Opiate AddictionNCT02657148
Immediate Postpartum Nexplanon Placement in Opioid Dependent Women
An observational study of Opiate Addiction and Pregnancy, run by University of Pittsburgh at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The investigators have designed a single site, Phase IV open label, prospective observational clinical trial to compare the effect of immediate postpartum Nexplanon placement (IPP) versus standard postpartum contraceptive care (control) on consistent contraceptive use and rapid repeat pregnancy at 12 months postpartum… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Opiate Addiction, Pregnancy, Contraceptive Behavior
- What is being tested?
- Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant) and Standard postpartum contraceptive care
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- How many people
- 200 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- May 2016to Aug 2018
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Pregnant women, 18 years or older, who meet DSM-V criteria for opioid use disorder confirmed by diagnostic coding in the patient's medical record and/or urinary toxicology screen (UDS) and who plan to deliver at the study site hospital, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC (MWH-UPMC).
Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant women, 18 years or older, who meet DSM-V criteria for opioid use disorder confirmed by diagnostic coding in the patient's medical record and/or urinary toxicology screen (UDS) and who plan to deliver at the study site hospital, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC (MWH-UPMC).
Exclusion Criteria: Women who have contraindications to etonogestrel use, intrauterine fetal demise or stillbirth, and/or who do not plan to deliver at MWH-UPMC.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
About this study
Official title: A Prospective Observational Clinical Trial to Compare the Effect of Immediate Postpartum Nexplanon Placement Versus Standard Postpartum Contraceptive Care on Consistent Contraceptive Use and Rapid Repeat Pregnancy in Opioid Dependent Women.
The investigators have designed a single site, Phase IV open label, prospective observational clinical trial to compare the effect of immediate postpartum Nexplanon placement (IPP) versus standard postpartum contraceptive care (control) on consistent contraceptive use and rapid repeat pregnancy at 12 months postpartum in 200 opioid dependent (OD) women.
Read the detailed description
Background: Opioid dependence in pregnancy has increased dramatically in the last decade. Over 86% of pregnancies conceived by OD women are unintended, compared to 31-43% of pregnancies in the general population. In evaluations of contraceptive use among sexually active women in opioid treatment programs, 40-75% of sexually active OD women report no contraceptive use. Even among women using contraception, 45-55% report using only condoms without more effective, hormonal contraception. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are unique opportunities to provide contraceptive education and services. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) has been shown to more effectively prevent rapid repeat, unintended pregnancies compared to other postpartum contraceptive options and does not incur the risk of venous thromboembolism associated with estrogen-containing methods (i.e. pills, ring, patch). No studies have evaluated the impact of immediate postpartum etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon) placement on reproductive health outcomes in OD women, a population at significant risk for rapid repeat, unintended pregnancy. In contrast to an intrauterine device (IUD), Nexplanon is safe to insert regardless of labor and delivery circumstances, does not incur an increased risk of postpartum expulsion and is long-acting, which makes it the ideal contraceptive for the immediate postpartum period.
Study site:This single site study will be conducted at Magee-Womens Hospital (MWH) of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Study Procedures: Recruitment - participants will be recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy (≥ 28 weeks gestation) during prenatal care visits.
Immediate postpartum Nexplanon placement (IPP) - participants who choose to enroll in the IPP Nexplanon arm will have Nexplanon placed in the immediate postpartum period (2-4 days following delivery), prior to hospital discharge.
Standard postpartum contraceptive care (control) - participants who choose to enroll in the control arm will receive a contraceptive method of their choice according to standard clinical protocols. Standard clinical protocols include condoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery.
Study Duration: 12 months
- Conditions
- Opiate Addiction, Pregnancy, Contraceptive Behavior, Sexual Behavior
- Being tested
- Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant), Standard postpartum contraceptive care
- Medical subject headings
- Opioid-Related Disorders, Contraception Behavior, Sexual Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant)Drug
Also called Nexplanon
Nexplanon is a single, radiopaque, rod-shaped implant, containing 68 mg etonogestrel indicated for postpartum contraceptive use by women to prevent pregnancy. Nexplanon is designed to be effective for 3 years.
