Formative Research for an HIV Videogame for Young Black Women

Measured as the incidence of condom use by participants at baseline.

Measured as the incidence of condom use by participants at baseline.

Measured as the incidence of risk behaviors associated with HIV/STI transmission by participants.

Measured as the incidence of risk behaviors associated with HIV/STI transmission by participants.

The program will be assessed by determining if a decrease in incidence of vulnerability to risk behaviors associated with HIV/STI transmission by participants occurred after 2 weeks exposure to the program.

The program will be assessed by determining if a decrease in incidence of vulnerability to risk behaviors associated with HIV/STI transmission by participants occurred after 2 weeks exposure to the program.

The program will be assessed by determining if a decrease in incidence of vulnerability to risk behaviors associated with HIV/STI transmission by participants occurred after 2 weeks exposure to the program.

Items from the validated instruments the HIV-KQ and STD-KQ were compiled into 12 item questionnaire measuring knowledge of HIV and STI's. These items are true/false responses in nature and the total score is based on the number of correct responses. The highest score possible is 12, which indicates superior knowledge of HIV/STI related information.

The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (18-item version) is a brief self-administered measure of the individual's HIV-related knowledge. (http://www.midss.org/content/hiv-knowledge-questionnaire-hiv-kq-18)SRB

The STD-KQ is a comprehensive 27-item index that attempts to measure knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases. It is intended for use in research and applied settings (http://www.midss.org/content/sexually-transmitted-disease-knowledge-questionnaire-std-kq).

Items from the validated instruments the HIV-KQ and STD-KQ were compiled into 12 item questionnaire measuring knowledge of HIV and STI's. These items are true/false responses in nature and the total score is based on the number of correct responses. The highest score possible is 12, which indicates superior knowledge of HIV/STI related information.

The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (18-item version) is a brief self-administered measure of the individual's HIV-related knowledge. (http://www.midss.org/content/hiv-knowledge-questionnaire-hiv-kq-18)SRB

The STD-KQ is a comprehensive 27-item index that attempts to measure knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases. It is intended for use in research and applied settings (http://www.midss.org/content/sexually-transmitted-disease-knowledge-questionnaire-std-kq).

Items from the validated instruments the HIV-KQ and STD-KQ were compiled into 12 item questionnaire measuring knowledge of HIV and STI's. These items are true/false responses in nature and the total score is based on the number of correct responses. The highest score possible is 12, which indicates superior knowledge of HIV/STI related information.

The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (18-item version) is a brief self-administered measure of the individual's HIV-related knowledge. (http://www.midss.org/content/hiv-knowledge-questionnaire-hiv-kq-18)SRB

The STD-KQ is a comprehensive 27-item index that attempts to measure knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases. It is intended for use in research and applied settings (http://www.midss.org/content/sexually-transmitted-disease-knowledge-questionnaire-std-kq).

Subjective sexual intentions are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual norms. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's sexual norms are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission).

Subjective sexual intentions are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual norms. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's sexual norms are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission).

Subjective sexual intentions are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual norms. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's sexual norms are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission).

Sexual intentions are measured using a 10 item scale. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual intentions. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's intentions are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission)..

Sexual intentions are measured using a 10 item scale. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual intentions. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's intentions are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission)..

Sexual intentions are measured using a 10 item scale. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual intentions. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the more positive one's intentions are perceived (with respect to HIV/STI transmission)..

The multi-dimensional condom attitudes scale (MCAS) was adapted for use in the study. The MCAS contains 25 items that assess attitudes toward condoms using 7-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes toward condoms. Sample items include: "Women think men who use condoms are jerks"; and "If a couple is about to have sex and the man suggests using a condom, it is less likely that they will have sex." Prior research confirmed that the scale is multidimensional, with a five-factor structure: (a) Reliability and Effectiveness, (b) Pleasure, (c) Identity stigma, (d) Embarrassment about Negotiation and Use, and (e) Embarrassment about Purchase (Helweg-Larsen \& Collins, 1994). Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess condom attitudes. The average of the items is used, where a 5 would indicate a superior overall attitude concerning the construct being measured.

