Inflammatory Cytokines in GCF and Placental Tissues in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With Preterm Delivery

Periodontal disease is a commonGram-negative chronic anaerobic infection of the periodontium, with an estimatedworld prevalence of 10% to 15% (Genco RJ, et al. 1992, Petersen PE \& Ogawa H. 2005). It Involves both direct tissue damage resulting from plaque bacterial products, and indirect damage via host inflammatory and immune responsesmediated by interactions between numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators (Yucel-Lindberg T\&Båge T.2013).

Periodontal infections have been associated with different systemic diseases; cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis and renal diseases(Gulati M, et al. 2013). Moreover, many investigators have reported an association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, foetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and perinatal mortality (Ide M\&Papapanou PN.2013).

Preterm birth, defined as a live birth before 37 weeks of gestation, is the leading cause of infant mortality in both developed and developing countries (Saigal S \& Doyle LW. 2008), whether following spontaneous preterm labour, premature rupture of membranes, or caesarean section due to foetal distress or maternal medical conditions (Goldenberg RL, et al. 2008).The World Health Organization has recently estimated that annually 12.9 million or 9.6% of all children are born preterm worldwide, despite extensive research and public health efforts(Beck S, et al. 2010).

Major causes for preterm birth are intra-amniotic infections which subsequently cause inflammation, as well as sterile inflammation (Madan I, et al 2010). Moreover, smoking, alcohol consumption, black race, low socio-economic status, low or high maternal body mass index, stress, previous preterm birth, advanced maternal age and short cervix are other associated risk factors (DjelantikA, et al. 2012).

Offenbacher et al in 1996 first hypothesized that gram-negative anaerobic pathogens from periodontium and associated endotoxins and maternal inflammatory mediators could have a possible adverse effect on the developing fetus (Offenbacher S, et al. 1996), whether through translocation of periodontal pathogens to the feto-placental unit or the action of the periodontal reservoir of inflammatory mediators, which elaborated at the remote site of infection and trigger prostaglandins synthesis, resulting in cervical dilation, entry of more microbes into the uterus, and continuation of the "viscous cycle" resulting in premature birth (Gibbas RS, 2001).

Investigators have shown the presence of elevated proinflammatory cytokines in amniotic fluid, such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in patients in preterm labor(Hillier SL, et al. 1993, Hitti J, et al. 2001, Figueroa R, et al. 2005).However, there is limited and mostly negative evidence that the elevation of these mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and amniotic fluid are associated with pregnancy complications in periodontitis patients(Madianos PN, et al. 2013).

Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha (MIP-1α/CCL3) is a member of the cysteine-cysteine chemokine family which is secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and epithelial cells and mediates granulocyte migration and adhesion. It stimulates monocytes and/or osteoclast progenitor cells to become active osteoclasts(Menten P, et al. 2002), as well as regulating hematopoiesis and stimulating production of other inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, TNF alpha(Maurer M \& von Stebut E. 2004).

The Level of MIP-1 in GCF found to discriminate between diseased and healthy periodontal sites(Tymkiw KD, et al. 2011). Moreover, its presence whether in cord blood or amniotic fluid was elevated in cases of preterm labor (Matoba N, et al 2009, Weissenbacher T, et al. 2013).

Deliveries prior to 35 weeks of gestation was typically associated with subclinical chorioamnionitis, which is considered the most common manifestation and is defined histologically by inflammation of the chorion, amnion, and placenta, and found to be associated with chronic infections of low virulence organisms (Hagberg H, et al. 2002). However, variability in the assessment criteria for the diagnosis of histological chorioamnionitis exists within the literature (Holzman C, et al. 2007).

Since 1996, a number of studies have investigated the potential relationship between periodontitis and preterm and low birth weight. However, results have been controversial, suggesting the need for more research to confirm or discard this association(Sanz M, et al 2013). Thus this case control study will be conducted to investigate the association between chronic periodontitis and preterm labor through possible correlation between Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and pentrixin 3 in placental tissues and its level in GCF.