Standard postpartum contraceptive careDrug
Also called Postpartum contraception
Condoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Immediate postpartum Nexplanon | Participants who choose to enroll in the immediate postpartum Nexplanon arm will have a etonogestrel contraceptive implant (68 mg) (Nexplanon) placed in the immediate postpartum period (2-4 days following delivery), prior to hospital discharge. Receives: Drug: Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant) | |
| Control | Participants who choose to enroll in the control arm will receive standard postpartum contraceptive care: condoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery. Receives: Drug: Standard postpartum contraceptive care |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Consistent contraception
Number of participants who use highly effective contraception (all hormonal methods or the copper T380 IUD) for ≥ 80% of the first postpartum year
Measured: 12 months postpartum
Secondary outcomes (6)
Rapid, repeat pregnancy
Number of participants who have a repeat pregnancy within 12 months after delivery
Measured: 12 months postpartum
Breastfeeding initiation
Number of participants who breastfeed after delivery
Measured: 12 months postpartum
Postpartum depression
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores
Measured: 12 months postpartum
Infant weight gain
Infant weight in kilograms
Measured: 12 months
Infant development
Number of infants that achieve developmental milestones
Measured: 12 months
High-risk sexual behavior
Number of participants who use condoms
Measured: 12 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Jan 2016 (estimated)
- Study startMay 2016
- Primary completionAug 2018
- Study completionAug 2018
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Opiate AddictionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of PittsburghThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Pittsburgh
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Elizabeth Krans, MD, University of Pittsburgh
- Investigators
- Elizabeth E Krans, MD, MSc, Principal investigator, University of Pittsburgh
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02657148
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PRO15070357
- Other IDs
- IIS#53505
- Status last verified
- Aug 2018
- First submitted
- 21 Sep 2015
- Last updated
- 31 Aug 2018
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Patrick SW, Schumacher RE, Benneyworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1934-40. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.3951. Epub 2012 Apr 30.
PubMed 22546608Heil SH, Jones HE, Arria A, Kaltenbach K, Coyle M, Fischer G, Stine S, Selby P, Martin PR. Unintended pregnancy in opioid-abusing women. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2011 Mar;40(2):199-202. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.08.011. Epub 2010 Oct 30.
PubMed 21036512Rabin RF, Jennings JM, Campbell JC, Bair-Merritt MH. Intimate partner violence screening tools: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009 May;36(5):439-445.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.024.
PubMed 19362697van Bussel JC, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the maternal antenatal attachment scale. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Jun;13(3):267-77. doi: 10.1007/s00737-009-0127-9. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
PubMed 19859787Brito MB, Ferriani RA, Quintana SM, Yazlle ME, Silva de Sa MF, Vieira CS. Safety of the etonogestrel-releasing implant during the immediate postpartum period: a pilot study. Contraception. 2009 Dec;80(6):519-26. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.124. Epub 2009 Jul 10.
PubMed 19913145Tocce K, Sheeder J, Python J, Teal SB. Long acting reversible contraception in postpartum adolescents: early initiation of etonogestrel implant is superior to IUDs in the outpatient setting. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2012 Feb;25(1):59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.09.003. Epub 2011 Nov 3.
PubMed 22051792Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF, Van Vliet HA, Stanwood NL. Immediate post-partum insertion of intrauterine devices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD003036. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003036.pub2.
PubMed 20464722Tocce KM, Sheeder JL, Teal SB. Rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: do immediate postpartum contraceptive implants make a difference? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jun;206(6):481.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.04.015. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
PubMed 22631865Sinha C, Guthrie KA, Lindow SW. A survey of postnatal contraception in opiate-using women. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2007 Jan;33(1):31-4. doi: 10.1783/147118907779399738.
PubMed 17389093Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ. The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature. Stud Fam Plann. 2008 Mar;39(1):18-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x.
PubMed 18540521Baldwin MK, Edelman AB. The effect of long-acting reversible contraception on rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Apr;52(4 Suppl):S47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.278.
