Arthroplasty, Replacement, KneePhase 4NCT02349542
Liposomal Bupivacaine in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
A Phase 4 study testing Liposomal bupivacaine in people with Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee and Pain, run by OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the serum levels (pharmacokinetics) of bupivacaine in a series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of a standardized periarticular injection containing free bupivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Pain
- What is being tested?
- Liposomal bupivacaine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Jan 2015to 21 Nov 2016
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Patients deemed appropriate candidates for simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty.
- Patients receiving general anesthesia
- Understands the local language and is willing and able to follow the requirements of the protocol
- Understands the informed consent and signs the institutional review board/ independent ethics committee (IRB/IEC) approved informed consent form
Who cannot join
- Patients less than 18 years of age
- Allergy to bupivacaine
- Allergy to epinephrine
- Patients who are not medically cleared to undergo bilateral total knee replacement surgery, or
- Patient-reported liver impairment (per investigator discretion)
- Patient-reported renal impairment (per investigator discretion)
- Patients receiving spinal anesthesia
- Females who are pregnant or lactating
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Safety of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the serum levels (pharmacokinetics) of bupivacaine in a series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of a standardized periarticular injection containing free bupivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine.
Read the detailed description
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly performed and successful surgical procedure that has been shown to dramatically decrease pain and improve patient's function and quality of life. Certain patients may present with significant pain and limitations due to pain in both knees and based on age, health and degree of deformity may be candidates for bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty. The safety and efficacy of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty has been well documented in the literature.
Inadequate postoperative pain control following TKA has been one of the greatest sources of patient dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty. Traditionally, it has been managed with parenteral and oral narcotics. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of multimodal analgesia following a variety of surgical procedures. These multimodal regimens vary and consist of any number of medications including non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anti-epileptics, and peripheral nerve blocks among others. These multimodal regimens have been associated with a reduction in the use of opioid analgesics, leading to fewer opioid-associated adverse events.
One of the newest modalities introduced on the market is liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel). Liposomal bupivacaine is a lipid encapsulated bupivacaine that allows for depo administration of the medication into the soft tissue during a surgical procedure. The lipids are engineered to slowly release over an approximately 72 hour time period, resulting in the slow release of free bupivacaine in to the soft tissue of the surgical site. This has the proposed advantage of a longer duration of analgesia compared to standard bupivacaine injections.
Liposomal bupivacaine is applied in a periarticular injection at the conclusion of TKAs to aid in post-operative pain control. Due to the lipid encapsulation of the bupivacaine, only 3% free bupivacaine is released into the tissue at initial infiltration, with the remainder released slowly over approximately a 72 hour time frame. To cover, this gap period, the liposomal bupivacaine is mixed with standard bupivacaine to allow for an immediate analgesic effect.
A potential risk, although low, is the concern for bupivacaine toxicity. Toxicity from bupivacaine is associated with central nervous system issues (seizures) and cardiac toxicity. Toxicity is dose dependent and recommended levels should not exceed 400mg/24 hr period. With the use of bupivacaine into each surgical site, there is a theoretical risk, if administered intra-vascularly, of bupivacaine toxicity. To date, no study has evaluated the safety of liposomal bupivacaine when used in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. The use of liposomal bupivacaine is FDA approved for infiltration of one vial into one surgical site. Other specialties have evaluated the use of one vial of liposomal bupivacaine into two surgical sites (breast augmentation) at one surgery without any adverse events.
To date, approximately 8-10 patients at the investigator's institution have undergone simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of liposomal bupivacaine without a known adverse event. A recent study published by Bramlett (2012) used 2 vials (532mg) in one knee to evaluate efficacy. There were no changes in patient's vitals signs or cardiac events in those patients receiving liposomal bupivacaine at the highest dose. In addition, a study by Bergese looked at doses of up to 600mg of liposomal bupivacaine in a Phase 2 safety study and found no adverse cardiac events. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the serum levels (pharmacokinetics) of bupivacaine in a series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of a standardize periarticular injection containing free bupivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine.
