DepressionTHPP+NCT02658994
Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus
A study testing Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus in people with Depression, run by Human Development Research Foundation, Pakistan at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
Background The negative effects of perinatal depression on mother and child start early and persist throughout the life-course. Given that 10-35% of children worldwide are exposed to perinatal depression in their first year of life, 16 mitigating this intergenerational risk is a global public health priority. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Depression
- What is being tested?
- Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 1,154 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- Oct 2014to 1 Aug 2019
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- currently enrolled in THPP trial
- married
- residing in study area for the long term
Who cannot join
- Requiring immediate medical attention
- development of psychotic or manic episode
- broken mother-child dyad
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Thinking Healthy Program - Peer Delivered in Pakistan - Child-Focused
Background
The negative effects of perinatal depression on mother and child start early and persist throughout the life-course. Given that 10-35% of children worldwide are exposed to perinatal depression in their first year of life, 16 mitigating this intergenerational risk is a global public health priority. However, there is a dearth of studies on whether a maternal depression intervention can have long-term benefits for either the mother or her child. This is a study of the effectiveness of an extended 36-month peer-delivered depression intervention, the Thinking Healthy Programme PLUS (THPP+) for women and their children in rural Pakistan.
Read more
Study Design
The THPP+ study aims to evaluate the effects of an extended 36-month perinatal depression intervention on mother and child outcomes using a cluster randomized controlled trial (c-RCT) design. The trial will recruit 560 pregnant women who screened positive for perinatal depression (PHQ-9 >=10) from 40 village clusters, of which 20 clusters will receive the THPP+ intervention delivered by trained peers. These women will have already been participating in the trial of the shorter, 6 month long, version of the intervention. Women in the THPP+ intervention arm will receive bimonthly group-based sessions. Primary outcomes are 3-year maternal depression and 3-year child socio-emotional and cognitive development. All primary analyses will be intention-to-treat and will account for the clustered study design.
Discussion
This trial has the potential to further significantly our understanding of whether intervening on women's perinatal depression can mitigate the negative effects of maternal depression on 36-month child development.
Read the detailed description
Every year millions of children begin a compromised developmental trajectory resulting from exposure to maternal depression. In recent years, compelling evidence that maternal depression leads to worse developmental outcomes in the child has prompted a dramatic increase in efforts to ameliorate it. However, empirical evidence linking depression treatment to improved developmental trajectories in offspring is far from robust. The evidence is lacking due to several methodological limitations of previous studies, namely, insufficient follow-up, lack of appropriate control group, and/or lack of attention to the psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying the impact of interventions on both the mother and child.
We propose an innovative, cost-effective extension to an NIMH-funded perinatal depression cluster randomized controlled intervention trial (RCT) in Pakistan (SHARE: U19MH095687). The SHARE RCT includes individual and community-wide components and follows mothers with prenatal depression until 6 months postpartum. Our proposal, SHARE CHILD, builds on this trial in several critical ways. We (1) focus on child outcomes, (2) extend follow-up to 36 months postpartum, (3) include mothers who did not screen positive for depression in the 3rd trimester, thus enabling additional comparisons, and (4) investigate factors that mediate and modify the effect of the intervention on child outcomes. A unique window of opportunity is made possible due to the anticipated spring 2014 enrollment start date of the SHARE trial.
Our long-term goal is to identify key modifiable factors in the intergenerational transmission of risk from depressed mothers to their children. The overall objective of this proposal is to rigorously evaluate the impact of a community based perinatal depression intervention on child development by expanding the sample of an already funded RCT and extending the follow-up period to 36 months postpartum. Our central hypothesis is that the perinatal depression intervention will lead to improved child socio-emotional, cognitive, and physical outcomes. Including the non-depressed dyads in our analyses will enable us to further determine (a) how much of the excess risk due to maternal depression exposure the intervention can mitigate and (b) whether this community based intervention has an impact on all children living in the intervention clusters, even if their mothers were not depressed prenatally. Such insights would not otherwise be possible without this expanded sample given the dearth of information on child developmental norms in this setting. Together, the unique opportunity to extend the SHARE trial to the broader SHARE CHILD study and the approaches we propose will yield novel and definitive evidence of the impact of treating perinatal depression on child developmental outcomes.
