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DysphagiaNCT02334774

Effects of an Swallowing and Oral Care Program in Patients Following Prolonged Endotracheal Intubation

A study testing Swallowing and Oral Care Program in people with Dysphagia and Endotracheal Intubation, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

This pre-and post-intervention study enrolled adult Intensive Care Unit(ICU) patients (≥50 years) successfully extubated after ≥48 hours endotracheal intubation and without preexisting neuromuscular disease or swallowing dysfunction. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 50 years and older
Conditions the study is for
Dysphagia, Endotracheal Intubation, Intake Status
What is being tested?
Swallowing and Oral Care Program
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
63 participants
Where
1 siteTaiwan
Study dates
Jan 2015to Dec 2015
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 50 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Adult patients (50 years old and older)
  • People who had been extubated for over 48 hours and successfully extubated
  • People or their legal representative who agree to participate in this study and sign the permit
  • People who can communicate with Mandarin or Taiwanese

Who cannot join

  • People who have diagnosis of neurological diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease or spinal injury, etc.
  • People who have abnormal structure or function of oropharynx such as patients with head neck cancer or acquired/ inherited abnormal oropharynx structure
  • People who currently have endotracheostomy
  • People who are unconscious or have mental disability, having difficulty following the protocol or interacting with others
  • People who are absolute quarantined. such as patients with open tuberculosis
  • People who had swallowing difficulties before current intubation

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Taiwan1 site
  • National Taiwan University Hospital

    Taipei, 100

Other trials in Taiwan

About this study

Official title: Effects of an Swallowing and Oral Care Program on Swallowing and Oral Intake Status in Patients Following Prolonged Endotracheal Intubation

This pre-and post-intervention study enrolled adult Intensive Care Unit(ICU) patients (≥50 years) successfully extubated after ≥48 hours endotracheal intubation and without preexisting neuromuscular disease or swallowing dysfunction.

All participants received by a trained nurse-administered, hospital-based (up to 14 days) Swallowing and Oral Care(SOC) intervention comprising toothbrushing/salivary gland massage, oral motor exercise, and advice on safe-swallowing strategies.

Read more

All participants' daily intake status (21 days) and oral health status, oral sensation(stereognosis, light touch and two-point discrimination), tongue and lip strength, salivary secretion, body weight) were assessed at 2, 7, 14 days post-extubation by a blinded research nurse.

Feasibility was evaluated as time spent providing SOC, patients adherence to SOC components, and adverse event(i.e., coughing, wet voice, or decreased oxygen saturation) during SOC intervention.

Read the detailed description

With rapid growth of medical technology, patients receiving oral endotracheal intubation have increased. Although endotracheal intubation is a life-sustaining procedure, its presence can deteriorate the structure and function of oropharynx, which may contribute to the difficulties in swallowing and subsequent oral intake. Estimated 62% of patients who had been intubated ≥48 hours will experience post-extubation dysphagia. Clearly, intervention is needed but studies are lacking in this regard. Thus, the objective of this pilot trial is to evaluate effects of an Oral Swallowing Care Program on swallowing and oral intake status in patients following prolonged endotracheal intubation.

This study employs a pre-and post-intervention design. The investigators were enrolled 63 post-extubated adult patients (50 years old and older) who had prolonged (≥48 hours) oral endotracheal intubation from six medical intensive care units at a medical center in Taipei, Taiwan.

Participants were assessed within 48 hours post-extubation for the baseline data, then a 14-day, daily Swallowing and Oral Care (SOC) Program involves toothbrushing/salivary gland massage, oral exercise(i.e., active/resistive range-of-motion[ROM] exercises for tongue, lips, and jaw), and advice on safe-swallowing strategies.

Outcome were assessed on 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st day post-extubation including oral health status, oral sensation (stereognosis, light touch and two-point discrimination), tongue and lip strength, salivary secretion, body weight. In addition, Three-Step Swallowing Screen (3-SSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale(FOIS) were assessed daily. The data were analyzed by SPSS 12 software package.

Being tested
Swallowing and Oral Care Program
Medical subject headings
Deglutition Disorders

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Swallowing and Oral Care ProgramProcedure or surgery

    An Swallowing and Oral Care Program involves moisturizing and cleansing oral cavity, massaging salivary gland, oral motor exercise daily, and intake education as needed.

Study groups in NCT02334774
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Participants receiving an SOC ProgramExperimentalParticipants following prolonged endotracheal intubation receiving a up to 14-day daily Swallowing and Oral Care Program.
Receives: Procedure: Swallowing and Oral Care Program

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Days to reach Oral intake status level 6

    Using the "Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)", a validated tool with established validity (81%-98%) and inter-rater reliabilities (0.86 to 0.91). The scale ranges from levels 1 to 7, level 1=Nothing by mouth; level 2=Tube dependent with minimal attempts of food or liquid; level 3=Tube dependent with consistent oral intake of food or liquid; level 4=Total oral diet of a single consistency; level 5=Total oral diet with multiple consistencies, but requiring special preparation or compensations; level 6=Total oral diet with multiple consistencies with special preparation, but with specific food limitations; level 7=Total oral diet with no restrictions.

