MenopauseNCT02679794
Impact of Egg Consumption on Carotenoid and Vitamin D Bioavailability in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women
A study testing Egg consumption in people with Menopause, run by Purdue University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes consumption of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily but the average intake of US adults is only 2.6 cups. This low consumption of fruits and vegetables results in a limited availability of certain nutrients found in these foods such as carotenoids. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 19 years and older, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Menopause
- What is being tested?
- Egg consumption
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Dec 2015to Aug 2017
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 19 years and older
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Pre- (regularly menstruating, aged 19-45y) and post-menopausal (aged 60+y) females
- weight stable (± 3 kg in the past 3 months)
- constant habitual activity patterns within last 3 months
- no acute illness
- not diabetic or have chronic diseases known to influence lipid or energy metabolism
- blood 25(OH)D>20 nmol/L
Show all 10Show fewer
- non-smoking
- drinking no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day
- not taking estrogen-based birth control or osteoporosis prevention or treatment medications in the past 3 months
- not taking lipid-lowering medications
Who cannot join
- Males
- age <19 or age >45y for pre-menopausal women and age <60y for post-menopausal women
- weight change>3 kg in the past 3 months
- exercising vigorously over the past 3 months
- intestinal disorders including lipid malabsorption or lactose intolerance
- abnormal liver or kidney function tests
Show all 12Show fewer
- blood 25(OH)D<20 nmol/L
- fasting blood glucose>110 mg/dL
- smoking
- drinking more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day
- taking estrogen-based birth control or osteoporosis prevention or treatment medications in the past 3 months
- taking lipid-lowering medications affecting plasma cholesterol concentration
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Purdue Clinical Research Center
West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
About this study
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes consumption of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily but the average intake of US adults is only 2.6 cups. This low consumption of fruits and vegetables results in a limited availability of certain nutrients found in these foods such as carotenoids. Dietary carotenoids have health-promoting properties and are known to fight against disease. Although, maintaining adequate vitamin D status is critical for overall skeletal health and the prevention of osteoporosis, vitamin D insufficiency is also widespread in the United States. Eggs, egg yolk in particular, are known to be a good source of lipid and may improve the absorption of carotenoids and vitamin D found in co-consumed vegetables in young and older women. Therefore, the investigators are interested to see if consuming eggs with cooked vegetables will increase carotenoids and vitamin D absorption.
Read the detailed description
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes consumption of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily. However, US adults only consume on average 2.6 cups of fruits and vegetables daily. This low consumption may further result in the limited availability of fat soluble, health-promoting, phytochemicals such as carotenoids (CAT) from these foods. Dietary CAT have beneficial biological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and scientific research supports the protective effects of CAT against many degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and some types of cancer. Therefore, either low intake or inefficient bioavailability of CAT from fruits and vegetables may reduce their potential effectiveness to retard or prevent disease. Recently completed randomized and crossover study found that co-consuming 150g (3 eggs) of scrambled whole eggs (SWE) which contains18g of lipid, increases overall CAT absorption from a mixed-vegetable salad >7-fold compared to a the same salad without eggs (3g of co-consumed lipid) in young healthy men. However, the occurrence of this benefit in women and older adults is unknown. Aging may affect CAT bioavailability due to age-induced physiological changes including reduced gastrointestinal tract function and modifications of chylomicron metabolism. Eggs are known to be a highly bioavailable source of CAT, presumably due to the presence of lipid and phospholipid in egg yolk. The highly bioavailable nature of CAT from eggs suggest that egg-derived factors may be leveraged to improve bioavailability of other CAT found in co-consumed vegetables. While promising, very limited data exist on the impact of a co-consumed food source of lipid to enhance CAT absorption in women or in older adults.
Vitamin D (VIT D) insufficiency is widespread with nearly 2/3 of Americans not meeting the current Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration. VIT D has an essential function to regulate calcium homeostasis, including stimulating calcium's active intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Thus, maintaining adequate VIT D status is critical for overall skeletal health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Post-menopausal women are at high risk of having osteoporosis and this risk is reduced when adequate VIT D status is maintained. VIT D is fat-soluble and only a limited number of foods naturally contain it. Also, while VIT D absorption is enhanced by dietary lipid, the optimal amount of lipid required for maximal absorption has not been determined. A paucity of data exists regarding the effect of a co-consumed food source of lipid to enhance VIT D absorption and the impact of aging on VIT D bioavailability in women.
