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Radiation-Induced XerostomiaACUPUNCTURENCT02589938

Trial of Acupuncture for Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer

A study testing Standard Oral Hygiene and Standard Oral Hygiene + True Acupuncture in people with Radiation-Induced Xerostomia and Head and Neck Cancer, run by Wake Forest University Health Sciences at 36 sites in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

This study is being done to find out what effects, good and/or bad, acupuncture has on participants and their xerostomia caused by radiation therapy for the treatment of the cancer. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and older
What is being tested?
Standard Oral Hygiene and Standard Oral Hygiene + True Acupuncture
Type of treatment
Pill or oral medicine
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
258 participants
Where
36 sitesUnited States
Study dates
11 Nov 2012to 29 Jul 2022
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Must be at least 18 years of age and able to give informed consent.
  • Must be able to read, write and understand English.
  • Must have a diagnosis of head/neck cancer.
  • Must have received bilateral radiation therapy, and subsequently developed grade 2 or 3 xerostomia, according to modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scale:
  • Grade 0 - None
  • Grade 1 - Slight dryness of mouth (good response on stimulation and no significant dietary alterations necessary)
Show all 14Show fewer
  • Grade 2 - Moderate dryness of mouth (poor response on stimulation and altered oral intake required such as frequent water, oral lubricants, or soft-moist foods)
  • Grade 3 - Complete dryness of mouth (no response on stimulation and difficult oral alimentation; IV fluids, pureed diet or tube feedings may be required)
  • Grade 4 - Fibrosis
  • Must have received external beam radiation at a mean dose of at least 24 Gy to one of the parotid glands. The other gland can receive less than 24 Gy.
  • Must have completed radiotherapy at least 12 months prior to entry.
  • Must have anatomically intact parotid and submandibular glands. A focused (head/neck) history and exam conducted by a physician or dentist within the past year is required.
  • Must be acupuncture naïve.
  • Must have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2.

Who cannot join

  • History of xerostomia, Sjogren's disease or other illness known to affect salivation prior to head/neck radiation.
  • Suspected or known closure of salivary gland ducts on either side. (Patients addressed in inclusion criteria (i.e. those who have had one submandibular gland removed) are expected to have closure to the removed submandibular gland and will be exempt from this exclusion criteria.)
  • Currently receiving or planning to use drugs, herbs, alternative medicines, or devices that could affect salivary production. Treatment known to affect salivation should be stopped at least 14 days prior to enrollment. Over the counter products used for salivary substitution are allowed, but will need to be discontinued for at least 24 hours prior to saliva and questionnaire data collection.
  • Have received any investigational new drug within the past 30 days or planning to receive such during the study period.
  • Active systemic infection or skin infection at or near the acupuncture sites.
  • Receiving chemotherapy during study period.

Trial locations and contacts

36 sites in 1 country.

36 sites in 1 country

United States36 sites
  • University of New Mexico Cancer Center

    Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87102

  • Prisma Health Cancer Institute - Spartanburg

    Boiling Springs, South Carolina, 29316

  • Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center/Disney Family Cancer Center