- Conditions
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Pain
- Being tested
- Liposomal bupivacaine
- Keywords
- Liposomal Bupivacaine, Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty, Safety
- Medical subject headings
- Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Liposomal bupivacaineDrug
Also called Exparel
One (1) 20 mL vial of 266 mg liposomal bupivacaine (3% (~8mg free bupivacaine)) will be injected into each surgical (knee) site following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. In addition, 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine (75 mg free bupivacaine) will be injected into each surgical (knee) site for a total of 83 mg free bupivacaine injected into each surgical (knee) site.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Liposomal bupivacaine | Experimental | Patients will receive liposomal bupivacaine following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Receives: Drug: Liposomal bupivacaine |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Adverse Events
Number of Participants with Adverse Events
Measured: Up to 72 hours following injection
Secondary outcomes (1)
Plasma Bupivacaine Levels
Blood samples will be drawn and analyzed to establish levels of bupivacaine detectable in the blood. Blood samples will be drawn at baseline (prior to injection), upon injection, at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours post-injection and analyzed to determine levels of bupivacaine present.
Measured: Up to 72 hours following injection
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Jan 2015 (estimated)
- Study startJan 2015
- Primary completion1 Nov 2016
- Study completion21 Nov 2016
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (14)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Arthroplasty, Replacement, KneeStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc.
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Susan M Odum, PhD, Study director, Senior Research ScientistBryan D Springer, MD, Principal investigator, Physician
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02349542
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 11-14-10B
- Status last verified
- Aug 2017
- First submitted
- 16 Jan 2015
- Last updated
- 31 Aug 2017
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Bosco JA 3rd, Slover JD, Haas JP. Perioperative strategies for decreasing infection: a comprehensive evidence-based approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Jan;92(1):232-9. No abstract available.
PubMed 20048118Zeni JA Jr, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical outcomes after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: comparison to unilateral total knee arthroplasty and healthy controls. J Arthroplasty. 2010 Jun;25(4):541-6. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2009.02.016. Epub 2009 Apr 7.
PubMed 19356894Taylor BC, Dimitris C, Mowbray JG, Gaines ST, Steensen RN. Perioperative safety of two-team simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty in the obese patient. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010 Jun 17;5:38. doi: 10.1186/1749-799X-5-38.
PubMed 20565781Shin YH, Kim MH, Ko JS, Park JA. The safety of simultaneous bilateral versus unilateral total knee arthroplasty: the experience in a Korean hospital. Singapore Med J. 2010 Jan;51(1):44-9.
PubMed 20200775Kim SY, An YJ, Kim SH, Kim HK, Park JS, Shin YS. The effect of postoperative pain on postoperative blood loss after sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011 Feb;60(2):98-102. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2011.60.2.98. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
PubMed 21390164Parvizi J, Miller AG, Gandhi K. Multimodal pain management after total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Jun 1;93(11):1075-84. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01095.
PubMed 21655901Goyal N, McKenzie J, Sharkey PF, Parvizi J, Hozack WJ, Austin MS. The 2012 Chitranjan Ranawat award: intraarticular analgesia after TKA reduces pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jan;471(1):64-75. doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2596-9.
PubMed 23011843Hutchinson RW, Chon EH, Gilder R, Moss J, Daniel P. A comparison of a fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone patient-controlled intravenous delivery for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter study of opioid-induced adverse reactions. Hospital Pharmacy 41(7): 659-663, 2006.
Jin F, Chung F. Multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control. J Clin Anesth. 2001 Nov;13(7):524-39. doi: 10.1016/s0952-8180(01)00320-8.
PubMed 11704453Busch CA, Shore BJ, Bhandari R, Ganapathy S, MacDonald SJ, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, McCalden RW. Efficacy of periarticular multimodal drug injection in total knee arthroplasty. A randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 May;88(5):959-63. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00344.
PubMed 16651569Horlocker TT, Hebl JR, Kinney MA, Cabanela ME. Opioid-free analgesia following total knee arthroplasty--a multimodal approach using continuous lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block, acetaminophen, and ketorolac. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1):105-8. doi: 10.1053/rapm.2002.27177.
PubMed 11799514Lombardi AV Jr, Berend KR, Mallory TH, Dodds KL, Adams JB. Soft tissue and intra-articular injection of bupivacaine, epinephrine, and morphine has a beneficial effect after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428):125-30. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000147701.24029.cc.