- Conditions
- Depression
- Being tested
- Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus, Enhanced Usual Care
- Medical subject headings
- Depression
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered PlusBehavioural
Enhanced Usual CareOther
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| THPP+ | Experimental | As part of THPP+, the intervention will continue from the 6th month postnatal through 36 months postnatal and so will consist of an additional 30 months of lower intensity services that are unique to THPP+. The THPP+ will also include additional group sessions to be held every other month for a total of 18 over the intervention duration. The content will be a continuation of the previous THPP sessions with continuing emphasis on self-care as well as the baby's health and development. Receives: Behavioral: Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus |
| Enhanced Usual Care | Active comparator | Women in the control clusters who were depressed prenatally have been receiving Enhanced Usual Care (EUC). At the time of the screening, women, their Lady Health Workers, and their local primary health care facility were informed of the diagnosis, and women were given an information sheet about depression and how to access care. There are no new EUC protocols put in place post-partum as part of the THPP+. Receives: Other: Enhanced Usual Care |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Depression (PHQ-9 Instrument)
The PHQ-9 is a 9-question instrument given to patients in a primary care setting to screen for the presence and severity of depression. The results may be used to make a depression diagnosis according to the DSM-IV criteria. The PHQ-9 asks about patients experience in the last two weeks. Questions are about the level of interest in doing things, feeling down or depressed, difficulty with sleeping, energy levels, eating habits, self-perception, ability to concentrate, speed of functioning and thoughts of suicide. Responses range from "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). Scores range from 0-27, a total of 10 or above is suggestive of the presence of depression.
PHQ-9 score Depression severity 0-4 minimal depression 5-9 mild depression 10-14 moderate depression 15-19 moderately severe depression 20+ severe depression
Measured: 36 months post-partum
Child Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Total Difficulties (TD) Score
The SDQ is a parent-reported measure of 25 child attributes with five subscales of 5 items each; emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behavior. The TD score is calculated on the basis of four subscales (omitting prosocial behavior) with a score range of 0-40 points. The SDQ is widely used in low and middle-income countries and has been translated into Urdu. High SDQ scores are associated with a substantial increase in psychiatric risk.
The TD score of our child participants is listed as a mean in the values below. TD score of 0-13 is considered "close to average, clinically significant problems in this area are unlikely," 14-16 is "slightly raised, which may reflect clinically significant problems," and 17-40 is "high, there is substantial risk of clinically significant problems in this area."
Measured: 36 months
Secondary outcomes (3)
Disability (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0)
WHODAS 2.0 was used to assess disability in the women in the cohort, the 12-item questionnaire was used to assess level of functionality over the last 30 days. The cohort was asked questions 2-13, and simple scoring was used. Responses to questions were none (0 points), mild difficulty (1 point), severe difficulty (2 points), and extreme difficulty/cannot do (4 points). Responses to the items were summed and scaled to a 0-100 scale to compute a total score, where 0 indicated no disability and 100 indicated full disability.
Measured: 36 months post-partum
Infant Cognitive Development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development)
Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSITD) is an individually administered assessment of the child's achievement of developmental milestones across five areas. For this study, we focus on receptive language and fine motor domains at 36 months. A higher score means higher functioning. The two subscales are not combined, but treated as separate variables. The subscales are scaled according to the procedure outlined in the Bayley reference manual, the scaled score minimum and maximums at 36 months are: Receptive- min: 5; max: 19, Fine Motor- min: 2; max: 19.
