Alterations in Muscle After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Isometric quadriceps strength will be using a doublet interpolation test performed by research assistants blinded to participants' treatment randomization. Briefly, patients will be seated and stabilized in a HUMAC NORM (Computer Sports Medicine Incorporated, Stoughton, MA) dynamometer with their knee flexed to 60 degrees. After proper warm up, patients will be asked to perform a maximum voluntary isometric contraction of their quadriceps while receiving verbal reinforcement.

Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography scans of the distal femur will be used to assess the changes in quadriceps muscle morphology quantitatively. The maximal cross-sectional area of the quadriceps will be determined prior to TKA and ~14 days after TKA by manually placing the scanner at a line marked on the vastus lateralis one third of the distance between the greater trochanter and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. The pQCT software will analyze the image and calculate muscle cross-sectional area. A previous investigation by Cramer, et al. validated the pQCT to measurement of muscle cross-sectional area by comparison to MRI and (R2 values of 0.979 and 0.983). In addition, the use of the pQCT to measure muscle cross sectional area had high test-retest reliability, with ICC values of 0.996 and 0.998.

Isometric quadriceps activation testing will be using a doublet interpolation test performed by research assistants blinded to participants' treatment randomization. Briefly, patients will be seated and stabilized in a HUMAC NORM (Computer Sports Medicine Incorporated, Stoughton, MA) dynamometer with their knee flexed to 60 degrees. After proper warm up, patients will be asked to perform a maximum voluntary isometric contraction of their quadriceps while receiving verbal reinforcement. During the contraction, a 2 pulse, 600 µs duration/pulse, supramaximal 100Hz stimulus will be delivered to the muscle to assess whether the subject is indeed maximally contracting the quadriceps muscle and again at rest.

The timed Stair Climbing Test (SCT) places a high demand on the quadriceps and therefore measures a higher level of function and, therefore, minimizes the possibility of a ceiling effect. The SCT has been shown to significantly correlate to the Timed Up and Go (TUG). The TUG measures the time it takes a patient to rise from an arm chair (seat height of 46 cm), walk 3 m, turn and return to sitting in the same chair without physical assistance.25 This test has excellent inter-rater (ICC=0.99) and intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.99), as measured in a group of 60 functionally disabled older adults (mean age 80 years).25 The 4 meter Walk Test (4mWT) will be assessed at the fastest safe speed for each participant.

Standard procedures including total RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, cRNA labeling, microarray hybridization and image acquisition will be performed. Protein content (translation of mTOR, myogenin, and MyoD) will be analyzed. Total RNA (500 ng) will be reverse transcribed with the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), and quantitative PCR will be performed using primer sets for genes of interest, reference genes and iQ SYBR Supermix (Bio-Rad) following manufacturer's protocols.

Cross sectional area of individual myofibrils taken from the vastus lateralis muscle using immunohistochemical staining and microscopy to determine change in cross sectional area comparing one hour before surgery to two weeks after surgery

NCAM will be assessed by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD56/NCAM antibody (555514; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), followed by goat anti-mouse AF555 (A-21127, ThermoFisher). NCAM is a multifunctional cell-surface protein that has been shown to be associated with muscle regeneration, through its roles in neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. NCAM immunohistochemistry will be able to assess 1) denervation status, 2) skeletal muscle response to an intervention, and 3) the capacity for skeletal muscle to improve.