AgingNCT02564601
The Impact of Piano Training on Cognitive Performance and Psychosocial Well-Being in Older Adults
A study testing Piano Training and Computer Cognitive Training in people with Aging, run by University of South Florida at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This project evaluates the effects of piano training and computerized cognitive training on cognitive performance in healthy older adults compared to controls. The project is intended for healthy older adults (60-80 years) with little to no previous musical training (less than three years of prior musical training or… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 60 to 80 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Aging
- What is being tested?
- Piano Training and Computer Cognitive Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 93 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Jun 2015to Jun 2017
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 60 to 80 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Between the ages of 60-80
- native English speakers
- no pre-existing cognitive impairment or neurological impairment
- not taking medications affecting memory performance (sleep meds, antidepressants, etc.)
- Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (score >30)
- no moderate to severe depression
Show all 11Show fewer
- no difficulty with hand movements
- less than three years of formal music training
- no difficulty with the movement of their hands
- not currently engaged in music reading or musical performance
- < 10 hours of previous cognitive training
Who cannot join
- Those not between 60-80
- those taking medications affecting memory performance
- Non-Native English Speakers
- Those with pre-existing cognitive impairment
- Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (score < 30)
- Those with difficulty in the movement of their hands
- Those with more than three years of formal music training or currently engaged in music reading or music performance
- Those with more than ten hours of cognitive training
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
This project evaluates the effects of piano training and computerized cognitive training on cognitive performance in healthy older adults compared to controls. The project is intended for healthy older adults (60-80 years) with little to no previous musical training (less than three years of prior musical training or cognitive training and not currently engaged in music reading or musical performance, less than 10 hours of previous cognitive training). Investigators anticipate that musical engagement will serve as an enjoyable cognitive intervention for older adults. Investigators believe that piano training will enhance cognitive performance on executive functions essential for maintaining independence in older adulthood. Learning a musical instrument, while challenging, will improve self-efficacy, mood, and qualtiy of life. Participants engaged in piano training will demonstrate reduced cortisol levels and increased immune function responses. Investigators predict that adults enrolled in computerized cognitive training will demonstrate enhanced memory, working memory and self-efficacy post-training.
Read the detailed description
The project purpose is to scientifically examine the benefits of piano training as compared to computer cognitive training and no treatment controls on cognitive (processing speed, task-switching, verbal fluency, verbal memory, and working memory), psychosocial (mood, self-efficacy, and quality of life), and physiological variables (biomarkers) in healthy older adult participants in a randomized clinical trial design.
Participants: Ninety community dwelling older adults will be recruited from the community. Criteria for enrollment are: between the ages of 60-80, native English speakers, not currently taking medications affecting memory performance, have no pre-existing cognitive impairment or neurological disorders, (as indicated by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status > 30), no moderate to severe depression (as indicated by the Geriatric Depression Scale), no difficulty with hand movements, less than three years of prior musical training, not currently engaged in music reading or musical performance, and less than ten hours of prior computer brain training experience. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups stratified by intelligence and gender: piano instruction, computerized cognitive training or a no treatment control group. Informed written consent will be obtained in accordance with the Institutional Review Board.
Procedure: Participants will be tested in three visits: pre-training, immediately post-training, and three months follow-up. Those randomized to piano training or computerized cognitive training will complete their assigned training between pre-training and post-training visits. Measures of music aptitude and intelligence will be administered at the pre-training visit. These factors can influence cognitive performance. Any significant differences at baseline between the three assigned groups will be statistically controlled for in the analyses. Standardized cognitive measures will be used to examine processing speed, task-switching, verbal fluency, verbal memory, and working memory at each visit. Psychosocial outcomes (mood, self-efficacy, and quality of life) and physiological biomarkers will also be evaluated at each visit.
