Autism Spectrum DisorderPhase 2NCT02839915
Leucovorin for the Treatment of Language Impairment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
A Phase 2 study testing Folinic Acid in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder, run by Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center at 4 sites in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of folinic acid in the treatment of language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decrease side effects during cancer chemotherapy. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 5 to 17 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Folinic Acid
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 56 participants
- Where
- 4 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 13 Aug 2020to 31 Jul 2026
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 5 to 17 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Boys and girls ≥ 5 years and < 17 years 5 months of age;
- Weight ≥ 15 kg;
- DSM-5 diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder as established by clinical assessment, corroborated by the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule.
- A score < 80 on the Core Language score of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals -4 (CELF)- 4 or the Second Edition of the CELF-Preschool test (CELF-P).
- Current Clinical Global Impression Severity score ≥ 4 on ASD + communication delay.
- IQ at least 40 as measured by the Leiter-3 or mental age at least 18 months as measured on the Receptive Language Scale of the Mullen.
Show all 10Show fewer
- Stable educational plan (one month) with no planned changes in the intensity of treatment for 12 weeks. (Otherwise eligible subjects with anticipated changes in their school program in the near term will be invited to return when the transition has been accomplished.
- Stable speech therapy program in the community (one month) with no planned changes for 12 weeks.
- English is spoken in the home and at least one parent is able to read, write and speak English.
- Stable medication (no changes in past 6 weeks and no planned changes for the next 6 months (duration of the study).
Who cannot join
- IQ below 40 as measured by the Leiter-3 or below a mental age of 18 months on the Receptive Language Scale of Mullen. (N.B. subjects who test below 18 months of age, but are otherwise eligible, may be enrolled following a case review by the Steering Committee - e.g., child's uncooperative behavior resulted in a likely underestimate of intellectual ability);
- Is within the scorable range of the CELF-4 or CELF-P as detailed in the Language Algorithm;
- Current DSM-IV diagnosis requiring alternative pharmacotherapy, e.g., Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder, a psychotic disorder (based on clinical assessment assisted by the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory);
- Presence of serious behavioral problems (tantrums, aggression, self-injury) for which another treatment is warranted.
- Significant medical condition by history or by physical examination or lab tests that would be incompatible with the study drug.
- Children taking anticonvulsant medication for seizures.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Children taking Bactrim (trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole) because Bactrim can interfere with folate metabolism. Children who discontinue use of Bactrim for 2 months may be re-evaluated for the study. Caregivers will be advised not to use any of these medications during the trial.
- Children taking valproic acid or derivatives or lamotrigine for any purpose will be excluded because these drugs can interfere with folate metabolism. Caregivers will be advised not to use any of these medications during the trial.
- Children on mineral or vitamin supplements that exceed the Recommended Daily Allowance set by the IOM.
Trial locations and contacts
4 sites in 1 country.
United States4 sites
Children's Healtcare of Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
State University of New York, Downstate
Brooklyn, New York, 11203
Harvard University
Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421
Southwestern Research and Resource Center
Phoenix, Arizona, 85016
About this study
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of folinic acid in the treatment of language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decrease side effects during cancer chemotherapy. Folinic acid may be helpful in treating language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder, but this is not known. Therefore, folinic acid is an investigational new drug for this study. Investigators will enroll a total of 134 participants across all three centers, over a 5 year period and participation will last between 12 and 24 weeks.
Read the detailed description
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder often with life-long consequences that affects young children during critical developmental periods. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that ASD affects as many as 14.7 per 1000 children (1 in 68). Despite the dramatic rise in the detected prevalence of ASD over the past two decades, no effective medical treatment has been developed to address core ASD symptoms (social communication and repetitive behavior), the closely associated problem of language impairment, or the underlying pathophysiology of ASD. Currently, the only accepted treatment for core ASD symptoms is behavior therapy, which may entail intensive one-on-one treatment over several years.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of folinic acid in the treatment of language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decrease side effects during cancer chemotherapy. Folinic acid may be helpful in treating language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder, but this is not known. Therefore, folinic acid is an investigational new drug for this study.
The primary aims of this study are to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose folinic acid for improving the closely associated symptoms of language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Improvement in delayed language may also benefit the core ASD problem of social communication. The study will also focus on identification of biomarkers in pre-specified subgroups of children with ASD that may moderate positive response to folinic acid. The study model is that high-dose folinic acid will improve language and set the stage for improved social communication in children with ASD and moderate language impairment. To test whether folinic acid is superior to placebo, 134 children (age 5 to 17 yrs 6 months, inclusive) with ASD and moderate language will be randomly assigned to folinic acid or placebo for 12 weeks under double-blind conditions. The study team will also test whether abnormalities in folate-dependent pathways, such as dysfunctional transport of folate across the blood-brain barrier, will moderate positive response to folinic acid treatment.
- Conditions
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Being tested
- Folinic Acid, Placebo
- Keywords
- Language Impairment
- Medical subject headings
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Language Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Folinic AcidDrug
Also called Liquid levo-leucovorin
Liquid levo-leucovorin via oral route. L-leucovorin is the active isomer.