PubMed 15534532Bramlett K, Onel E, Viscusi ER, Jones K. A randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study comparing wound infiltration of DepoFoam bupivacaine, an extended-release liposomal bupivacaine, to bupivacaine HCl for postsurgical analgesia in total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2012 Oct;19(5):530-6. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2011.12.004. Epub 2012 Jan 28.
PubMed 22285545Minkowitz HS, Onel E, Patronella CK, Smoot JD. A two-year observational study assessing the safety of DepoFoam bupivacaine after augmentation mammaplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2012 Feb;32(2):186-93. doi: 10.1177/1090820X11434524. Epub 2012 Jan 11.
PubMed 22238339
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 31 Aug 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Safety of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02349542
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 11-14-10B
- Conditions
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Pain
- Keywords
- Liposomal Bupivacaine, Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty, Safety
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc.University, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jan 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Nov 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- 21 Nov 2016 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Jan 2015 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 2 Aug 2017
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the serum levels (pharmacokinetics) of bupivacaine in a series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of a standardized periarticular injection containing free bupivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine.
Detailed description
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly performed and successful surgical procedure that has been shown to dramatically decrease pain and improve patient's function and quality of life. Certain patients may present with significant pain and limitations due to pain in both knees and based on age, health and degree of deformity may be candidates for bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty. The safety and efficacy of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty has been well documented in the literature.
Inadequate postoperative pain control following TKA has been one of the greatest sources of patient dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty. Traditionally, it has been managed with parenteral and oral narcotics. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of multimodal analgesia following a variety of surgical procedures. These multimodal regimens vary and consist of any number of medications including non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anti-epileptics, and peripheral nerve blocks among others. These multimodal regimens have been associated with a reduction in the use of opioid analgesics, leading to fewer opioid-associated adverse events.
One of the newest modalities introduced on the market is liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel). Liposomal bupivacaine is a lipid encapsulated bupivacaine that allows for depo administration of the medication into the soft tissue during a surgical procedure. The lipids are engineered to slowly release over an approximately 72 hour time period, resulting in the slow release of free bupivacaine in to the soft tissue of the surgical site. This has the proposed advantage of a longer duration of analgesia compared to standard bupivacaine injections.
Liposomal bupivacaine is applied in a periarticular injection at the conclusion of TKAs to aid in post-operative pain control. Due to the lipid encapsulation of the bupivacaine, only 3% free bupivacaine is released into the tissue at initial infiltration, with the remainder released slowly over approximately a 72 hour time frame. To cover, this gap period, the liposomal bupivacaine is mixed with standard bupivacaine to allow for an immediate analgesic effect.
A potential risk, although low, is the concern for bupivacaine toxicity. Toxicity from bupivacaine is associated with central nervous system issues (seizures) and cardiac toxicity. Toxicity is dose dependent and recommended levels should not exceed 400mg/24 hr period. With the use of bupivacaine into each surgical site, there is a theoretical risk, if administered intra-vascularly, of bupivacaine toxicity. To date, no study has evaluated the safety of liposomal bupivacaine when used in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. The use of liposomal bupivacaine is FDA approved for infiltration of one vial into one surgical site. Other specialties have evaluated the use of one vial of liposomal bupivacaine into two surgical sites (breast augmentation) at one surgery without any adverse events.
To date, approximately 8-10 patients at the investigator's institution have undergone simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of liposomal bupivacaine without a known adverse event. A recent study published by Bramlett (2012) used 2 vials (532mg) in one knee to evaluate efficacy. There were no changes in patient's vitals signs or cardiac events in those patients receiving liposomal bupivacaine at the highest dose. In addition, a study by Bergese looked at doses of up to 600mg of liposomal bupivacaine in a Phase 2 safety study and found no adverse cardiac events. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the serum levels (pharmacokinetics) of bupivacaine in a series of patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with the use of a standardize periarticular injection containing free bupivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Liposomal bupivacaine | Experimental | Drug: Liposomal bupivacainePatients will receive liposomal bupivacaine following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Patients deemed appropriate candidates for simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty.
