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Surgical Site InfectionNCT02734134

One Stage Versus Two Stage For Periprosthetic Hip And Knee Infection

A study testing One-stage exchange joint replacement surgery and Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgery in people with Surgical Site Infection, run by OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc. at 5 sites in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of two different treatment options commonly used to manage periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), an infection around the artificial knee or hip. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and older
Conditions the study is for
Surgical Site Infection
What is being tested?
One-stage exchange joint replacement surgery and Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgery
Type of treatment
Surgery or procedure
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
343 participants
Where
5 sitesUnited States
Study dates
18 May 2016to 7 Jan 2026
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Patients >18 years old
  • Patients who speak English and are willing to sign the consent form
  • Patients with chronic infection of a total knee or total hip arthroplasty, defined as:
  • A sinus communicating with the prosthesis
  • Two positive cultures obtained from the prosthesis
  • 3 of 5 criteria: (i) Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (>30mm/jr) and c-reactive protein (CRP) (>10mg/L) (ii) Elevated synovial leukocyte count (>3000 cells/µL) or change of ++ on leukocyte esterase strip (iii) Elevated synovial neutrophil percentage (>80%) (iv) One positive culture (v) Positive histological analysis of periprosthetic tissue (>5 neutrophils per high power field in 5 high power fields x400)
  • Patients with a previous irrigation and debridement for periprosthetic infection

Who cannot join

  • Culture negative infections whereby the infecting organism has not identified
  • Patients with systemic sepsis who require emergent surgery
  • Patients with extensive soft tissue involvement that would preclude the closure of the wound after reimplantation, if the patient were to undergo the one-stage exchange
  • Patients with acute PJI or acute hematogenous PJI, defined as:
  • Presentation of systems <4 weeks from index procedure
  • Presentation of systems <4 week duration
Show all 10Show fewer
  • Fungal infections
  • Resistant organisms not sensitive to available IV antibiotics, oral antibiotics, or heat stable antibiotic additives to bone cement with documented elution characteristics
  • Revision surgery or previous two-stage reimplant
  • HIV positive patients or patients on chemotherapy

Trial locations and contacts

5 sites in 1 country.

5 sites in 1 country

United States5 sites
  • OrthoCarolina Research Institue

    Charlotte, North Carolina, 28207

  • Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush University Medical Center

    Chicago, Illinois, 60612

  • Cleveland Clinic

    Cleveland, Ohio, 44195

  • Hospital for Special Surgery

    New York, New York, 10021

  • Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University

    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107

Other trials in United States

About this study

The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of two different treatment options commonly used to manage periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), an infection around the artificial knee or hip.

Read the detailed description

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a very common and successful procedure, and is expected to become more prevalent in the upcoming years. However, despite its success, TJA is associated with some complications, including periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). PJI is a devastating complication that is associated with marked patient morbidity and mortality and is an immense economic burden. Although the rate of PJI following a TJA is low, the burden is rising exponentially due to health complications and treatment costs. There are two common types of surgical treatments that can be used to treat chronic PJI, a two-stage exchange arthroplasty and a one-stage exchange arthroplasty. During a two-stage exchange arthroplasty, the implants are removed, infected tissues are debrided and a temporary antibiotic impregnated spacer fashioned from polymethylmethacrylate is placed (stage one). Afterwards the patient undergoes many weeks of intravenous antibiotics, followed by reimplantation at a later date (stage two). During the time between the first and second stage of the revision patients are often immobile, experience severe pain due to a lack of functioning joint, and may experience systemic toxicity associated with the administration of antibiotics. In a one stage exchange arthroplasty, the infected prosthesis is removed, infected tissues are debrided, and a new prosthesis is reimplanted during the same procedure.

While the two-stage exchange arthroplasty is the preferred method of treatment for chronic PJI in North America, the one-stage exchange arthroplasty is the method of choice in Europe and some centers have reported comparable results in terms of success for one-stage exchange to two-stage exchange arthroplasty. However, there has been no randomized, prospective, controlled study to date that compares one-stage exchange to two-stage exchange arthroplasty. Because of the lack of comparative outcome reports, and the perceived higher rate of failure of one-stage exchange arthroplasty, surgeons in North America prefer to perform the traditional two-stage exchange arthroplasty for management of chronic PJI. Several teams have succeeded in performing a one-stage exchange arthroplasty in selected patients, but this procedure has not gained much popularity in the US.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the outcome of one-stage and two-stage exchange arthroplasty for the management of patients with chronic PJI. The hypothesis of this study is that one-stage exchange arthroplasty, if performed in the appropriate patient population, carries a similar success rate for the treatment of chronic PJI as two-stage exchange arthroplasty and avoids many of the problems associated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty.

Being tested
One-stage exchange joint replacement surgery, Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgery
Keywords
Periprosthetic joint infection
Medical subject headings
Surgical Wound Infection

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • One-stage exchange joint replacement surgeryProcedure or surgery

  • Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgeryProcedure or surgery

Study groups in NCT02734134
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
One-stage exchangeActive comparatorOne surgery where the infected implants are removed and the hip or knee joint are 'washed out' before new joint replacement implants are re-implanted during the same surgical procedure.
Receives: Procedure: One-stage exchange joint replacement surgery
Two-stage exchangeActive comparatorTwo surgeries; during the first surgery the infected implants are removed and a spacer is placed in the hip or knee joint in place of the implants. A second surgery to re-implant the hip or knee joint replacement implants is performed if and when the infection has cleared.
Receives: Procedure: Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgery

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Recurrence of infection

    The primary outcome measured will be the recurrence of infection by the same organism or reinfection with a new organism as determined by the criteria using the International Consensus Meeting on PJI (1 year follow-up).