Measured: 36 months
Number of Participants With Depression (SCID Major Depressive Episode)
SCID is a semi-structured interview for the diagnoses of psychiatric disorders. It has been cross-culturally adapted for assessing depression among women during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. The PHQ-9 inquires about frequency of depressive symptoms in the last 2 weeks. Given that the PHQ-9 is a screening tool, we use the SCID module for current major depressive episode as a diagnostic tool to assess the criterion-related validity of using the scores from the PHQ-9 to measure the number of symptoms endorsed by the woman over time. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) IV diagnosis of current major depressive episode is generated through the SCID algorithm. If a woman was diagnosed with at least 1 MDE she was included in the outcome below.
Measured: 36 months post-partum
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Jan 2016 (estimated)
- Study startOct 2014
- Primary completion1 Aug 2019
- Study completion1 Aug 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for DepressionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 1,154 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Human Development Research Foundation, Pakistan
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Duke University, Columbia University, University of Liverpool, University of Essex
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Siham Sikander, Principal investigator, Human Development Research Foundation, Pakistan
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02658994
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- THPPPlusChild001
- Acronym
- THPP+
- Status last verified
- Apr 2021
- First submitted
- 13 Jan 2016
- Last updated
- 28 Apr 2021
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
LeMasters K, Bates LM, Chung EO, Gallis JA, Hagaman A, Scherer E, Sikander S, Staley BS, Zalla LC, Zivich PN, Maselko J. Adverse childhood experiences and depression among women in rural Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 25;21(1):400. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10409-4.
PubMed 33632175Maselko J, Sikander S, Turner EL, Bates LM, Ahmad I, Atif N, Baranov V, Bhalotra S, Bibi A, Bibi T, Bilal S, Biroli P, Chung E, Gallis JA, Hagaman A, Jamil A, LeMasters K, O'Donnell K, Scherer E, Sharif M, Waqas A, Zaidi A, Zulfiqar S, Rahman A. Effectiveness of a peer-delivered, psychosocial intervention on maternal depression and child development at 3 years postnatal: a cluster randomised trial in Pakistan. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Sep;7(9):775-787. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30258-3.
PubMed 32828167LeMasters K, Andrabi N, Zalla L, Hagaman A, Chung EO, Gallis JA, Turner EL, Bhalotra S, Sikander S, Maselko J. Maternal depression in rural Pakistan: the protective associations with cultural postpartum practices. BMC Public Health. 2020 Jan 15;20(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8176-0.
PubMed 31941468Scherer E, Hagaman A, Chung E, Rahman A, O'Donnell K, Maselko J. The relationship between responsive caregiving and child outcomes: evidence from direct observations of mother-child dyads in Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2019 Feb 28;19(1):252. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6571-1.
PubMed 30819173Turner EL, Sikander S, Bangash O, Zaidi A, Bates L, Gallis J, Ganga N, O'Donnell K, Rahman A, Maselko J. The effectiveness of the peer delivered Thinking Healthy Plus (THPP+) Programme for maternal depression and child socio-emotional development in Pakistan: study protocol for a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016 Sep 8;17(1):442. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1530-y.
PubMed 27608926
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Apr 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Thinking Healthy Program - Peer Delivered in Pakistan - Child-Focused
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02658994
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- THPP+ / THPPPlusChild001
- Conditions
- Depression
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 1,154 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Human Development Research Foundation, PakistanUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Duke University, Columbia University, University of Liverpool, University of Essex
- Study start
- Oct 2014
- Primary completion
- 1 Aug 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Aug 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 20 Jan 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 28 Apr 2021
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Background
The negative effects of perinatal depression on mother and child start early and persist throughout the life-course. Given that 10-35% of children worldwide are exposed to perinatal depression in their first year of life, 16 mitigating this intergenerational risk is a global public health priority. However, there is a dearth of studies on whether a maternal depression intervention can have long-term benefits for either the mother or her child. This is a study of the effectiveness of an extended 36-month peer-delivered depression intervention, the Thinking Healthy Programme PLUS (THPP+) for women and their children in rural Pakistan.