    Burbank, California, 91505

  • Physicians' Clinic of Iowa PC

    Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52402

  • Saint Luke's Hospital

    Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52402

  • John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County

    Chicago, Illinois, 60612

  • Adena Regional Medical Center

    Chillicothe, Ohio, 45601

  • Columbus Oncology and Hematology Associates Inc

    Columbus, Ohio, 43214

  • MD Anderson in The Woodlands

    Conroe, Texas, 77384

  • Mercy Hospital

    Coon Rapids, Minnesota, 55433

  • Fairview Southdale Hospital

    Edina, Minnesota, 55435

  • Mercy Health Saint Mary's

    Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503

  • Spectrum Health at Butterworth Campus

    Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503

  • Prisma Health Greenville Memorial Hospital

    Greenville, South Carolina, 29605

  • Prisma Health Cancer Institute - Eastside

    Greenville, South Carolina, 29615

  • Queen's Medical Center

    Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813

  • University of Hawaii Cancer Center

    Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813

  • The Cancer Center of Hawaii-Liliha

    Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817

  • M D Anderson Cancer Center

    Houston, Texas, 77030

  • MD Anderson West Houston

    Houston, Texas, 77079

  • Providence Regional Cancer System-Lacey

    Lacey, Washington, 98503

  • Hennepin County Medical Center

    Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55415

  • Meharry Medical College

    Nashville, Tennessee, 37208

  • Providence Portland Medical Center

    Portland, Oregon, 97213

  • Park Nicollet Clinic - Saint Louis Park

    Saint Louis Park, Minnesota, 55416

  • Kaiser Permanente-San Francisco

    San Francisco, California, 94115

  • Kaiser Permanente-Santa Teresa-San Jose

    San Jose, California, 95119

  • Kaiser Permanente-San Rafael

    San Rafael, California, 94903

  • Kaiser San Rafael-Gallinas

    San Rafael, California, 94903

  • Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Santa Clara

    Santa Clara, California, 95051

  • Christus Saint Vincent Regional Cancer Center

    Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87505

  • Kaiser Permanente-Santa Rosa

    Santa Rosa, California, 95403

  • Prisma Health Cancer Institute - Seneca

    Seneca, South Carolina, 29672

  • Kaiser Permanente-South San Francisco

    South San Francisco, California, 94080

  • Kaiser Permanente-Walnut Creek

    Walnut Creek, California, 94596

  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences

    Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: A Phase III Prospective Randomized Trial of Acupuncture for Treatment of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer

This study is being done to find out what effects, good and/or bad, acupuncture has on participants and their xerostomia caused by radiation therapy for the treatment of the cancer.

Read the detailed description

Patients who have met all eligibility criteria will be randomized to standard oral hygiene, standard oral hygiene + true acupuncture twice weekly for 4 weeks, or standard oral hygiene + sham acupuncture twice weekly for 4 weeks by a form of adaptive randomization, called minimization, because simple randomization could result in covariate imbalances .

The acupuncture points will be at three sites on each ear (Shenmen, Point Zero, Salivary Gland 2-prime), a site on the chin (CV24), a site on each forearm (Lu7), a site on each hand (LI 1-prime), a site on each leg (K6), and one placebo needle at Gb32 for a total of 14 sites. All sites will be applied for 20 minutes. For body points, standardized techniques for location will be utilized, which are based on anatomical landmarks as well as proportional measurements using the patient's own body. For example, finger breadth is based on each patient's middle finger, and the proportional unit of measure, the "cun," is defined as the distance between the two medial ends of the creases of the interphalangeal joints when the middle finger is flexed. Ear point locations will mimic standard practice and be identified by the acupuncturists.

Being tested
Standard Oral Hygiene, Standard Oral Hygiene + True Acupuncture, Standard Oral Hygiene + Sham Acupuncture
Keywords
hypopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, salivary gland cancer, radiation toxicity, xerostomia, long-term effects of cancer treatment, oral complications of radiation therapy
Medical subject headings
Head and Neck Neoplasms, Radiation Injuries, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms, Laryngeal Neoplasms, Mouth Neoplasms, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Salivary Gland Neoplasms

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Standard Oral HygieneOther

    Also called Oral Hygiene

    Oral hygiene care provided per individual institutions standard of care.

  • Standard Oral Hygiene + True AcupunctureOther

    Oral hygiene care provided per individual institutions standard of care. 14 true acupoint sites will be selected and applied to each participant for 20 minutes at each session. There will be 2 sessions a week for 8 weeks.

  • Standard Oral Hygiene + Sham AcupunctureOther

    Also called Placebo acupuncture needle

    Oral hygiene care provided per individual institutions standard of care. 14 sham acupoint sites will be selected and applied to each participant for 20 minutes at each session. There will be 2 sessions a week for 8 weeks.

Study groups in NCT02589938
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Standard Oral HygieneActive comparatorAll patients will receive standard oral hygiene patient teaching information that includes instructions regarding mouth rinses, use of lip balms, use of mild fluoride toothpaste, the importance of adequate oral hydration, and other standard advice. Each participating site determines the standard oral hygiene recommendations used at their site.
Receives: Other: Standard Oral Hygiene
Standard Oral Hygiene + True AcupunctureExperimentalAll patients will receive standard oral hygiene patient teaching information that includes instructions regarding mouth rinses, use of lip balms, use of mild fluoride toothpaste, the importance of adequate oral hydration, and other standard advice. Each participating site determines the standard oral hygiene recommendations used at their site. The True acupuncture points will be at 3 sites on each ear, a site on the chin, on each forearm, a site on each hand, a site on each leg, and one placebo needle for a total of 14 sites. All sites will be applied for 20 minutes.
Receives: Other: Standard Oral Hygiene + True Acupuncture
Standard Oral Hygiene + Sham AcupunctureOtherAll patients will receive standard oral hygiene patient teaching information that includes instructions regarding mouth rinses, use of lip balms, use of mild fluoride toothpaste, the importance of adequate oral hydration, and other standard advice. Each participating site determines the standard oral hygiene recommendations used at their site. The Sham acupuncture points will be given according to the same schedule as the active acupuncture points, except the Sham needles will be placed below, above or between true active points.
Receives: Other: Standard Oral Hygiene + Sham Acupuncture