The goal for both interventions will be to complete 48 hours of group training over a four month period (16 weeks). Sixty participants (30 piano training; 30 auditory computer training) will be asked to attend three hours of training each week. Thirty participants will serve in the no treatment control group. Piano training will consist of basic piano technique, dexterity exercises, piano literature, and music theory. Participants will be expected to perform all major scales, repertoire from the Alfred All-in-One Method, and complete weekly theory assignments. Each class session is structured as a cognitive intervention that focuses upon review of materials (15-20 min), and the remaining portion of the class focuses upon learning new skills and concepts. Computerized cognitive training involves computerized perceptual practice exercises that vary in difficulty ranging from basic auditory processing speed to application through memory exercises. Within each exercise, the stimuli (i.e., tones, speech sounds, words, sentences) become less discriminable and speed of presentation increases (making the exercises more difficult) as performance improves. The Brain Fitness training program with working memory exercises will be used.
Data source(s). Data will consist of a series of standardized cognitive, psychosocial, and neurophysiological measures administered at three time points: pre-training, post-training, and at a three month follow-up. All standardized measures have been previously used to assess the efficacy of cognitive training approaches and demonstrate good psychometric properties.
- Conditions
- Aging
- Being tested
- Piano Training, Computer Cognitive Training
- Keywords
- intervention, cognition, aging, piano training, computer brain training
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Piano TrainingBehavioural
The intervention focuses upon progressively difficult piano performance exercises (repertoire), technique, and finger dexterity exercises.
Computer Cognitive TrainingBehavioural
The intervention focuses upon progressively difficult perceptual exercises using the Brain Fitness program plus working memory exercises.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| A1 Piano Training | Experimental | 16 weekly classes will be provided to the piano training group. Each piano class session will focus upon review of materials (15-20 min), and the remaining portion of the class will focus upon learning new skills and concepts. This course includes finger dexterity exercises, basic piano technique, and basic piano repertoire. Receives: Behavioral: Piano Training |
| A2 Computer Cognitive Training | Experimental | 16 weekly classes will be provided to the computerized cognitive training group. Computerized cognitive training involves process-based computerized practice of adaptive perceptual exercises. Each computer cognitive training class session will focus upon practice of cognitive exercises that vary in difficulty ranging from basic auditory processing speed to application through memory and working memory exercises. Within each exercise, the stimuli (i.e., tones, speech sounds, words, sentences) become less discriminable and speed of presentation increases (making the exercises more difficult) as performance improves. Receives: Behavioral: Computer Cognitive Training |
| A 3 No Treatment Controls | No intervention | No classes will be provided to our control group. This is a no-treatment control group. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
N-Back
Working Memory Measure in the Visual Domain
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Cued Color Word Stroop
Cognitive Control, Inhibition
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Digit Coding- WAIS IV subtest
Simple Processing Speed
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Symbol Search- WAIS IV subtest
Visual Scanning
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Complex processing speed
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Verbal Memory
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Delis Kaplan Executive Function Verbal Fluency subtest
Category Fluency, Letter Fluency, Category Switching
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Trail Making Test
Planning and Processing Speed
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Finger Tapper Test
Motor Speed
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Salivary Cortisol
Stress Levels
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
SIgA levels
Immune Function
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Musical Performance Self-Efficacy
Musical Self-Efficacy
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
General Self-Efficacy
General Self-Efficacy
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Cognitive Self-Report Questionnaire (25)
Mood
Measured: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Oct 2015 (estimated)
- Study startJun 2015
- Primary completionJun 2017
- Study completionJun 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for AgingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of South FloridaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 93 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of South Florida
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jennifer Bugos, University of South Florida
- Investigators
- Jennifer Bugos, PhD, Principal investigator, Assistant Professor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02564601
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 19415
- Status last verified
- Apr 2019
- First submitted
- 16 Sep 2015
- Last updated
- 1 May 2019
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- No: No, there is no plan to share individual participant data. We plan on publishing all data collectively.
Publications
Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, Ruff R, Kennison RF, Mahncke HW, Zelinski EM. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Apr;57(4):594-603. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x. Epub 2009 Feb 9.