PlaceboOther
Inactive placebo comparator
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Folinic Acid | Experimental | Subjects randomized to receive Folinic Acid will take Liquid levo-leucovorin via oral route. The target dose is 1 mg/kg/day with a maximum of 25 mg/day, divided in two daily doses. A two- to four-week supply of 15 ml vials will be dispensed in line with the visit schedule. With the exception of children in the lowest weight group (≥ 15 - < 20 kg) from days 1-14, parents will administer the prescribed dose twice a day at the same time each day. Receives: Drug: Folinic Acid |
| Placebo Control | Placebo comparator | Subjects randomized to receive placebo will take placebo twice a day (Exception: children in the lowest weight group ( ≥ 15 - < 20 kg) will start once a day for Days1-13). The pattern of dose escalation will be the same as the active compound. After 12 weeks, the blind will not be broken and subjects will be offered treatment for a 12-week open-label extension phase. Receives: Other: Placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4 (CELF-4) Score.
The Scale title is the "Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4" which is abbreviated as CELF-4 as indicated in the title above. Higher Scores indicate better performance. The Minimum Scaled Score is 40 and the Maximum Scaled Score is 160. The CELF-4 will be administered for participants between > 6.6 and < 12.5 years of age. The CELF-4 is comprised of 4 subtests intended to identify language problems and can be used to track progress over time. Administration of the CELF takes 30-45 minutes. The Core-CELF score is a composite that includes receptive and expressive language. Using the tables in the manual, raw scores from the four subtests are compared to normative data by age. The population mean = 100 + 15.
Measured: Screening, Week 12
Change in Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool (CELF-P) score
The Scale title is the "Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool" which is abbreviated as CELF-P as indicated in the title above. Higher Scores indicate better performance. The Minimum Scaled Score is 40 and the Maximum Scaled Score is 160. The CELF-P will be administered for participants between > 5.0 and < 6.5 years of age to obtain an estimate of expressive and receptive language skills (based on population mean of 100 +15). Administration of the Core CELF-P takes 20-30 minutes. To make the CELF-P match the CELF-4, one additional subtest on CELF-P called the Concepts and Following Directions was added (this subtest is included in the Core of the CELF-4, but not included in the Core CELF-P).
Measured: Screening, Week 12
Secondary outcomes (1)
Change in Clinician Global Impression for Improvement (CGI-I) Score
The CGI-I is a 7-point measure of overall symptomatic change compared to baseline that will be used as a key secondary outcome measure. Scores range from 1 (Very Much Improved) through 4 (Unchanged) to 7 (Very Much Worse). The CGI-I will be rated by a clinician who is blind to treatment assignment, and will not engage in discussion of adverse events and medication dose. Ratings of "Much Improved" or "Very Much Improved" on the CGI-I will be used to define positive response. Subjects who drop out will be rated as non-responders.
Measured: Up to 12 Weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 Jul 2016 (estimated)
- Study start13 Aug 2020
- Primary completion15 Apr 2024
- Study completion31 Jul 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Autism Spectrum DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Emory University, Harvard University, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Richard Frye, Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center
- Investigators
- Richard E Frye, MD, PhD, Principal investigator, Rossignol Medical Center
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02839915
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FAS-NIH
- Other IDs
- R01HD088528
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 19 Jul 2016
- Last updated
- 27 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: National Database for Autism Research
Publications
Frye RE, Rossignol DA, Scahill L, McDougle CJ, Huberman H, Quadros EV. Treatment of Folate Metabolism Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2020 Oct;35:100835. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100835. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
PubMed 32892962Frye RE, Slattery JC, Quadros EV. Folate metabolism abnormalities in autism: potential biomarkers. Biomark Med. 2017 Aug;11(8):687-699. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0109. Epub 2017 Aug 3.
PubMed 28770615Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, Sailey A, Wynne R, Rose S, Melnyk S, Jill James S, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;23(2):247-256. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.168. Epub 2016 Oct 18.
PubMed 27752075Frye RE, Delhey L, Slattery J, Tippett M, Wynne R, Rose S, Kahler SG, Bennuri SC, Melnyk S, Sequeira JM, Quadros E. Blocking and Binding Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies Identify Novel Autism Spectrum Disorder Subgroups. Front Neurosci. 2016 Mar 9;10:80. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00080. eCollection 2016.
PubMed 27013943Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369-81. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.175. Epub 2012 Jan 10.
PubMed 22230883
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Leucovorin for the Treatment of Language Impairment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02839915
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FAS-NIH
- Conditions
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Keywords
- Language Impairment
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Southwest Autism Research & Resource CenterUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Emory University, Harvard University, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center
- Study start
- 13 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Apr 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 21 Jul 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of folinic acid in the treatment of language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decrease side effects during cancer chemotherapy. Folinic acid may be helpful in treating language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder, but this is not known. Therefore, folinic acid is an investigational new drug for this study. Investigators will enroll a total of 134 participants across all three centers, over a 5 year period and participation will last between 12 and 24 weeks.
