HelminthiasisNCT02396407
Spillover Effects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on Child Health
A study testing Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene in people with Helminthiasis and Diarrhea, run by University of California, Berkeley at 1 site in Bangladesh.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to measure whether a combined water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention leads to improved health of children who did not receive the intervention themselves and who live within a close vicinity of intervention recipients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages Up to 60 monthsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Helminthiasis, Diarrhea, Respiratory Infection
- What is being tested?
- Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 1,789 participants
- Where
- 1 siteBangladesh
- Study dates
- Jan 2015to May 2016
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Up to 60 months
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Children not enrolled in WASH Benefits who live in a compound within 120 steps (2 minutes walking time) of a compound enrolled in WASH Benefits (combined WSH or control arms) and are 0-60 months 24 months after intervention
Who cannot join
- Children enrolled in WASH Benefits
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a courtyard with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a latrine or handwashing station with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Bangladesh1 site
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
Dhaka
About this study
The purpose of this study is to measure whether a combined water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention leads to improved health of children who did not receive the intervention themselves and who live within a close vicinity of intervention recipients.
Read the detailed description
Almost 90% of diarrhea cases and 15% of under-5 diarrhea deaths worldwide could be prevented through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene. Sanitation interventions are also important for the prevention of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect 21 million children under five each year. Infection with soil-transmitted helminths and repeated episodes of diarrhea early in life can compromise physical and cognitive growth and development, resulting in poorer school performance later in life. Thus, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are important not only for reducing child mortality, but also for preventing cycles of poverty and poor health.
It is possible that WASH interventions affect not only those who receive them but also those who are geographically proximate or connected socially to those receiving the intervention. Indeed, there is a large infectious disease modeling literature based on this premise. Investigators define intervention effects on non-recipients "spillovers", and they are often referred to as "herd effects" or "indirect effects". Most studies that have empirically measured spillovers of child health interventions with an experimental design have focused on vaccines and deworming, and no studies have measured spillovers from WASH interventions. The development and application of methodology for measuring spillovers of community interventions empirically would make a valuable contribution to fields including epidemiology, economics, political science, and social welfare, all of which are concerned with measuring the impact of programs and interventions which may spill over. The presence and magnitude of positive spillovers are important; if spillovers are present and are in the same direction as treatment effects but are not accounted for when estimating treatment effects, estimates will be biased towards the null. As a result, both the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the intervention will be underestimated.
In this study, investigators will measure spillovers of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in an existing, large, rigorously designed trial: the WASH Benefits trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01590095). Funded by the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, this trial aims to measure the individual and combined effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on child health and development. It is a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with six treatment arms and a double-sized control arm carried out in rural Bangladesh. This add-on study is funded by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (1R21HD076216-01A1). Investigators hypothesize that children who live in close proximity to compounds that receive a combined sanitation, handwashing, and water treatment intervention--compared to children who live in close proximity to control compounds (no intervention)--will have: 1) lower prevalence of diarrhea, 2) lower prevalence and intensity of infection of soil transmitted helminths, and 3) lower prevalence of respiratory illness.
Investigators will collect additional data from the existing combined intervention (sanitation+handwashing+water) and control arms of the WASH Benefits trial. For each WASH Benefits household, investigators will locate the nearest household with children 0-59 months of age that are not enrolled in WASH Benefits and collect data in that household. Our primary outcomes are soil transmitted helminth infection among children 0-59 months, caregiver-reported 7-day diarrhea, and respiratory illness among children 0-59 months (the same age as the WASH Benefits cohort). Our findings will document either the presence or absence of spillovers of the combined sanitation+handwashing+water intervention.
- Conditions
- Helminthiasis, Diarrhea, Respiratory Infection
- Being tested
- Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene
- Keywords
- Chlorine water treatment, Point-of-use water treatment, Household water treatment with safe storage, Handwashing with soap, Hand hygiene, Latrines, Child potties, Intestinal parasitic infection, Soil-transmitted helminths, Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, Diarrhea, Herd immunity, Helminths
- Medical subject headings
- Helminthiasis, Diarrhea, Respiratory Tract Infections, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Combined water, sanitation, and hygieneBehavioural
Water: Free chlorine tablets (Aquatabs; NaDCC) and safe storage vessel to treat and store drinking water.
Sanitation: Free child potties, sani-scoop hoes to remove feces from household, and latrine upgrades to a dual pit latrine for all households in study compounds.
Handwashing: Handwashing stations including soapy water bottles and detergent soap.
Local promoters visit study compounds at least monthly to deliver behavior change messages that focus on (1) treating drinking water for children < 36 months of age, (2) use of latrines for defecation and the removal of human and animal feces from the compound, and (3) handwashing with soap at critical times around food preparation, defecation, and contact with feces.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene | Active comparator | Water quality, Sanitation, Handwashing Receives: Behavioral: Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene |
| Non-intervention arm | No intervention | None. Households will continue their usual practices. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Children's stool will be collected. Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool. Stool samples with any ova will be considered positive.
Measured: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Children's stool will be collected. Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool. Intensity will be measured using WHO cutoffs based on the number of eggs per gram of stool (>=5,000 eggs/gram for Ascaris, >=1,000 eggs/gram for hookworm, and >=2,000 eggs/gram for Trichuris).