Study Design
The THPP+ study aims to evaluate the effects of an extended 36-month perinatal depression intervention on mother and child outcomes using a cluster randomized controlled trial (c-RCT) design. The trial will recruit 560 pregnant women who screened positive for perinatal depression (PHQ-9 >=10) from 40 village clusters, of which 20 clusters will receive the THPP+ intervention delivered by trained peers. These women will have already been participating in the trial of the shorter, 6 month long, version of the intervention. Women in the THPP+ intervention arm will receive bimonthly group-based sessions. Primary outcomes are 3-year maternal depression and 3-year child socio-emotional and cognitive development. All primary analyses will be intention-to-treat and will account for the clustered study design.
Discussion
This trial has the potential to further significantly our understanding of whether intervening on women's perinatal depression can mitigate the negative effects of maternal depression on 36-month child development.
Detailed description
Every year millions of children begin a compromised developmental trajectory resulting from exposure to maternal depression. In recent years, compelling evidence that maternal depression leads to worse developmental outcomes in the child has prompted a dramatic increase in efforts to ameliorate it. However, empirical evidence linking depression treatment to improved developmental trajectories in offspring is far from robust. The evidence is lacking due to several methodological limitations of previous studies, namely, insufficient follow-up, lack of appropriate control group, and/or lack of attention to the psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying the impact of interventions on both the mother and child.
We propose an innovative, cost-effective extension to an NIMH-funded perinatal depression cluster randomized controlled intervention trial (RCT) in Pakistan (SHARE: U19MH095687). The SHARE RCT includes individual and community-wide components and follows mothers with prenatal depression until 6 months postpartum. Our proposal, SHARE CHILD, builds on this trial in several critical ways. We (1) focus on child outcomes, (2) extend follow-up to 36 months postpartum, (3) include mothers who did not screen positive for depression in the 3rd trimester, thus enabling additional comparisons, and (4) investigate factors that mediate and modify the effect of the intervention on child outcomes. A unique window of opportunity is made possible due to the anticipated spring 2014 enrollment start date of the SHARE trial.
Our long-term goal is to identify key modifiable factors in the intergenerational transmission of risk from depressed mothers to their children. The overall objective of this proposal is to rigorously evaluate the impact of a community based perinatal depression intervention on child development by expanding the sample of an already funded RCT and extending the follow-up period to 36 months postpartum. Our central hypothesis is that the perinatal depression intervention will lead to improved child socio-emotional, cognitive, and physical outcomes. Including the non-depressed dyads in our analyses will enable us to further determine (a) how much of the excess risk due to maternal depression exposure the intervention can mitigate and (b) whether this community based intervention has an impact on all children living in the intervention clusters, even if their mothers were not depressed prenatally. Such insights would not otherwise be possible without this expanded sample given the dearth of information on child developmental norms in this setting. Together, the unique opportunity to extend the SHARE trial to the broader SHARE CHILD study and the approaches we propose will yield novel and definitive evidence of the impact of treating perinatal depression on child developmental outcomes.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| THPP+ | Experimental | Behavioral: Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered PlusAs part of THPP+, the intervention will continue from the 6th month postnatal through 36 months postnatal and so will consist of an additional 30 months of lower intensity services that are unique to THPP+. The THPP+ will also include additional group sessions to be held every other month for a total of 18 over the intervention duration. The content will be a continuation of the previous THPP sessions with continuing emphasis on self-care as well as the baby's health and development. |
| Enhanced Usual Care | Active comparator | Other: Enhanced Usual CareWomen in the control clusters who were depressed prenatally have been receiving Enhanced Usual Care (EUC). At the time of the screening, women, their Lady Health Workers, and their local primary health care facility were informed of the diagnosis, and women were given an information sheet about depression and how to access care. There are no new EUC protocols put in place post-partum as part of the THPP+. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- currently enrolled in THPP trial
- married
- residing in study area for the long term
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Requiring immediate medical attention
- development of psychotic or manic episode