PubMed 23535057Morrison CL, Ruben SM, Beeching NJ. Female sexual health problems in a drug dependency unit. Int J STD AIDS. 1995 May-Jun;6(3):201-3. doi: 10.1177/095646249500600311.
PubMed 7647124Armstrong KA, Kenen R, Samost L. Barriers to family planning services among patients in drug treatment programs. Fam Plann Perspect. 1991 Nov-Dec;23(6):264-6, 270-1.
PubMed 1786807Ralph N, Spigner C. Contraceptive practices among female heroin addicts. Am J Public Health. 1986 Aug;76(8):1016-7. doi: 10.2105/ajph.76.8.1016.
PubMed 3728758Armstrong KA, Kennedy MG, Kline A, Tunstall C. Reproductive health needs: comparing women at high, drug-related risk of HIV with a national sample. J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972). 1999 Spring;54(2):65-70, 78.
PubMed 10319594
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 31 Aug 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Prospective Observational Clinical Trial to Compare the Effect of Immediate Postpartum Nexplanon Placement Versus Standard Postpartum Contraceptive Care on Consistent Contraceptive Use and Rapid Repeat Pregnancy in Opioid Dependent Women.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02657148
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PRO15070357
- Conditions
- Opiate Addiction, Pregnancy, Contraceptive Behavior, Sexual Behavior
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of PittsburghUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
- Study start
- May 2016 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Aug 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- Aug 2018 (actual)
- First posted
- 15 Jan 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The investigators have designed a single site, Phase IV open label, prospective observational clinical trial to compare the effect of immediate postpartum Nexplanon placement (IPP) versus standard postpartum contraceptive care (control) on consistent contraceptive use and rapid repeat pregnancy at 12 months postpartum in 200 opioid dependent (OD) women.
Detailed description
Background: Opioid dependence in pregnancy has increased dramatically in the last decade. Over 86% of pregnancies conceived by OD women are unintended, compared to 31-43% of pregnancies in the general population. In evaluations of contraceptive use among sexually active women in opioid treatment programs, 40-75% of sexually active OD women report no contraceptive use. Even among women using contraception, 45-55% report using only condoms without more effective, hormonal contraception. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are unique opportunities to provide contraceptive education and services. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) has been shown to more effectively prevent rapid repeat, unintended pregnancies compared to other postpartum contraceptive options and does not incur the risk of venous thromboembolism associated with estrogen-containing methods (i.e. pills, ring, patch). No studies have evaluated the impact of immediate postpartum etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon) placement on reproductive health outcomes in OD women, a population at significant risk for rapid repeat, unintended pregnancy. In contrast to an intrauterine device (IUD), Nexplanon is safe to insert regardless of labor and delivery circumstances, does not incur an increased risk of postpartum expulsion and is long-acting, which makes it the ideal contraceptive for the immediate postpartum period.
Study site:This single site study will be conducted at Magee-Womens Hospital (MWH) of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Study Procedures: Recruitment - participants will be recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy (≥ 28 weeks gestation) during prenatal care visits.
Immediate postpartum Nexplanon placement (IPP) - participants who choose to enroll in the IPP Nexplanon arm will have Nexplanon placed in the immediate postpartum period (2-4 days following delivery), prior to hospital discharge.
Standard postpartum contraceptive care (control) - participants who choose to enroll in the control arm will receive a contraceptive method of their choice according to standard clinical protocols. Standard clinical protocols include condoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery.
Study Duration: 12 months
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Immediate postpartum Nexplanon | – | Drug: Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant)Participants who choose to enroll in the immediate postpartum Nexplanon arm will have a etonogestrel contraceptive implant (68 mg) (Nexplanon) placed in the immediate postpartum period (2-4 days following delivery), prior to hospital discharge. |
| Control | – | Drug: Standard postpartum contraceptive careParticipants who choose to enroll in the control arm will receive standard postpartum contraceptive care: condoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Pregnant women, 18 years or older, who meet DSM-V criteria for opioid use disorder confirmed by diagnostic coding in the patient's medical record and/or urinary toxicology screen (UDS) and who plan to deliver at the study site hospital, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC (MWH-UPMC).