Measured: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Secondary outcomes (2)
Diarrhea prevalence
Diarrhea is defined as 3+ loose or watery stools in 24 hours or 1+ stools with blood in 24 hours. Diarrhea will be measured in interviews using caregiver-reported symptoms with 2-day and 7-day recall, measured 24 months after intervention.
Measured: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Respiratory illness prevalence
Respiratory illness is defined as a persistent cough or difficulty breathing in the 7 days before the interview. Respiratory illness will be measured in interviews using caregiver-reported symptoms with 2-day and 7-day recall, measured 24 months after intervention.
Measured: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Mar 2015 (estimated)
- Study startJan 2015
- Primary completionMay 2016
- Study completionMay 2016
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HelminthiasisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator
- Enrolment
- 1,789 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Berkeley
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Stanford University, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- John M Colford, Jr., MD PhD, Principal investigator, University of California, Berkeley
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02396407
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1R21HD076216-01A1
- Other IDs
- 1R21HD076216-01A1
- Status last verified
- Oct 2016
- First submitted
- 18 Mar 2015
- Last updated
- 26 Oct 2016
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Arnold BF, Null C, Luby SP, Unicomb L, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, Ahmed T, Ashraf S, Christensen G, Clasen T, Dentz HN, Fernald LC, Haque R, Hubbard AE, Kariger P, Leontsini E, Lin A, Njenga SM, Pickering AJ, Ram PK, Tofail F, Winch PJ, Colford JM Jr. Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale. BMJ Open. 2013 Aug 30;3(8):e003476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003476.
PubMed 23996605Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S, Goto R, Huda TMN, Haque R, Raqib R, Unicomb L, Ahmed T, Colford JM, Luby SP. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Jul;89(1):130-137. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0629. Epub 2013 Apr 29.
PubMed 23629931Sultana R, Mondal UK, Rimi NA, Unicomb L, Winch PJ, Nahar N, Luby SP. An improved tool for household faeces management in rural Bangladeshi communities. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Jul;18(7):854-60. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12103. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
PubMed 23557125Hulland KR, Leontsini E, Dreibelbis R, Unicomb L, Afroz A, Dutta NC, Nizame FA, Luby SP, Ram PK, Winch PJ. Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH). BMC Public Health. 2013 Sep 23;13:877. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-877.
PubMed 24060247Dreibelbis R, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Hulland KR, Ram PK, Unicomb L, Luby SP. The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health. 2013 Oct 26;13:1015. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1015.
PubMed 24160869Vujcic J, Ram PK, Hussain F, Unicomb L, Gope PS, Abedin J, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Luby SP. Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 May;19(5):528-36. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12292. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
PubMed 24645919Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr, Luby SP. Effects of source- versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 27;10(3):e0121907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121907. eCollection 2015.
PubMed 25816342
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Oct 2016. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Spillover Effects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on Child Health
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02396407
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1R21HD076216-01A1
- Conditions
- Helminthiasis, Diarrhea, Respiratory Infection
- Keywords
- Chlorine water treatment, Point-of-use water treatment, Household water treatment with safe storage, Handwashing with soap, Hand hygiene, Latrines, Child potties, Intestinal parasitic infection
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 1,789 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, BerkeleyUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Stanford University, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- Study start
- Jan 2015
- Primary completion
- May 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- May 2016 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 Mar 2015 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to measure whether a combined water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention leads to improved health of children who did not receive the intervention themselves and who live within a close vicinity of intervention recipients.
Detailed description
Almost 90% of diarrhea cases and 15% of under-5 diarrhea deaths worldwide could be prevented through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene. Sanitation interventions are also important for the prevention of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect 21 million children under five each year. Infection with soil-transmitted helminths and repeated episodes of diarrhea early in life can compromise physical and cognitive growth and development, resulting in poorer school performance later in life. Thus, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are important not only for reducing child mortality, but also for preventing cycles of poverty and poor health.
It is possible that WASH interventions affect not only those who receive them but also those who are geographically proximate or connected socially to those receiving the intervention. Indeed, there is a large infectious disease modeling literature based on this premise. Investigators define intervention effects on non-recipients "spillovers", and they are often referred to as "herd effects" or "indirect effects". Most studies that have empirically measured spillovers of child health interventions with an experimental design have focused on vaccines and deworming, and no studies have measured spillovers from WASH interventions. The development and application of methodology for measuring spillovers of community interventions empirically would make a valuable contribution to fields including epidemiology, economics, political science, and social welfare, all of which are concerned with measuring the impact of programs and interventions which may spill over. The presence and magnitude of positive spillovers are important; if spillovers are present and are in the same direction as treatment effects but are not accounted for when estimating treatment effects, estimates will be biased towards the null. As a result, both the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the intervention will be underestimated.
