ExerciseNCT02290457
Core Strength Training in Youth
A study testing core strength training in people with Exercise and Strength Training, run by University of Potsdam.
Trial summary
Background: It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and athletic performance in youth. However, the role of instability with core strength training is unresolved in youth. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 13 to 15 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Exercise, Strength Training
- What is being tested?
- core strength training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 27 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- Jun 2014to Aug 2014
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 13 to 15 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- healthy; physically active
Who cannot join
- musculoskeletal, neurological or orthopaedic disorders that might affect their ability to perform physical fitness tests and core strength training
About this study
Official title: Effects of Core Strength Training Using Unstable Surfaces on Physical Fitness in Adolescents
Background: It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and athletic performance in youth. However, the role of instability with core strength training is unresolved in youth. This study specifically will investigate the effects of core stability (CST) compared to core instability strength training (CIST) on physical fitness in adolescents.
Methods: Twenty-seven (14 girls, 13 boys) healthy adolescents (age 14±1 years) will be assigned to a CST (n=13) or a CIST (n=14) group. Both training programs will last 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and included frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. During CIST, these exercises will be conducted on unstable surfaces (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR CUSSIONS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER).
Expected Results: Based on selected results reported in the literature, we hypothesize that participants performing CIST as compared to CST will show larger improvements in physical fitness tests (i.e., strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, balance) following training. Of note, training induced gains in strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, and balance are of vital importance for sports performance, everyday activities, and injury prevention.
Read the detailed description
Adaptations following core strength training performed on stable (CST) as compared to unstable surface conditions (CIST) will be assessed in a pre- versus post-test design. The training period will last 6 weeks to induce training induced changes in measures of strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, and balance. These health (i.e., strength, flexibility) and skill-related (i.e., balance, coordination, speed) components of physical fitness will be assessed using physical fitness tests (i.e., Bourban TMS test, standing long jump test, 20-m sprint test, stand-and-reach test, jumping sideways test, Emery balance test, Y balance test).
Twenty-seven healthy adolescent boys and girls will participate in this study after the experimental procedures were explained. An a priori power analysis with an assumed Type I error of 0.05 and a Type II error rate of 0.20 (80% statistical power) was calculated for measures of trunk muscle strength and revealed that 13 participants per group would be 105 sufficient to observe medium Test x Group interaction effects. Study participants will be recruited from local sports clubs.
Both core strength training programs will be supervised and conducted by 2 experienced physiotherapists. The two programs will be organized as circuit training with each instructor supervising 6-7 participants. Both training programs will comprise 2 training sessions per week with a total of 12 training sessions for each intervention group. Each training session will last 30 min, starting with a brief warm-up program mainly consisting of core strength exercises at moderate intensities and ending with a cool-down program (i.e., dynamic stretching). During the main part of training, both groups mainly conduct the "big 3" exercises as described by McGill. These include the curl-up, side bridge, and quadruped position. In other words, every single training session will consist of frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. The only difference between the 2 intervention groups is that the CIST protocol comprised core exercises that will be conducted on unstable elements (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR PRO, SENSO, TOGU© REDONDO BALLS, TOGU© POWERBALLS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER, THERA-BAND© EXERCISE BALL), whereas the CST program will contain the same exercises on stable surface only.
Prior to testing, all participants will perform a standardized 5-minutes warm-up which consists of bipedal and monopedal balance, submaximal plyometric, and skipping exercises. Thereafter, physical fitness tests (i.e., Emery balance test, Y balance test, stand-and-reach test, 20-m sprint test, jumping sideways test, standing long jump test, Bourban TMS test) will be assessed.
A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be used to detect differences between study groups in all baseline variables. The effects of core strength training on variables of physical fitness will be analysed in separate 2 (Group: CST, CIST) x 2 (Test: pre, post) ANOVA with repeated measures on test. When Test x Group interactions reached the level of significance, group-specific post hoc tests (i.e., paired t-tests) will be conducted to identify the comparisons that were statistically significant. Additionally, the classification of effect sizes (f) will be determined by calculating partial eta squared.
- Conditions
- Exercise, Strength Training
- Being tested
- core strength training
- Keywords
- resistance training, trunk muscle strength, physical fitness, adolescent
- Medical subject headings
- Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
core strength trainingBehavioural
Both training programs will last 6 weeks and comprise 2 training sessions per week with a total of 12 training sessions for each intervention group. Each training session will last 30 min, starting with a brief warm-up program mainly consisting of core strength exercises at moderate intensities and ending with a cool-down program (i.e., dynamic stretching). During the main part of training, both groups mainly conduct the "big 3" exercises as described by McGill. These will include the curl-up, side bridge, and quadruped position. In other words, every single training session will consist of frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. The only difference between the 2 intervention groups is that the CSTU protocol comprise core exercises that will be conducted on unstable elements (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR PRO, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER), whereas the CSTS program will contain the same exercises on stable surface only.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| CSTS | Experimental | core strength training performed on stable surfaces Receives: Behavioral: core strength training |
| CSTU | Experimental | core strength training performed on unstable surfaces Receives: Behavioral: core strength training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Bourban trunk muscle strength (TMS) test
The Bourban TMS test assesses core strength endurance of ventral, lateral, and dorsal trunk muscle chains.