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nexplanon (etonogestrel contraceptive implant)Also: NexplanonNexplanon is a single, radiopaque, rod-shaped implant, containing 68 mg etonogestrel indicated for postpartum contraceptive use by women to prevent pregnancy. Nexplanon is designed to be effective for 3 years. | Drug | Immediate postpartum Nexplanon |
| Standard postpartum contraceptive careAlso: Postpartum contraceptionCondoms, Depo Provera (DMPA) or progestin-only pills initiated at any time after delivery, Nexplanon insertion at > 4 weeks after delivery, combined hormonal contraception (e. g. pills, patch, ring) initiated at any time > 4 weeks after delivery or levonorgestrel-intrauterine system or copper IUD insertion any time > 6 weeks after delivery. | Drug | Control |
Primary outcome
Consistent contraception
Time frame: 12 months postpartum
Number of participants who use highly effective contraception (all hormonal methods or the copper T380 IUD) for ≥ 80% of the first postpartum year
6 secondary outcomes
Rapid, repeat pregnancy
Time frame: 12 months postpartum
Breastfeeding initiation
Time frame: 12 months postpartum
Postpartum depression
Time frame: 12 months postpartum
Infant weight gain
Time frame: 12 months
Infant development
Time frame: 12 months
High-risk sexual behavior
Time frame: 12 months
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 31 Aug 2018.
- Background: PubMed 22546608Patrick SW, Schumacher RE, Benneyworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1934-40. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.3951. Epub 2012 Apr 30.
- Background: PubMed 21036512Heil SH, Jones HE, Arria A, Kaltenbach K, Coyle M, Fischer G, Stine S, Selby P, Martin PR. Unintended pregnancy in opioid-abusing women. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2011 Mar;40(2):199-202. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.08.011. Epub 2010 Oct 30.
- Background: PubMed 19362697Rabin RF, Jennings JM, Campbell JC, Bair-Merritt MH. Intimate partner violence screening tools: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009 May;36(5):439-445.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.024.
- Background: PubMed 19859787van Bussel JC, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the maternal antenatal attachment scale. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Jun;13(3):267-77. doi: 10.1007/s00737-009-0127-9. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
- Background: PubMed 19913145Brito MB, Ferriani RA, Quintana SM, Yazlle ME, Silva de Sa MF, Vieira CS. Safety of the etonogestrel-releasing implant during the immediate postpartum period: a pilot study. Contraception. 2009 Dec;80(6):519-26. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.124. Epub 2009 Jul 10.
- Background: PubMed 22051792Tocce K, Sheeder J, Python J, Teal SB. Long acting reversible contraception in postpartum adolescents: early initiation of etonogestrel implant is superior to IUDs in the outpatient setting. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2012 Feb;25(1):59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.09.003. Epub 2011 Nov 3.
- Background: PubMed 20464722Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF, Van Vliet HA, Stanwood NL. Immediate post-partum insertion of intrauterine devices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD003036. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003036.pub2.
- Background: PubMed 22631865Tocce KM, Sheeder JL, Teal SB. Rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: do immediate postpartum contraceptive implants make a difference? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jun;206(6):481.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.04.015. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
- Background: PubMed 17389093Sinha C, Guthrie KA, Lindow SW. A survey of postnatal contraception in opiate-using women. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2007 Jan;33(1):31-4. doi: 10.1783/147118907779399738.
- Background: PubMed 18540521Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ. The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature. Stud Fam Plann. 2008 Mar;39(1):18-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00148.x.
- Background: PubMed 23535057Baldwin MK, Edelman AB. The effect of long-acting reversible contraception on rapid repeat pregnancy in adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Apr;52(4 Suppl):S47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.278.
- Background: PubMed 7647124Morrison CL, Ruben SM, Beeching NJ. Female sexual health problems in a drug dependency unit. Int J STD AIDS. 1995 May-Jun;6(3):201-3. doi: 10.1177/095646249500600311.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Elizabeth E Krans, MD, MSc principal investigator
University of Pittsburgh
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Opiate Addiction and Pregnancy, run by University of Pittsburgh at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Aug 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Consistent contraception (time frame: 12 months postpartum). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02657148, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Aug 2018.