In this study, investigators will measure spillovers of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in an existing, large, rigorously designed trial: the WASH Benefits trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01590095). Funded by the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, this trial aims to measure the individual and combined effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on child health and development. It is a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with six treatment arms and a double-sized control arm carried out in rural Bangladesh. This add-on study is funded by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (1R21HD076216-01A1). Investigators hypothesize that children who live in close proximity to compounds that receive a combined sanitation, handwashing, and water treatment intervention--compared to children who live in close proximity to control compounds (no intervention)--will have: 1) lower prevalence of diarrhea, 2) lower prevalence and intensity of infection of soil transmitted helminths, and 3) lower prevalence of respiratory illness.
Investigators will collect additional data from the existing combined intervention (sanitation+handwashing+water) and control arms of the WASH Benefits trial. For each WASH Benefits household, investigators will locate the nearest household with children 0-59 months of age that are not enrolled in WASH Benefits and collect data in that household. Our primary outcomes are soil transmitted helminth infection among children 0-59 months, caregiver-reported 7-day diarrhea, and respiratory illness among children 0-59 months (the same age as the WASH Benefits cohort). Our findings will document either the presence or absence of spillovers of the combined sanitation+handwashing+water intervention.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene | Active comparator | Behavioral: Combined water, sanitation, and hygieneWater quality, Sanitation, Handwashing |
| Non-intervention arm | No intervention | –None. Households will continue their usual practices. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- Up to 60 months
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Children not enrolled in WASH Benefits who live in a compound within 120 steps (2 minutes walking time) of a compound enrolled in WASH Benefits (combined WSH or control arms) and are 0-60 months 24 months after intervention
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Children enrolled in WASH Benefits
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a courtyard with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
- Children who live in compounds (baris) that share a latrine or handwashing station with a compound enrolled in the WASH Benefits study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Combined water, sanitation, and hygieneWater: Free chlorine tablets (Aquatabs; NaDCC) and safe storage vessel to treat and store drinking water. Sanitation: Free child potties, sani-scoop hoes to remove feces from household, and latrine upgrades to a dual pit latrine for all households in study compounds. Handwashing: Handwashing stations including soapy water bottles and detergent soap. Local promoters visit study compounds at least monthly to deliver behavior change messages that focus on (1) treating drinking water for children < 36 months of age, (2) use of latrines for defecation and the removal of human and animal feces from the compound, and (3) handwashing with soap at critical times around food preparation, defecation, and contact with feces. | Behavioural | Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene |
Primary outcome
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Time frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Children's stool will be collected. Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool. Stool samples with any ova will be considered positive.
Intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris)
Time frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Children's stool will be collected. Kato-Katz will be used to detect Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris ova in stool. Intensity will be measured using WHO cutoffs based on the number of eggs per gram of stool (>=5,000 eggs/gram for Ascaris, >=1,000 eggs/gram for hookworm, and >=2,000 eggs/gram for Trichuris).
2 secondary outcomes
Diarrhea prevalence
Time frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Respiratory illness prevalence
Time frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Oct 2016.
- Background: PubMed 23996605Arnold BF, Null C, Luby SP, Unicomb L, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, Ahmed T, Ashraf S, Christensen G, Clasen T, Dentz HN, Fernald LC, Haque R, Hubbard AE, Kariger P, Leontsini E, Lin A, Njenga SM, Pickering AJ, Ram PK, Tofail F, Winch PJ, Colford JM Jr. Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale. BMJ Open. 2013 Aug 30;3(8):e003476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003476.
- Background: PubMed 23629931Lin A, Arnold BF, Afreen S, Goto R, Huda TMN, Haque R, Raqib R, Unicomb L, Ahmed T, Colford JM, Luby SP. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Jul;89(1):130-137. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0629. Epub 2013 Apr 29.
- Background: PubMed 23557125Sultana R, Mondal UK, Rimi NA, Unicomb L, Winch PJ, Nahar N, Luby SP. An improved tool for household faeces management in rural Bangladeshi communities. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Jul;18(7):854-60. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12103. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
- Background: PubMed 24060247Hulland KR, Leontsini E, Dreibelbis R, Unicomb L, Afroz A, Dutta NC, Nizame FA, Luby SP, Ram PK, Winch PJ. Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH). BMC Public Health. 2013 Sep 23;13:877. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-877.
- Background: PubMed 24160869Dreibelbis R, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Hulland KR, Ram PK, Unicomb L, Luby SP. The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health. 2013 Oct 26;13:1015. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1015.
- Background: PubMed 24645919Vujcic J, Ram PK, Hussain F, Unicomb L, Gope PS, Abedin J, Mahmud ZH, Islam MS, Luby SP. Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practices. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 May;19(5):528-36. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12292. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
- Background: PubMed 25816342Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, Arnold BF, Colford JM Jr, Luby SP. Effects of source- versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 27;10(3):e0121907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121907. eCollection 2015.
- WASH Benefits Bangladesh ClinicalTrials.gov RegistrationLink provided by the sponsor.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
John M Colford, Jr., MD PhD principal investigator
University of California, Berkeley
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Combined water, sanitation, and hygiene in people with Helminthiasis and Diarrhea, run by University of California, Berkeley at 1 site in Bangladesh.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Oct 2016. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Bangladesh. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris) (time frame: Measured approximately 24 months after intervention). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02396407, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Oct 2016; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 8 Nov 2026.