Measured: approx. 20 min.
Secondary outcomes (6)
Standing long jump test
Subjects will e instructed to stand with both feet right behind a starting line and to jump as far as possible. Subjects will be allowed to use arm swing during the test.
Measured: approx. 5 min.
20-m sprint test
Subjects will be instructed to stand with one foot right behind the starting line and to accelerate at maximum effort to the finish line.
Measured: approx. 5 min.
stand-and-reach test
Subjects will be instructed to begin the test in a standing position on an elevated platform with feet together. They will be asked to bend over using their maximal range of motion. During the test, knees, arms, and fingers will be fully extended.
Measured: approx. 3 min.
jumping sideways test
Subjects will be instructed to jump as many times as possible over a period of 15 s with both legs together back and forth across a strip of wood that was attached to a mat (50 x 100 cm). The number of jumps completed without touching the strip and without stepping off the mat will be used as dependent variable.
Measured: approx. 5 min.
Emery balance test
The Emery balance test will be conducted barefooted in single leg stance on an Airex balance pad. Eyes will be closed and both legs will be tested. For experimental testing, participants will be asked to stand as stable as possible with the knee of the weight-bearing limb flexed at 30°. The non-weight-bearing limb will be flexed 45° at the knee and hands will be placed on hips. Using a stopwatch, time will be stopped upon loss of balance to the nearest 1/100 of a second and will be used as dependent variable.
Measured: approx. 10 min.
Y balance test
The lower quarter Y balance test is a dynamic test that requires subjects to maintain single leg stance while reaching as far as possible with the contralateral leg in 3 different movement directions (i.e., anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral). Subjects will always start with the right foot placed at the centre of the grid and the left leg reaching in anterior direction as far as possible, lightly touching the farthest point possible on the line with the most distal part of the reach foot. Participants will then return to a bilateral stable stance position. After 3 reaches, the left foot will be placed at the centre of the grid and the right leg will be maximally reached in anterior direction. Thereafter, the same test procedure will be conducted for the posteromedial and the posterolateral reach.
Measured: approx. 20 min.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Nov 2014 (estimated)
- Study startJun 2014
- Primary completionAug 2014
- Study completionAug 2014
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ExerciseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 27 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Potsdam
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- THIM - die internationale Hochschule für Physiotherapie, Free University of Brussels
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Urs Granacher, University of Potsdam
- Investigators
- Urs Granacher, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Potsdam
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02290457
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- UPotsdam
- Status last verified
- Nov 2014
- First submitted
- 10 Nov 2014
- Last updated
- 14 Nov 2014
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
Publications
Granacher U, Schellbach J, Klein K, Prieske O, Baeyens JP, Muehlbauer T. Effects of core strength training using stable versus unstable surfaces on physical fitness in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014 Dec 15;6(1):40. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-40. eCollection 2014.
PubMed 25584193
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Nov 2014. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Core Strength Training Using Unstable Surfaces on Physical Fitness in Adolescents
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02290457
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UPotsdam
- Conditions
- Exercise, Strength Training
- Keywords
- resistance training, trunk muscle strength, physical fitness, adolescent
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 27 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of PotsdamUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- THIM - die internationale Hochschule für Physiotherapie, Free University of Brussels
- Study start
- Jun 2014
- Primary completion
- Aug 2014 (actual)
- Study completion
- Aug 2014 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Nov 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Background: It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and athletic performance in youth. However, the role of instability with core strength training is unresolved in youth. This study specifically will investigate the effects of core stability (CST) compared to core instability strength training (CIST) on physical fitness in adolescents.
Methods: Twenty-seven (14 girls, 13 boys) healthy adolescents (age 14±1 years) will be assigned to a CST (n=13) or a CIST (n=14) group. Both training programs will last 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and included frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. During CIST, these exercises will be conducted on unstable surfaces (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR CUSSIONS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER).
Expected Results: Based on selected results reported in the literature, we hypothesize that participants performing CIST as compared to CST will show larger improvements in physical fitness tests (i.e., strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, balance) following training. Of note, training induced gains in strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, and balance are of vital importance for sports performance, everyday activities, and injury prevention.