PubMed 19220558Duff K, Tometich D, Dennett K. The Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status is More Predictive of Memory Abilities Than the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2015 Sep;28(3):193-7. doi: 10.1177/0891988715573532. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
PubMed 25722349Bugos JA, Perlstein WM, McCrae CS, Brophy TS, Bedenbaugh PH. Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2007 Jul;11(4):464-71. doi: 10.1080/13607860601086504.
PubMed 17612811Bugos JA, Wang Y. Piano Training Enhances Executive Functions and Psychosocial Outcomes in Aging: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2022 Sep 1;77(9):1625-1636. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbac021.
PubMed 35134913
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 May 2019. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Impact of Piano Training on Cognitive Performance and Psychosocial Well-Being in Older Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02564601
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 19415
- Conditions
- Aging
- Keywords
- intervention, cognition, aging, piano training, computer brain training
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 93 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of South FloridaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jun 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Jun 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jun 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 Oct 2015 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This project evaluates the effects of piano training and computerized cognitive training on cognitive performance in healthy older adults compared to controls. The project is intended for healthy older adults (60-80 years) with little to no previous musical training (less than three years of prior musical training or cognitive training and not currently engaged in music reading or musical performance, less than 10 hours of previous cognitive training). Investigators anticipate that musical engagement will serve as an enjoyable cognitive intervention for older adults. Investigators believe that piano training will enhance cognitive performance on executive functions essential for maintaining independence in older adulthood. Learning a musical instrument, while challenging, will improve self-efficacy, mood, and qualtiy of life. Participants engaged in piano training will demonstrate reduced cortisol levels and increased immune function responses. Investigators predict that adults enrolled in computerized cognitive training will demonstrate enhanced memory, working memory and self-efficacy post-training.
Detailed description
The project purpose is to scientifically examine the benefits of piano training as compared to computer cognitive training and no treatment controls on cognitive (processing speed, task-switching, verbal fluency, verbal memory, and working memory), psychosocial (mood, self-efficacy, and quality of life), and physiological variables (biomarkers) in healthy older adult participants in a randomized clinical trial design.
Participants: Ninety community dwelling older adults will be recruited from the community. Criteria for enrollment are: between the ages of 60-80, native English speakers, not currently taking medications affecting memory performance, have no pre-existing cognitive impairment or neurological disorders, (as indicated by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status > 30), no moderate to severe depression (as indicated by the Geriatric Depression Scale), no difficulty with hand movements, less than three years of prior musical training, not currently engaged in music reading or musical performance, and less than ten hours of prior computer brain training experience. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups stratified by intelligence and gender: piano instruction, computerized cognitive training or a no treatment control group. Informed written consent will be obtained in accordance with the Institutional Review Board.
Procedure: Participants will be tested in three visits: pre-training, immediately post-training, and three months follow-up. Those randomized to piano training or computerized cognitive training will complete their assigned training between pre-training and post-training visits. Measures of music aptitude and intelligence will be administered at the pre-training visit. These factors can influence cognitive performance. Any significant differences at baseline between the three assigned groups will be statistically controlled for in the analyses. Standardized cognitive measures will be used to examine processing speed, task-switching, verbal fluency, verbal memory, and working memory at each visit. Psychosocial outcomes (mood, self-efficacy, and quality of life) and physiological biomarkers will also be evaluated at each visit.
The goal for both interventions will be to complete 48 hours of group training over a four month period (16 weeks). Sixty participants (30 piano training; 30 auditory computer training) will be asked to attend three hours of training each week. Thirty participants will serve in the no treatment control group. Piano training will consist of basic piano technique, dexterity exercises, piano literature, and music theory. Participants will be expected to perform all major scales, repertoire from the Alfred All-in-One Method, and complete weekly theory assignments. Each class session is structured as a cognitive intervention that focuses upon review of materials (15-20 min), and the remaining portion of the class focuses upon learning new skills and concepts. Computerized cognitive training involves computerized perceptual practice exercises that vary in difficulty ranging from basic auditory processing speed to application through memory exercises. Within each exercise, the stimuli (i.e., tones, speech sounds, words, sentences) become less discriminable and speed of presentation increases (making the exercises more difficult) as performance improves. The Brain Fitness training program with working memory exercises will be used.