- broken mother-child dyad
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus | Behavioural | THPP+ |
| Enhanced Usual Care | Other | Enhanced Usual Care |
Primary outcome
Depression (PHQ-9 Instrument)
Time frame: 36 months post-partum
The PHQ-9 is a 9-question instrument given to patients in a primary care setting to screen for the presence and severity of depression. The results may be used to make a depression diagnosis according to the DSM-IV criteria. The PHQ-9 asks about patients experience in the last two weeks. Questions are about the level of interest in doing things, feeling down or depressed, difficulty with sleeping, energy levels, eating habits, self-perception, ability to concentrate, speed of functioning and thoughts of suicide. Responses range from "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). Scores range from 0-27, a total of 10 or above is suggestive of the presence of depression. PHQ-9 score Depression severity 0-4 minimal depression 5-9 mild depression 10-14 moderate depression 15-19 moderately severe depression 20+ severe depression
Child Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Total Difficulties (TD) Score
Time frame: 36 months
The SDQ is a parent-reported measure of 25 child attributes with five subscales of 5 items each; emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behavior. The TD score is calculated on the basis of four subscales (omitting prosocial behavior) with a score range of 0-40 points. The SDQ is widely used in low and middle-income countries and has been translated into Urdu. High SDQ scores are associated with a substantial increase in psychiatric risk. The TD score of our child participants is listed as a mean in the values below. TD score of 0-13 is considered "close to average, clinically significant problems in this area are unlikely," 14-16 is "slightly raised, which may reflect clinically significant problems," and 17-40 is "high, there is substantial risk of clinically significant problems in this area."
3 secondary outcomes
Disability (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0)
Time frame: 36 months post-partum
Infant Cognitive Development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development)
Time frame: 36 months
Number of Participants With Depression (SCID Major Depressive Episode)
Time frame: 36 months post-partum
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Apr 2021.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 33632175LeMasters K, Bates LM, Chung EO, Gallis JA, Hagaman A, Scherer E, Sikander S, Staley BS, Zalla LC, Zivich PN, Maselko J. Adverse childhood experiences and depression among women in rural Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 25;21(1):400. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10409-4.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 32828167Maselko J, Sikander S, Turner EL, Bates LM, Ahmad I, Atif N, Baranov V, Bhalotra S, Bibi A, Bibi T, Bilal S, Biroli P, Chung E, Gallis JA, Hagaman A, Jamil A, LeMasters K, O'Donnell K, Scherer E, Sharif M, Waqas A, Zaidi A, Zulfiqar S, Rahman A. Effectiveness of a peer-delivered, psychosocial intervention on maternal depression and child development at 3 years postnatal: a cluster randomised trial in Pakistan. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Sep;7(9):775-787. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30258-3.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31941468LeMasters K, Andrabi N, Zalla L, Hagaman A, Chung EO, Gallis JA, Turner EL, Bhalotra S, Sikander S, Maselko J. Maternal depression in rural Pakistan: the protective associations with cultural postpartum practices. BMC Public Health. 2020 Jan 15;20(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8176-0.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 30819173Scherer E, Hagaman A, Chung E, Rahman A, O'Donnell K, Maselko J. The relationship between responsive caregiving and child outcomes: evidence from direct observations of mother-child dyads in Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2019 Feb 28;19(1):252. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6571-1.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 27608926Turner EL, Sikander S, Bangash O, Zaidi A, Bates L, Gallis J, Ganga N, O'Donnell K, Rahman A, Maselko J. The effectiveness of the peer delivered Thinking Healthy Plus (THPP+) Programme for maternal depression and child socio-emotional development in Pakistan: study protocol for a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016 Sep 8;17(1):442. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1530-y.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Siham Sikander principal investigator
Human Development Research Foundation, Pakistan
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus in people with Depression, run by Human Development Research Foundation, Pakistan at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Apr 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 28 Apr 2021). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Depression (PHQ-9 Instrument) (time frame: 36 months post-partum). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02658994, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Apr 2021.