- Conditions
- Menopause
- Being tested
- Egg consumption, Control
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Egg consumptionBehavioural
Subjects will consume a carefully portioned sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil with 100g (2 large eggs) of whole eggs
ControlBehavioural
Subjects will consume a carefully portioned sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Egg consumption | Experimental | Consuming sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil with 100g (2 large eggs) of whole eggs Receives: Behavioral: Egg consumption |
| Control | Placebo comparator | Consuming sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil without eggs Receives: Behavioral: Control |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Contents of total and individual carotenoids in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions
composite 0-10 h area under the curve of total and individual carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene) in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (all units are nmol/L x 10 hours)
Measured: From hour 0 to hour 10
Vitamin D content in in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions
composite 0-10 h area under the curve of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (all units are nmol/L x 10 hours)
Measured: From hour 0 to hour 10
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted10 Feb 2016 (estimated)
- Study startDec 2015
- Primary completionMay 2017
- Study completionAug 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for MenopauseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Purdue University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Wayne Campbell, Purdue University
- Investigators
- Wayne W Campbell, Ph.D., Principal investigator, Purdue University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02679794
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1507016290
- Status last verified
- Jan 2018
- First submitted
- 4 Feb 2016
- Last updated
- 11 Jan 2018
- Results posted
- No
Publications
Kim JE, Hu W, O'Connor LE, Hulsey SA, Jannasch A, Cooper BR, Comboni LM, Ferruzzi M, Campbell WW. Whole egg consumption effects on vitamin D and carotenoids bioavailability in pre- and post-menopausal females: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial. Food Funct. 2026 Sep 29. doi: 10.1039/d6fo02769e. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42808212
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 11 Jan 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Impact of Egg Consumption on Carotenoid and Vitamin D Bioavailability in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02679794
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1507016290
- Conditions
- Menopause
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Purdue UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Dec 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- May 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- Aug 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 10 Feb 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes consumption of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily but the average intake of US adults is only 2.6 cups. This low consumption of fruits and vegetables results in a limited availability of certain nutrients found in these foods such as carotenoids. Dietary carotenoids have health-promoting properties and are known to fight against disease. Although, maintaining adequate vitamin D status is critical for overall skeletal health and the prevention of osteoporosis, vitamin D insufficiency is also widespread in the United States. Eggs, egg yolk in particular, are known to be a good source of lipid and may improve the absorption of carotenoids and vitamin D found in co-consumed vegetables in young and older women. Therefore, the investigators are interested to see if consuming eggs with cooked vegetables will increase carotenoids and vitamin D absorption.
Detailed description
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasizes consumption of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily. However, US adults only consume on average 2.6 cups of fruits and vegetables daily. This low consumption may further result in the limited availability of fat soluble, health-promoting, phytochemicals such as carotenoids (CAT) from these foods. Dietary CAT have beneficial biological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and scientific research supports the protective effects of CAT against many degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and some types of cancer. Therefore, either low intake or inefficient bioavailability of CAT from fruits and vegetables may reduce their potential effectiveness to retard or prevent disease. Recently completed randomized and crossover study found that co-consuming 150g (3 eggs) of scrambled whole eggs (SWE) which contains18g of lipid, increases overall CAT absorption from a mixed-vegetable salad >7-fold compared to a the same salad without eggs (3g of co-consumed lipid) in young healthy men. However, the occurrence of this benefit in women and older adults is unknown. Aging may affect CAT bioavailability due to age-induced physiological changes including reduced gastrointestinal tract function and modifications of chylomicron metabolism. Eggs are known to be a highly bioavailable source of CAT, presumably due to the presence of lipid and phospholipid in egg yolk. The highly bioavailable nature of CAT from eggs suggest that egg-derived factors may be leveraged to improve bioavailability of other CAT found in co-consumed vegetables. While promising, very limited data exist on the impact of a co-consumed food source of lipid to enhance CAT absorption in women or in older adults.
Vitamin D (VIT D) insufficiency is widespread with nearly 2/3 of Americans not meeting the current Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration. VIT D has an essential function to regulate calcium homeostasis, including stimulating calcium's active intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Thus, maintaining adequate VIT D status is critical for overall skeletal health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Post-menopausal women are at high risk of having osteoporosis and this risk is reduced when adequate VIT D status is maintained. VIT D is fat-soluble and only a limited number of foods naturally contain it. Also, while VIT D absorption is enhanced by dietary lipid, the optimal amount of lipid required for maximal absorption has not been determined. A paucity of data exists regarding the effect of a co-consumed food source of lipid to enhance VIT D absorption and the impact of aging on VIT D bioavailability in women.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Egg consumption | Experimental | Behavioral: Egg consumptionConsuming sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil with 100g (2 large eggs) of whole eggs |
| Control | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: ControlConsuming sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil without eggs |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 19 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Pre- (regularly menstruating, aged 19-45y) and post-menopausal (aged 60+y) females
- weight stable (± 3 kg in the past 3 months)
- constant habitual activity patterns within last 3 months
- no acute illness
- not diabetic or have chronic diseases known to influence lipid or energy metabolism
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- Males
- age <19 or age >45y for pre-menopausal women and age <60y for post-menopausal women
- weight change>3 kg in the past 3 months
- exercising vigorously over the past 3 months
- intestinal disorders including lipid malabsorption or lactose intolerance
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Egg consumptionSubjects will consume a carefully portioned sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil with 100g (2 large eggs) of whole eggs | Behavioural | Egg consumption |
| ControlSubjects will consume a carefully portioned sautéed vegetables and 3g canola oil. | Behavioural | Control |
Primary outcome
Contents of total and individual carotenoids in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions
Time frame: From hour 0 to hour 10
composite 0-10 h area under the curve of total and individual carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene) in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (all units are nmol/L x 10 hours)
Vitamin D content in in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions
Time frame: From hour 0 to hour 10
composite 0-10 h area under the curve of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (all units are nmol/L x 10 hours)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 11 Jan 2018.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42808212Kim JE, Hu W, O'Connor LE, Hulsey SA, Jannasch A, Cooper BR, Comboni LM, Ferruzzi M, Campbell WW. Whole egg consumption effects on vitamin D and carotenoids bioavailability in pre- and post-menopausal females: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial. Food Funct. 2026 Sep 29. doi: 10.1039/d6fo02769e. Online ahead of print.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Wayne W Campbell, Ph.D. principal investigator
Purdue University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Egg consumption in people with Menopause, run by Purdue University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 10 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 11 Jan 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Contents of total and individual carotenoids in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (time frame: From hour 0 to hour 10). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02679794, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 11 Jan 2018; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.