Use of BVS in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): the BVS STEMI STRATEGY-IT Prospective Registry

Population:

This registry is intended to obtain data from consecutive STEMI patients undergoing PPCI with BVS implantation in 10-15 Italian sites.

STEMI is defined according to the European guidelines criteria.

Procedure:

Dual Anti-Platelet and Antithrombotic Regimen:

Patients undergoing PPCI should receive a combination of aspirin (i.v. or os) and a loading dose of oral P2Y12 receptor blocker (ticagrelor, prasugrel or clopidogrel only when prasugrel or ticagrelor are not available or are contraindicated) as early as possible before angiography and a parenteral anticoagulant according to the current guidelines. In particular the early administration (at least just outside the cath-lab or at first medical contact/ambulance in case of ticagrelor) of the P2Y12 receptor blocker loading dose (ticagrelor 180 mg, prasugrel 60 mg or clopidogrel 600 mg when prasugrel or ticagrelor are not available or are contraindicated) could be of paramount importance when a BVS is implanted in a thrombotic setting to reduce the risk of device thrombosis. For this reason, in case of angiographic evidence of large thrombus the use of a glycoprotein should be considered according to the current guidelines.

The P2Y12 inhibitor recommended (ticagrelor 90 mg bid, prasugrel 10 mg or clopidogrel 75 mg) in addition to acetyl salicylic acid should be maintained for at least 12 months after BVS implantation (with the decision for longer term use left to the discretion of the treating physician according to the specific clinical scenario). Anticoagulation is recommended for all patients in addition to anti-platelet therapy during PPCI according to the current guidelines.

Access Site:

Even if no specific arterial site access is mandatory, the radial approach should be the preferred method of access.

Guiding Catheter and Guide-wires:

The guiding catheter and the guide-wires should be choose (both according to each Institution preference) to obtain the maximum stability of the system and to facilitate the BVS delivery to the culprit site. The use of 6 Fr guiding catheters is recommended even if BVS (2.5 and 3.0) can also be implanted via 5 Fr guiding catheters.

BVS Size Selection BVS sizes actually available are limited (diameter: 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm and length: 8, 12 mm, 18 mm, 23 mm and 28 mm). In order to reduce the vasoconstriction typical of the STEMI setting and to accurately select the BVS diameter is fundamental to obtain the maximum vessel dilatation by the administration of intracoronary bolus of vasodilator drugs (i.e. nitroglycerin or adenosine) after TIMI flow (>0) restoration. Once maximal dilatation is obtained (vasodilators drugs strongly recommended), the BVS size selection should be made accordingly to the maximal vessel diameter (visually estimated by the operator) assessed immediately proximal and distal to the culprit lesion site (in 2 orthogonal angiographic views). This step is of paramount importance considering the maximal post-expansion BVS limit (+0.5 mm vs. the nominal BVS diameter) as compared to the newer generation DES (1.0 mm vs. the nominal DES diameter). For this reason a slight BVS diameter overestimation compared to the visually estimated reference vessel size is suggested (i.e. BVS 3.5 mm for a reference vessel diameter [RVD]> 3.0 mm, BVS 3.0 mm for a RVD>2.5 mm).

As compared to visual estimation, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) provides more objective information even if it also tends to underestimate the lumen diameter. Intracoronary imaging systems such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) may help to overcome the aforementioned limitations and may be considered an important tool for scaffold size selection. Even if intravascular imaging use is not routinely required in this study it can be performed at operator's discretion.

Pre-dilatation:

Lesion preparation before deployment is an essential step for patients receiving BVS, where the goal of lesion preparation is to facilitate scaffold delivery, reduce plaque shift, and, most importantly, to allow optimal scaffold expansion.

BVS Implantation:

Prior to use, the everolimus-eluting BVS system will be inspected and prepared according to the Instruction for Use (IFU). The BVS should cover 2-5 mm of the healthy vessel at either edge of the culprit lesion. BVS deployment must be performed gradually, inflating the delivery system's balloon in 2 atm increments (up to the rated burst pressure) every five seconds until complete expansion of the BVS. Once reached, the target pressure is maintained (if tolerated by the patient) for at least 30 seconds to favour the device expansion. Multiple BVS overlapping is allowed in case of long lesion involving the culprit site. However the thick BVS struts mandate to minimize the overlapping length particularly in the STEMI setting. If overlap is required starting with the distal scaffold is preferred except in case a proximal landmark (i.e. long lesion involving the ostial segment of the vessel) must be respected. Among the different BVS overlapping strategies proposed19, the marker-to-marker (the second more proximal BVS is advanced until the distal balloon markers line up with the proximal marker beads of the implanted scaffold obtaining about 1 mm of struts overlap) technique is that suggested in this study. Use of angiographic "stent enhancement" tool in two orthogonal projections can help the marker-to-market positioning. A "hybrid" BVS-DES overlapping is not allowed. In case of culprit lesions involving a bifurcation site, a single-BVS approach (after wire positioning in the side branch ["keep it open"]) and nothing else is suggested. In case of flow-limiting thrombus shift from the main to the side-branch (SB), consider a BVS fenestration toward the SB with a semi-compliant balloon (2.0-3.0 mm diameter according to the SB dimension). If a second device is required as a bail-out strategy (i.e. persistent flow limitation after balloon dilatation at the SB), a metallic stent implantation should be considered. In case of bifurcated culprit lesions where a 2-stent strategy is planned as intention-to-treat it is advisable to avoid BVS implantation.