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Xerostomia Questionnaire Scores

    Self reported Xerostomia questionnaire consists of eight items (scored on an 11-point scale; 0-10), has been validated in several cohorts, and is regarded as the gold-standard measure for xerostomia.The questions are equally divided into 4 items about oral dryness while eating or chewing and 4 items about dryness while not eating or chewing. Item scores are summed and transformed linearly to produce a final summary score between 0 and 80. Higher scores represent more xerostomia. Questionnaire is completed prior to randomization and at each time point week 4, week 8, week 12, and end of study.

    Measured: Baseline to 4, 8, 12, 26 weeks post acupuncture

Secondary outcomes (2)
  1. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G) Total

    The FACT-G QOL instrument discriminates between individuals with metastatic and non-metastatic disease, as well as between patients at different stages of illness. The scale has good concurrent validity, high internal consistency (0.89), and good test-re-test reliability (0.82 to 0.88). The total score is reported, which is a combination of the subscales of physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being, with higher scores representing better QOL. Scale range 0-108

    Measured: Baseline, 4 , 8 , 12, and 26 weeks

  2. The Acupuncture Expectancy Scale (AES)

    The 4-item AES was used to ensure there were no baseline group differences in expectations related to the benefits of acupuncture on dry mouth and to assess aspects of blinding after the first 4 weeks of acupuncture for the TA and SA groups. The AES is reliable (α=0·82) and valid by positive correlation with patient self-reported efficacy and satisfaction. The scale has been further validated among cancer patients who were acupuncture naïve. Scale from 4-20.

    Measured: Week 4

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted28 Oct 2015 (estimated)
  2. Study start11 Nov 2012
  3. Primary completion29 Jul 2022
  4. Study completion29 Jul 2022

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Supportive care
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
Triple blind
Who is masked
Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
258 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT02589938
Sponsor's protocol ID
IRB00038707
Other IDs
REBAWF 97115, NCI-2011-02073
Acronym
ACUPUNCTURE
Status last verified
Feb 2026
First submitted
17 Aug 2015
Last updated
27 Feb 2026
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
Yes: Wake Forest (WF) National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) Research Base (RB) is committed to following the NIH Statement on Sharing Research Data. As of July 2018, the WF NCORP RB signed an agreement with NCI to contribute de-identified data and data dictionaries from clinical trials conducted through our RB to the NCI NCTN/NCORP data archive within 6 months of primary and non-primary publications of phase II/III and phase III trials. This will become the primary means for sharing raw data, and we will adhere to the guidelines spelled out in the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN)/NCORP Data Archive Usage Guide. De-identified data from studies not covered by the agreement (e.g., phase II and observational studies) will be made available upon request. All data files will be de-identified. De-identification procedures will meet the HIPAA criteria as detailed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 45, Section 164.514.

Publications

  • Cohen L, Danhauer SC, Garcia MK, Dressler EV, Rosenthal DI, Chambers MS, Cusimano A, Brown WM, Ochoa JM, Yang P, Chiang JS, Gordon O, Crutcher R, Kim JK, Russin MP, Lukenbill J, Porosnicu M, Yost KJ, Weaver KE, Lesser GJ. Acupuncture for Chronic Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 May 1;7(5):e2410421. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10421.

    PubMed 38739392

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Standard Oral Hygiene and Standard Oral Hygiene + True Acupuncture in people with Radiation-Induced Xerostomia and Head and Neck Cancer, run by Wake Forest University Health Sciences at 36 sites in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 14 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 36 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 19 Sep 2024). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Xerostomia Questionnaire Scores (time frame: Baseline to 4, 8, 12, 26 weeks post acupuncture). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02589938, which also lists 1 linked publication.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Feb 2026.

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