The multi-dimensional condom attitudes scale (MCAS) was adapted for use in the study. The MCAS contains 25 items that assess attitudes toward condoms using 7-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes toward condoms. Sample items include: "Women think men who use condoms are jerks"; and "If a couple is about to have sex and the man suggests using a condom, it is less likely that they will have sex." Prior research confirmed that the scale is multidimensional, with a five-factor structure: (a) Reliability and Effectiveness, (b) Pleasure, (c) Identity stigma, (d) Embarrassment about Negotiation and Use, and (e) Embarrassment about Purchase (Helweg-Larsen \& Collins, 1994). Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess condom attitudes. The average of the items is used, where a 5 would indicate a superior overall attitude concerning the construct being measured.

The multi-dimensional condom attitudes scale (MCAS) was adapted for use in the study. The MCAS contains 25 items that assess attitudes toward condoms using 7-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes toward condoms. Sample items include: "Women think men who use condoms are jerks"; and "If a couple is about to have sex and the man suggests using a condom, it is less likely that they will have sex." Prior research confirmed that the scale is multidimensional, with a five-factor structure: (a) Reliability and Effectiveness, (b) Pleasure, (c) Identity stigma, (d) Embarrassment about Negotiation and Use, and (e) Embarrassment about Purchase (Helweg-Larsen \& Collins, 1994). Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess condom attitudes. The average of the items is used, where a 5 would indicate a superior overall attitude concerning the construct being measured.

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create items as part of a questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes (e.g., I believe condoms should always be used if a person my age has sex), self-efficacy in using and obtaining condoms (e.g., How sure are you that you could use a condom correctly or explain to your partner how to use a condom correctly?), and barriers to condom use (e.g., I would feel uncomfortable carrying condoms with me).

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create items as part of a questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes (e.g., I believe condoms should always be used if a person my age has sex), self-efficacy in using and obtaining condoms (e.g., How sure are you that you could use a condom correctly or explain to your partner how to use a condom correctly?), and barriers to condom use (e.g., I would feel uncomfortable carrying condoms with me).

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create items as part of a questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes (e.g., I believe condoms should always be used if a person my age has sex), self-efficacy in using and obtaining condoms (e.g., How sure are you that you could use a condom correctly or explain to your partner how to use a condom correctly?), and barriers to condom use (e.g., I would feel uncomfortable carrying condoms with me).

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create an 11 item questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes.

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create an 11 item questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes.

The validated instrument the SRBBS was used to create an 11 item questionnaire. The Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS; Basen-Engquist et al., 1996) taps into major constructs addressed within condom use theory (health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social learning theory), and thus the current study results would easily extend to multiple theoretical approaches. The SRBBS contains 22 self-report, Likert-type items that assess five subscales of interest: condom use attitudes.

The Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) assesses efficacy to purchase condoms, apply and remove them, and negotiate their use with partners; ample evidence exists for the reliability of the CUSES (Brafford \& Beck, 1991). The 15-item CUSES (Brien et al., 1994; Brafford \& Beck, 1991) measures condom use self-efficacy using 5-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate stronger percepts of condom use efficacy.

The Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) assesses efficacy to purchase condoms, apply and remove them, and negotiate their use with partners; ample evidence exists for the reliability of the CUSES (Brafford \& Beck, 1991). The 15-item CUSES (Brien et al., 1994; Brafford \& Beck, 1991) measures condom use self-efficacy using 5-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate stronger percepts of condom use efficacy.

The Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) assesses efficacy to purchase condoms, apply and remove them, and negotiate their use with partners; ample evidence exists for the reliability of the CUSES (Brafford \& Beck, 1991). The 15-item CUSES (Brien et al., 1994; Brafford \& Beck, 1991) measures condom use self-efficacy using 5-point Likert scales; higher scores indicate stronger percepts of condom use efficacy.

Sexual communication behaviors are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual communication. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the better one's sexual communication.

Sexual communication behaviors are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual communication. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the better one's sexual communication.

Sexual communication behaviors are measured using items from a questionnaire. Each item uses a 5 point scale (5 = strongly agree) to assess various facets of sexual communication. The average of the items is used, where an average of 5 would be the highest possible score. The higher a respondent's score is, the better one's sexual communication.