    Measured: 21 days post-extubation

  2. whether return to total oral intake within 21 days post extubation

    Using the "Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)", a validated tool with established validity (81%-98%) and inter-rater reliabilities (0.86 to 0.91). The scale ranges from levels 1 to 7, level 1=Nothing by mouth; level 2=Tube dependent with minimal attempts of food or liquid; level 3=Tube dependent with consistent oral intake of food or liquid; level 4=Total oral diet of a single consistency; level 5=Total oral diet with multiple consistencies, but requiring special preparation or compensations; level 6=Total oral diet with multiple consistencies with special preparation, but with specific food limitations; level 7=Total oral diet with no restrictions.

    Measured: 21 days post-extubation

  3. pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 7th day post-extubation

    Evaluation by using Three-Step Swallowing Screen(3-SSS). Participants were first assessed for prior history of dysphagia/feeding-tube dependence and signs of consciousness change, poor oxygen saturation (i.e., SaO2<90%; oxygen-mask dependence; reintubation), obvious drooling, or frequent choking on saliva. If negative, participants were then asked to swallow 3mL of water. If laryngeal elevation was identified with no signs of choking or wet voice, participants were asked to swallow 50mL of water; those without any signs of choking, wet voice, or slow swallowing were considered to pass the 3-SSS.

    Measured: on 7th day post-extubation

  4. pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 14th day post-extubation

    Evaluation by using Three-Step Swallowing Screen(3-SSS). Participants were first assessed for prior history of dysphagia/feeding-tube dependence and signs of consciousness change, poor oxygen saturation (i.e., SaO2<90%; oxygen-mask dependence; reintubation), obvious drooling, or frequent choking on saliva. If negative, participants were then asked to swallow 3mL of water. If laryngeal elevation was identified with no signs of choking or wet voice, participants were asked to swallow 50mL of water; those without any signs of choking, wet voice, or slow swallowing were considered to pass the 3-SSS.

    Measured: on 14th day post-extubation

  5. pass or fail Three-Step Swallowing Screen at 21st day post-extubation

    Evaluation by using Three-Step Swallowing Screen(3-SSS). Participants were first assessed for prior history of dysphagia/feeding-tube dependence and signs of consciousness change, poor oxygen saturation (i.e., SaO2<90%; oxygen-mask dependence; reintubation), obvious drooling, or frequent choking on saliva. If negative, participants were then asked to swallow 3mL of water. If laryngeal elevation was identified with no signs of choking or wet voice, participants were asked to swallow 50mL of water; those without any signs of choking, wet voice, or slow swallowing were considered to pass the 3-SSS.

    Measured: on 21st day post-extubation

Secondary outcomes (7)
  1. Oral health status

    The oral health status evaluated by Oral Assessment Guide(OAG), a validated tool with established validity and inter-rater reliabilities. The scores was coded as "1=no change", "2=moderate change", "3= severe change" of eight categories (voice, ability to swallow, lips, saliva, tongue, mucous membrane, gingiva, teeth). All scores are summed, ranges from 3 to 24.

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation

  2. Oral stereognosis

    Oral stereognosis was measured by a set of five standardized researcher-made acrylic resin shapes (round, square, star, oval, and triangular), as suggested. Participants were given 30 s to visually inspect the test pieces along with the diagram of corresponding shapes before testing began.The variable are depicted in term of percentage of participants answered correct shape of each test piece (ranges 0~100%).

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation

  3. Oral light-touch sensation

    Oral light touch sensation was measured with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. A standardized set of 5 monofilaments with values from 1.65 to 3.22 (log force) was used.

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation

  4. Oral two-point discrimination

    The stereognostic ability of the tongue was tested using the MacKinnon-Dellon Disk-criminator. The variable are depicted in term of distance in millimeter (mm) when two-point sensation was perceived by participants.

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th and 14th day post-extubation

  5. Tongue and lip strength

    The tongue and lip strength assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI System; IOPI Medical LLC, Carnation, WA, USA).

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th, and 14th day post-extubation

  6. Salivary secretion

    Record salivary secretion using Modified Schirmer's test. With participants sitting upright, research nurses held a standardized 1-cm wide by 17-cm long Schirmer tear test strip vertically, with the rounded end of the strip placed at the floor of their mouth. At the end of 5 minutes, a wetting length in centimeter (cm) was recorded.