- Patients receiving general anesthesia
- Understands the local language and is willing and able to follow the requirements of the protocol
- Understands the informed consent and signs the institutional review board/ independent ethics committee (IRB/IEC) approved informed consent form
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Patients less than 18 years of age
- Allergy to bupivacaine
- Allergy to epinephrine
- Patients who are not medically cleared to undergo bilateral total knee replacement surgery, or
- Patient-reported liver impairment (per investigator discretion)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Liposomal bupivacaineAlso: ExparelOne (1) 20 mL vial of 266 mg liposomal bupivacaine (3% (~8mg free bupivacaine)) will be injected into each surgical (knee) site following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. In addition, 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine (75 mg free bupivacaine) will be injected into each surgical (knee) site for a total of 83 mg free bupivacaine injected into each surgical (knee) site. | Drug | Liposomal bupivacaine |
Primary outcome
Adverse Events
Time frame: Up to 72 hours following injection
Number of Participants with Adverse Events
1 secondary outcome
Plasma Bupivacaine Levels
Time frame: Up to 72 hours following injection
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 31 Aug 2017.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 20048118Bosco JA 3rd, Slover JD, Haas JP. Perioperative strategies for decreasing infection: a comprehensive evidence-based approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Jan;92(1):232-9. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 19356894Zeni JA Jr, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical outcomes after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: comparison to unilateral total knee arthroplasty and healthy controls. J Arthroplasty. 2010 Jun;25(4):541-6. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2009.02.016. Epub 2009 Apr 7.
- Background: PubMed 20565781Taylor BC, Dimitris C, Mowbray JG, Gaines ST, Steensen RN. Perioperative safety of two-team simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty in the obese patient. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010 Jun 17;5:38. doi: 10.1186/1749-799X-5-38.
- Background: PubMed 20200775Shin YH, Kim MH, Ko JS, Park JA. The safety of simultaneous bilateral versus unilateral total knee arthroplasty: the experience in a Korean hospital. Singapore Med J. 2010 Jan;51(1):44-9.
- Background: PubMed 21390164Kim SY, An YJ, Kim SH, Kim HK, Park JS, Shin YS. The effect of postoperative pain on postoperative blood loss after sequential bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011 Feb;60(2):98-102. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2011.60.2.98. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
- Background: PubMed 21655901Parvizi J, Miller AG, Gandhi K. Multimodal pain management after total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Jun 1;93(11):1075-84. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01095.
- Background: PubMed 23011843Goyal N, McKenzie J, Sharkey PF, Parvizi J, Hozack WJ, Austin MS. The 2012 Chitranjan Ranawat award: intraarticular analgesia after TKA reduces pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jan;471(1):64-75. doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2596-9.
- BackgroundHutchinson RW, Chon EH, Gilder R, Moss J, Daniel P. A comparison of a fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone patient-controlled intravenous delivery for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter study of opioid-induced adverse reactions. Hospital Pharmacy 41(7): 659-663, 2006.
- Background: PubMed 11704453Jin F, Chung F. Multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control. J Clin Anesth. 2001 Nov;13(7):524-39. doi: 10.1016/s0952-8180(01)00320-8.
- Background: PubMed 16651569Busch CA, Shore BJ, Bhandari R, Ganapathy S, MacDonald SJ, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, McCalden RW. Efficacy of periarticular multimodal drug injection in total knee arthroplasty. A randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 May;88(5):959-63. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00344.
- Background: PubMed 11799514Horlocker TT, Hebl JR, Kinney MA, Cabanela ME. Opioid-free analgesia following total knee arthroplasty--a multimodal approach using continuous lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block, acetaminophen, and ketorolac. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1):105-8. doi: 10.1053/rapm.2002.27177.
- Background: PubMed 15534532Lombardi AV Jr, Berend KR, Mallory TH, Dodds KL, Adams JB. Soft tissue and intra-articular injection of bupivacaine, epinephrine, and morphine has a beneficial effect after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428):125-30. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000147701.24029.cc.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Susan M Odum, PhD study director
Senior Research Scientist
Bryan D Springer, MD principal investigator
Physician
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 4 study testing Liposomal bupivacaine in people with Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee and Pain, run by OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Aug 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 2 Aug 2017). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Adverse Events (time frame: Up to 72 hours following injection). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02349542, which also lists 14 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Aug 2017.