Detailed description
Adaptations following core strength training performed on stable (CST) as compared to unstable surface conditions (CIST) will be assessed in a pre- versus post-test design. The training period will last 6 weeks to induce training induced changes in measures of strength, speed, flexibility, coordination, and balance. These health (i.e., strength, flexibility) and skill-related (i.e., balance, coordination, speed) components of physical fitness will be assessed using physical fitness tests (i.e., Bourban TMS test, standing long jump test, 20-m sprint test, stand-and-reach test, jumping sideways test, Emery balance test, Y balance test).
Twenty-seven healthy adolescent boys and girls will participate in this study after the experimental procedures were explained. An a priori power analysis with an assumed Type I error of 0.05 and a Type II error rate of 0.20 (80% statistical power) was calculated for measures of trunk muscle strength and revealed that 13 participants per group would be 105 sufficient to observe medium Test x Group interaction effects. Study participants will be recruited from local sports clubs.
Both core strength training programs will be supervised and conducted by 2 experienced physiotherapists. The two programs will be organized as circuit training with each instructor supervising 6-7 participants. Both training programs will comprise 2 training sessions per week with a total of 12 training sessions for each intervention group. Each training session will last 30 min, starting with a brief warm-up program mainly consisting of core strength exercises at moderate intensities and ending with a cool-down program (i.e., dynamic stretching). During the main part of training, both groups mainly conduct the "big 3" exercises as described by McGill. These include the curl-up, side bridge, and quadruped position. In other words, every single training session will consist of frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. The only difference between the 2 intervention groups is that the CIST protocol comprised core exercises that will be conducted on unstable elements (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR PRO, SENSO, TOGU© REDONDO BALLS, TOGU© POWERBALLS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER, THERA-BAND© EXERCISE BALL), whereas the CST program will contain the same exercises on stable surface only.
Prior to testing, all participants will perform a standardized 5-minutes warm-up which consists of bipedal and monopedal balance, submaximal plyometric, and skipping exercises. Thereafter, physical fitness tests (i.e., Emery balance test, Y balance test, stand-and-reach test, 20-m sprint test, jumping sideways test, standing long jump test, Bourban TMS test) will be assessed.
A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be used to detect differences between study groups in all baseline variables. The effects of core strength training on variables of physical fitness will be analysed in separate 2 (Group: CST, CIST) x 2 (Test: pre, post) ANOVA with repeated measures on test. When Test x Group interactions reached the level of significance, group-specific post hoc tests (i.e., paired t-tests) will be conducted to identify the comparisons that were statistically significant. Additionally, the classification of effect sizes (f) will be determined by calculating partial eta squared.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| CSTS | Experimental | Behavioral: core strength trainingcore strength training performed on stable surfaces |
| CSTU | Experimental | Behavioral: core strength trainingcore strength training performed on unstable surfaces |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 13 to 15 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- healthy; physically active
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- musculoskeletal, neurological or orthopaedic disorders that might affect their ability to perform physical fitness tests and core strength training
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| core strength trainingBoth training programs will last 6 weeks and comprise 2 training sessions per week with a total of 12 training sessions for each intervention group. Each training session will last 30 min, starting with a brief warm-up program mainly consisting of core strength exercises at moderate intensities and ending with a cool-down program (i.e., dynamic stretching). During the main part of training, both groups mainly conduct the "big 3" exercises as described by McGill. These will include the curl-up, side bridge, and quadruped position. In other words, every single training session will consist of frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. The only difference between the 2 intervention groups is that the CSTU protocol comprise core exercises that will be conducted on unstable elements (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR PRO, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER), whereas the CSTS program will contain the same exercises on stable surface only. | Behavioural | CSTS, CSTU |
Primary outcome
Bourban trunk muscle strength (TMS) test
Time frame: approx. 20 min.
The Bourban TMS test assesses core strength endurance of ventral, lateral, and dorsal trunk muscle chains.
6 secondary outcomes
Standing long jump test
Time frame: approx. 5 min.
20-m sprint test
Time frame: approx. 5 min.
stand-and-reach test
Time frame: approx. 3 min.
jumping sideways test
Time frame: approx. 5 min.
Emery balance test
Time frame: approx. 10 min.
Y balance test
Time frame: approx. 20 min.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Nov 2014.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 25584193Granacher U, Schellbach J, Klein K, Prieske O, Baeyens JP, Muehlbauer T. Effects of core strength training using stable versus unstable surfaces on physical fitness in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014 Dec 15;6(1):40. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-40. eCollection 2014.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Urs Granacher, PhD principal investigator
University of Potsdam
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing core strength training in people with Exercise and Strength Training, run by University of Potsdam.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Nov 2014. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Bourban trunk muscle strength (TMS) test (time frame: approx. 20 min.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02290457, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Nov 2014.