    Measured: 1 year following treatment

Secondary outcomes (3)
  1. Health Related Quality of Health

    All patients will complete the Veteran's Rand - 12 (VR-12) which is a general health measure. The VR-12 also yields a health utility measure that can be used to calculate quality-adjusted life years in an economic cost-utility analysis.

    Measured: 2 years following surgery

  2. Patient-Reported Functional Outcomes

    Hip patients will complete the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), Junior which is a region-specific measure of pain and function of the hip.

    Measured: 2 years following surgery

  3. Patient-Reported Functional Outcomes

    Knee patients will complete the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Junior which is a region-specific measure of pain and function of the knee.

    Measured: 2 years following surgery

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted12 Apr 2016 (estimated)
  2. Study start18 May 2016
  3. Primary completionDec 2024
  4. Study completion7 Jan 2026

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
343 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT02734134
Sponsor's protocol ID
1106
Status last verified
May 2026
First submitted
23 Mar 2016
Last updated
22 May 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
Yes
Individual data sharing
Undecided

Publications

  • Zmistowski B, Karam JA, Durinka JB, Casper DS, Parvizi J. Periprosthetic joint infection increases the risk of one-year mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Dec 18;95(24):2177-84. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00789.

    PubMed 24352771
  • Luu A, Syed F, Raman G, Bhalla A, Muldoon E, Hadley S, Smith E, Rao M. Two-stage arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection: a systematic review of acute kidney injury, systemic toxicity and infection control. J Arthroplasty. 2013 Oct;28(9):1490-8.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.035. Epub 2013 Apr 8.

    PubMed 23578491
  • Nickinson RS, Board TN, Gambhir AK, Porter ML, Kay PR. The microbiology of the infected knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2010 Apr;34(4):505-10. doi: 10.1007/s00264-009-0797-y. Epub 2009 May 21.

    PubMed 19458950
  • El Helou OC, Berbari EF, Marculescu CE, El Atrouni WI, Razonable RR, Steckelberg JM, Hanssen AD, Osmon DR. Outcome of enterococcal prosthetic joint infection: is combination systemic therapy superior to monotherapy? Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 1;47(7):903-9. doi: 10.1086/591536.

    PubMed 18754743
  • Parvizi J, Zmistowski B, Adeli B. Periprosthetic joint infection: treatment options. Orthopedics. 2010 Sep 7;33(9):659. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20100722-42.

    PubMed 20839679
  • Parkinson RW, Kay PR, Rawal A. A case for one-stage revision in infected total knee arthroplasty? Knee. 2011 Jan;18(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2010.04.008. Epub 2010 Aug 17.

    PubMed 20719522
  • von Foerster G, Kluber D, Kabler U. [Mid- to long-term results after treatment of 118 cases of periprosthetic infections after knee joint replacement using one-stage exchange surgery]. Orthopade. 1991 Jun;20(3):244-52. German.

    PubMed 1876406
  • Buechel FF, Femino FP, D'Alessio J. Primary exchange revision arthroplasty for infected total knee replacement: a long-term study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2004 Apr;33(4):190-8; discussion 198.

    PubMed 15132327
  • Singer J, Merz A, Frommelt L, Fink B. High rate of infection control with one-stage revision of septic knee prostheses excluding MRSA and MRSE. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 May;470(5):1461-71. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-2174-6. Epub 2011 Nov 12.

    PubMed 22081299
  • Ure KJ, Amstutz HC, Nasser S, Schmalzried TP. Direct-exchange arthroplasty for the treatment of infection after total hip replacement. An average ten-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Jul;80(7):961-8. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199807000-00004.

    PubMed 9698000
  • Leunig M, Chosa E, Speck M, Ganz R. A cement spacer for two-stage revision of infected implants of the hip joint. Int Orthop. 1998;22(4):209-14. doi: 10.1007/s002640050244.

    PubMed 9795805
  • Pattyn C, De Geest T, Ackerman P, Audenaert E. Preformed gentamicin spacers in two-stage revision hip arthroplasty: functional results and complications. Int Orthop. 2011 Oct;35(10):1471-6. doi: 10.1007/s00264-010-1172-8. Epub 2010 Nov 30.

    PubMed 21116817
  • Berend KR, Lombardi AV Jr, Morris MJ, Bergeson AG, Adams JB, Sneller MA. Two-stage treatment of hip periprosthetic joint infection is associated with a high rate of infection control but high mortality. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Feb;471(2):510-8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2595-x.

    PubMed 22983683
  • Diaz-Ledezma C, Higuera CA, Parvizi J. Success after treatment of periprosthetic joint infection: a Delphi-based international multidisciplinary consensus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jul;471(7):2374-82. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-2866-1. Epub 2013 Feb 26.

    PubMed 23440616
  • Berry DJ, Harmsen WS, Cabanela ME, Morrey BF. Twenty-five-year survivorship of two thousand consecutive primary Charnley total hip replacements: factors affecting survivorship of acetabular and femoral components. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Feb;84(2):171-7. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200202000-00002.

    PubMed 11861721

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing One-stage exchange joint replacement surgery and Two-stage exchange joint replacement surgery in people with Surgical Site Infection, run by OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Inc. at 5 sites in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 5 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Recurrence of infection (time frame: 1 year following treatment). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02734134, which also lists 17 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 May 2026.

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