rate variability in hypertensives;
- evaluate the effectiveness of VAMOS program on anthropometric and body composition variables in hypertensives;
- analyze whether the possible result changes brought from VAMOS program in behavioral and biological variables promote changes in quality of life of hypertensives;
- assess the implementation of VAMOS program in nonpharmacological treatment of hypertension in Recife, northeastern of Brazil;
- identify whether the possible effects achieved from VAMOS remain three months after the end of the program in hypertensives.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Change behavior group | Experimental | Behavioral: VAMOS program - Active life improving healthChange behavior group = Group of change behavior including physical activity and healthy habits promotion. |
| Control group | No intervention | –Control group = Group that will not receive the VAMOS program as intervention. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 40 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Clinical diagnosis of hypertension;
- Must be under anti-hypertensive medications for three months or more;
- May not present diabetes or other cardiovascular diseases;
- May not be engaged in regular physical activity;
- May not have physical disabilities that compromise the physical activity practices.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Not agree to participated with study;
- Not agree to sign the written informed consent;
- Change in doses or type of anti-hypertensive medications.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| VAMOS program - Active life improving healthAll participants that will be assigned to change behavior group will participate of a change behavior program, entitled VAMOS (Active Life Improving Health), for 12 weeks. VAMOS is a lifestyle promotion program, that includes physical activity and healthy eating habits. The program is composed by a weekly meeting, in group, lasting about 90 min. In each weekly meeting, will be discussed guidelines and strategies for physical activities practices in different domains and for adoption of a healthy diet. All aspects and strategies included in the program are based in behavior changes theories. The participants of this group will receive an educational material and, in the middle of the program, they will earn a pedometer to aid in motivation and in the self-monitoring physical activity. | Behavioural | Change behavior group |
Primary outcome
change in clinic blood pressure
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) will be checked using an automatic oscillometric instrument (Omron HEM 742-E0 - USA). The patients will be instructed to eat a light meal before the measurements, to avoid physical exercise and alcohol ingestion for at least 24 hours prior to the visit, and to avoid smoking and caffeine for at least 12 hours. Measurements will be taken in two non-consecutive days, after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position and three measurements will be done in each day, with one minute interval between measurements. All measurements will be taken on the left arm, in a quiet environment, with monitored temperature.
change in physical activity
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Habitual physical activity will be assessed by GT3X or GT3X+ accelerometer (Actigraph - USA) and Actilife 6.10 software will be used to analysis. Each participant will be instructed to use the accelerometer for seven consecutive days, removing it only for sleeping, bathing or performing water activities. The device will be attached to an elastic belt and fixed in the right side of the hip. Data will be collected in a 30 Hz sample frequency and will be analyzed using 60-s epochs. Periods with consecutive values of zero (with 2-min of spike tolerance) for 60 min or longer will be interpreted as "accelerometer not worn" and excluded from the analysis. Physical activity data only will be included if the participant accumulate a minimum of 10 hours/day of recording for at least four days, including one weekend day.
change in eating habits
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Eating habits will be investigated from the number of meals daily, quality chewing food, dietary intake concomitantly liquids at mealtimes, habit of eating salads, raw or cooked vegetables, daily water consumption habits and intake of visible fat from meat and chicken. Also, the food frequency questionnaire will be applied, using a list of foods for which the average frequency of consumption over the last three months is given.
10 secondary outcomes
change in anthropometric parameters
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in body composition
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in arterial stiffness
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in heart rate variability
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in blood flow and flow-mediated dilation
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in home blood pressure monitoring
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in stages of self-changes
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in self-efficacy
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in social support
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
change in quality of life
Time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Aug 2015.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 32022106Gerage AM, Benedetti TRB, Cavalcante BR, Farah BQ, Ritti-Dias RM. Efficacy of a behavior change program on cardiovascular parameters in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2020 Jan 31;18:eAO5227. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5227. eCollection 2020.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 28682707Gerage AM, Benedetti TRB, Ritti-Dias RM, Dos Santos ACO, de Souza BCC, Almeida FA. Effectiveness of a Behavior Change Program on Physical Activity and Eating Habits in Patients With Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Phys Act Health. 2017 Dec 1;14(12):943-952. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0268. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Raphael M Ritti-Dias, Doctor study director
University of Pernambuco
Tania Rosane B Benedetti, Doctor study director
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Aline M Gerage, PhD student principal investigator
Federal University of Santa Catarina
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing VAMOS program - Active life improving health in people with Hypertension, run by Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina at 1 site in Brazil.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Aug 2015. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Brazil. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
change in clinic blood pressure (time frame: baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02257268, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Aug 2015.