Data source(s). Data will consist of a series of standardized cognitive, psychosocial, and neurophysiological measures administered at three time points: pre-training, post-training, and at a three month follow-up. All standardized measures have been previously used to assess the efficacy of cognitive training approaches and demonstrate good psychometric properties.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| A1 Piano Training | Experimental | Behavioral: Piano Training16 weekly classes will be provided to the piano training group. Each piano class session will focus upon review of materials (15-20 min), and the remaining portion of the class will focus upon learning new skills and concepts. This course includes finger dexterity exercises, basic piano technique, and basic piano repertoire. |
| A2 Computer Cognitive Training | Experimental | Behavioral: Computer Cognitive Training16 weekly classes will be provided to the computerized cognitive training group. Computerized cognitive training involves process-based computerized practice of adaptive perceptual exercises. Each computer cognitive training class session will focus upon practice of cognitive exercises that vary in difficulty ranging from basic auditory processing speed to application through memory and working memory exercises. Within each exercise, the stimuli (i.e., tones, speech sounds, words, sentences) become less discriminable and speed of presentation increases (making the exercises more difficult) as performance improves. |
| A 3 No Treatment Controls | No intervention | –No classes will be provided to our control group. This is a no-treatment control group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 60 to 80 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Between the ages of 60-80
- native English speakers
- no pre-existing cognitive impairment or neurological impairment
- not taking medications affecting memory performance (sleep meds, antidepressants, etc.)
- Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (score >30)
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Those not between 60-80
- those taking medications affecting memory performance
- Non-Native English Speakers
- Those with pre-existing cognitive impairment
- Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (score < 30)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Piano TrainingThe intervention focuses upon progressively difficult piano performance exercises (repertoire), technique, and finger dexterity exercises. | Behavioural | A1 Piano Training |
| Computer Cognitive TrainingThe intervention focuses upon progressively difficult perceptual exercises using the Brain Fitness program plus working memory exercises. | Behavioural | A2 Computer Cognitive Training |
Primary outcome
N-Back
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Working Memory Measure in the Visual Domain
Cued Color Word Stroop
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Cognitive Control, Inhibition
Digit Coding- WAIS IV subtest
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Simple Processing Speed
Symbol Search- WAIS IV subtest
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Visual Scanning
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Complex processing speed
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Verbal Memory
Delis Kaplan Executive Function Verbal Fluency subtest
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Category Fluency, Letter Fluency, Category Switching
Trail Making Test
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Planning and Processing Speed
Finger Tapper Test
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Motor Speed
Salivary Cortisol
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Stress Levels
SIgA levels
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Immune Function
Musical Performance Self-Efficacy
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Musical Self-Efficacy
General Self-Efficacy
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
General Self-Efficacy
Cognitive Self-Report Questionnaire (25)
Time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months
Mood
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 May 2019.
- Results publication: PubMed 19220558Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, Ruff R, Kennison RF, Mahncke HW, Zelinski EM. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Apr;57(4):594-603. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x. Epub 2009 Feb 9.
- Results publication: PubMed 25722349Duff K, Tometich D, Dennett K. The Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status is More Predictive of Memory Abilities Than the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2015 Sep;28(3):193-7. doi: 10.1177/0891988715573532. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
- Results publication: PubMed 17612811Bugos JA, Perlstein WM, McCrae CS, Brophy TS, Bedenbaugh PH. Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2007 Jul;11(4):464-71. doi: 10.1080/13607860601086504.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 35134913Bugos JA, Wang Y. Piano Training Enhances Executive Functions and Psychosocial Outcomes in Aging: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2022 Sep 1;77(9):1625-1636. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbac021.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. No, there is no plan to share individual participant data. We plan on publishing all data collectively.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Jennifer Bugos, PhD principal investigator
Assistant Professor
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Piano Training and Computer Cognitive Training in people with Aging, run by University of South Florida at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 11 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 May 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
N-Back (time frame: (CHANGE) up to 16 weeks and after study completion 7 months). The study lists 14 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02564601, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 May 2019.