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th, and 14th day post-extubation

  7. Body weight

    Body weight

    Measured: on the 2nd, 7th, 14th and 21th day post-extubation.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted8 Jan 2015 (estimated)
  2. Study startJan 2015
  3. Primary completionDec 2015
  4. Study completionDec 2015

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Supportive care
Allocation
Not applicable
Intervention model
Single group
Model description
Pre-and post- intervention
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
63 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT02334774
Sponsor's protocol ID
201411079RIND
Status last verified
Apr 2016
First submitted
6 Jan 2015
Last updated
16 Jan 2019
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • El Solh A, Okada M, Bhat A, Pietrantoni C. Swallowing disorders post orotracheal intubation in the elderly. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Sep;29(9):1451-5. doi: 10.1007/s00134-003-1870-4. Epub 2003 Aug 2.

    PubMed 12904855
  • Macht M, Wimbish T, Clark BJ, Benson AB, Burnham EL, Williams A, Moss M. Postextubation dysphagia is persistent and associated with poor outcomes in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R231. doi: 10.1186/cc10472. Epub 2011 Sep 29.

    PubMed 21958475
  • Macht M, King CJ, Wimbish T, Clark BJ, Benson AB, Burnham EL, Williams A, Moss M. Post-extubation dysphagia is associated with longer hospitalization in survivors of critical illness with neurologic impairment. Crit Care. 2013 Jun 20;17(3):R119. doi: 10.1186/cc12791.

    PubMed 23786755
  • Kim MJ, Park YH, Park YS, Song YH. Associations Between Prolonged Intubation and Developing Post-extubation Dysphagia and Aspiration Pneumonia in Non-neurologic Critically Ill Patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015 Oct;39(5):763-71. doi: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.5.763. Epub 2015 Oct 26.

    PubMed 26605174
  • Skoretz SA, Flowers HL, Martino R. The incidence of dysphagia following endotracheal intubation: a systematic review. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):665-73. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-1823.

    PubMed 20202948
  • Tsai MH, Ku SC, Wang TG, Hsiao TY, Lee JJ, Chan DC, Huang GH, Chen CC. Swallowing dysfunction following endotracheal intubation: Age matters. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Jun;95(24):e3871. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003871.

    PubMed 27310972
  • Brodsky MB, Huang M, Shanholtz C, Mendez-Tellez PA, Palmer JB, Colantuoni E, Needham DM. Recovery from Dysphagia Symptoms after Oral Endotracheal Intubation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Survivors. A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017 Mar;14(3):376-383. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-455OC.

    PubMed 27983872
  • Rassameehiran S, Klomjit S, Mankongpaisarnrung C, Rakvit A. Postextubation Dysphagia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2015 Jan;28(1):18-20. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2015.11929174.

    PubMed 25552788
  • Affoo RH, Trottier K, Garrick R, Mascarenhas T, Jang Y, Martin RE. The Effects of Tooth Brushing on Whole Salivary Flow Rate in Older Adults. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Feb 26;2018:3904139. doi: 10.1155/2018/3904139. eCollection 2018.

    PubMed 29682540
  • Park T, Kim Y. Effects of tongue pressing effortful swallow in older healthy individuals. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016 Sep-Oct;66:127-33. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.05.009. Epub 2016 Jun 3.

    PubMed 27318884
  • Crary MA, Mann GD, Groher ME. Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Aug;86(8):1516-20. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.049.

    PubMed 16084801
  • Lopez-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Bermejo-Fenoll A. A simple test for salivary gland hypofunction using Oral Schirmer's test. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006 Apr;35(4):244-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00411.x.

    PubMed 16519773
  • Chen CC, Wu KH, Ku SC, Chan DC, Lee JJ, Wang TG, Hsiao TY. Bedside screen for oral cavity structure, salivary flow, and vocal production over the 14days following endotracheal extubation. J Crit Care. 2018 Jun;45:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.035. Epub 2017 Dec 16.

    PubMed 29257983
  • Heffner JE. Swallowing complications after endotracheal extubation: moving from "whether" to "how". Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):509-10. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2477. No abstract available.

    PubMed 20202944
  • Su H, Hsiao TY, Ku SC, Wang TG, Lee JJ, Tzeng WC, Huang GH, Chen CC. Tongue weakness and somatosensory disturbance following oral endotracheal extubation. Dysphagia. 2015 Apr;30(2):188-95. doi: 10.1007/s00455-014-9594-x. Epub 2015 Feb 8.

    PubMed 25663416

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Swallowing and Oral Care Program in people with Dysphagia and Endotracheal Intubation, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Jan 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Days to reach Oral intake status level 6 (time frame: 21 days post-extubation). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02334774, which also lists 18 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Jan 2019.

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