In case of extensive CAD in vessels remote (multi-vessel CAD) from the infarct-related artery, the culprit lesion only should be systematically treated during the initial intervention. Immediate (preventive) intervention in non-infarct-related lesions is not recommended. In this case, staged PCI should be performed within 50 days after PPCI while BVS implantation is suggested in order to complete the revascularization according to the lesion characteristics.

Post-dilatation:

BVS deployment in the STEMI setting should aim to: 1) obtain full BVS expansion with less than 20% residual stenosis at the culprit site; 2) reduce distal embolization (slow-flow/no-reflow phenomenon) taking advantage of the BVS strut thickness (so called "snow-racket concept"). Even if post-dilatation is not routinely performed during PPCI with new generation intracoronary prosthesis (15-20% of the cases), it may be required (and encouraged in this study) after BVS implantation in STEMI patients. In particular the inflation of a non-compliant balloon (for 10-60 seconds if tolerated by the patient) with a maximum diameter 0.5 mm more than the BVS diameter is suggested in case of TIMI 3 flow and more than 20% residual stenosis (by angiographic visual estimation). In case of TIMI 3 flow and less than 20% residual stenosis the decision to post-dilate (with a NC balloon with the same nominal diameter of BVS implanted) is left at operator's discretion. Post-dilatation could be avoided in case of: 1) no residual stenosis associated with adequate BVS expansion and apposition (preferably confirmed by intravascular imaging systems -IVUS or OCT-); 2) transient slow-flow or no-reflow during BVS implantation with subsequent TIMI flow 3 restoration.

Follow-up:

Clinical data will be collected by the medical staff of each participating center by hospital visit or telephone contact at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, 3-and 5-years after PPCI. Angiographic follow-up is not mandatory but performed only in case of planned "step" revascularisation or if clinically indicated at follow-up. However, patients undergoing angiographic follow-up (and IVUS or OCT follow-up) will be included in subgroup analysis.

Data Collection:

Clinical, lesion, procedural data and follow-up outcomes of patients who have given a written informed consent are entered into a web-based Case Report Form (CRF). The monitoring of the study and the data entry will be continuously supervised by the Steering Committee in order to respect the enrollment plan.

Enrolment:

The enrolment period is limited to 12 months since the first patient is enrolled in the specific participating center. However it could be extended if recruiting proceeds slowly.

Informed Consent and Withdrawal criteria:

All the patients must sign a written informed consent to be enrolled in the registry.

The patient has the right to withdraw from the registry at any time and without reason. Upon early withdrawal from the registry, the case report form (CRF) should be completed as far as possible and the reasons for withdrawal should if possible be documented.

Statistical Methods:

Numerical data will be presented as the mean ± standard deviation and minimum and maximum values. Categorical data will be presented as counts and percentages of the total. Cross tabulations and subgroup summary statistics will be calculated where necessary. Two-sided 95% confidence intervals will be given where adequate. All data are presented using descriptive statistical methods. For metric data sets, the mean values, standard deviation, median, maximum and minimum as well as the 95% confidence interval are stated. For categorical data, absolute and relative frequencies are determined, and the exact 95% confidence interval is calculated. Furthermore, for primary and secondary end-points, Kaplan Meier curves will be presented and event-free survival analysis will be performed to compare subgroups.

Sample Size Justification:

The paper of Brugaletta et al. (BVS-EXAMINATION) reported an incidence of DOCE of 3.1% at 30 days: given the potential important impact of a pre-specified implantation strategy in STEMI patients undergoing BVS implantation, and aiming to appraise a reduction to 0.7%, 505 patients are required to have a 80% chance of detecting, as significant at the 5% level, a decrease in the primary outcome of 2.4%. (Pocock SJ. Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach. Wiley; 1983) The paper of Brugaletta et al. (BVS-EXAMINATION) reported an incidence of DOCE of 3.1% at 30 days (9/290). Accordingly, the Investigators computed that a target sample of 500 patients will enable the computation of reasonably precise 95% confidence intervals. Specifically, assuming the rate of 3.1% DOCE at 30 days, confidence intervals computed with the Welson score would be from 2% to 5.1% (16/500).

Confidentiality:

The investigator shall maintain patient confidentiality during all audits and inspections of the clinical site and documentation. Registry patients will be identified only by a unique patient number, used in correspondence and on the registry database. The Investigator will keep a list in which each patient is named along with their assigned patient number.