Detailed description
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder often with life-long consequences that affects young children during critical developmental periods. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that ASD affects as many as 14.7 per 1000 children (1 in 68). Despite the dramatic rise in the detected prevalence of ASD over the past two decades, no effective medical treatment has been developed to address core ASD symptoms (social communication and repetitive behavior), the closely associated problem of language impairment, or the underlying pathophysiology of ASD. Currently, the only accepted treatment for core ASD symptoms is behavior therapy, which may entail intensive one-on-one treatment over several years.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of folinic acid in the treatment of language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decrease side effects during cancer chemotherapy. Folinic acid may be helpful in treating language problems in children with autism spectrum disorder, but this is not known. Therefore, folinic acid is an investigational new drug for this study.
The primary aims of this study are to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose folinic acid for improving the closely associated symptoms of language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Improvement in delayed language may also benefit the core ASD problem of social communication. The study will also focus on identification of biomarkers in pre-specified subgroups of children with ASD that may moderate positive response to folinic acid. The study model is that high-dose folinic acid will improve language and set the stage for improved social communication in children with ASD and moderate language impairment. To test whether folinic acid is superior to placebo, 134 children (age 5 to 17 yrs 6 months, inclusive) with ASD and moderate language will be randomly assigned to folinic acid or placebo for 12 weeks under double-blind conditions. The study team will also test whether abnormalities in folate-dependent pathways, such as dysfunctional transport of folate across the blood-brain barrier, will moderate positive response to folinic acid treatment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Folinic Acid | Experimental | Drug: Folinic AcidSubjects randomized to receive Folinic Acid will take Liquid levo-leucovorin via oral route. The target dose is 1 mg/kg/day with a maximum of 25 mg/day, divided in two daily doses. A two- to four-week supply of 15 ml vials will be dispensed in line with the visit schedule. With the exception of children in the lowest weight group (≥ 15 - < 20 kg) from days 1-14, parents will administer the prescribed dose twice a day at the same time each day. |
| Placebo Control | Placebo comparator | Other: PlaceboSubjects randomized to receive placebo will take placebo twice a day (Exception: children in the lowest weight group ( ≥ 15 - < 20 kg) will start once a day for Days1-13). The pattern of dose escalation will be the same as the active compound. After 12 weeks, the blind will not be broken and subjects will be offered treatment for a 12-week open-label extension phase. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 5 to 17 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Boys and girls ≥ 5 years and < 17 years 5 months of age;
- Weight ≥ 15 kg;
- DSM-5 diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder as established by clinical assessment, corroborated by the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule.
- A score < 80 on the Core Language score of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals -4 (CELF)- 4 or the Second Edition of the CELF-Preschool test (CELF-P).
- Current Clinical Global Impression Severity score ≥ 4 on ASD + communication delay.
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- IQ below 40 as measured by the Leiter-3 or below a mental age of 18 months on the Receptive Language Scale of Mullen. (N.B. subjects who test below 18 months of age, but are otherwise eligible, may be enrolled following a case review by the Steering Committee - e.g., child's uncooperative behavior resulted in a likely underestimate of intellectual ability);
- Is within the scorable range of the CELF-4 or CELF-P as detailed in the Language Algorithm;
- Current DSM-IV diagnosis requiring alternative pharmacotherapy, e.g., Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder, a psychotic disorder (based on clinical assessment assisted by the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory);
- Presence of serious behavioral problems (tantrums, aggression, self-injury) for which another treatment is warranted.
- Significant medical condition by history or by physical examination or lab tests that would be incompatible with the study drug.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Folinic AcidAlso: Liquid levo-leucovorinLiquid levo-leucovorin via oral route. L-leucovorin is the active isomer. | Drug | Folinic Acid |
| PlaceboInactive placebo comparator | Other | Placebo Control |
Primary outcome
Change in Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4 (CELF-4) Score.
Time frame: Screening, Week 12
The Scale title is the "Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4" which is abbreviated as CELF-4 as indicated in the title above. Higher Scores indicate better performance. The Minimum Scaled Score is 40 and the Maximum Scaled Score is 160. The CELF-4 will be administered for participants between > 6.6 and < 12.5 years of age. The CELF-4 is comprised of 4 subtests intended to identify language problems and can be used to track progress over time. Administration of the CELF takes 30-45 minutes. The Core-CELF score is a composite that includes receptive and expressive language. Using the tables in the manual, raw scores from the four subtests are compared to normative data by age. The population mean = 100 + 15.
Change in Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool (CELF-P) score
Time frame: Screening, Week 12
The Scale title is the "Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool" which is abbreviated as CELF-P as indicated in the title above. Higher Scores indicate better performance. The Minimum Scaled Score is 40 and the Maximum Scaled Score is 160. The CELF-P will be administered for participants between > 5.0 and < 6.5 years of age to obtain an estimate of expressive and receptive language skills (based on population mean of 100 +15). Administration of the Core CELF-P takes 20-30 minutes. To make the CELF-P match the CELF-4, one additional subtest on CELF-P called the Concepts and Following Directions was added (this subtest is included in the Core of the CELF-4, but not included in the Core CELF-P).
1 secondary outcome
Change in Clinician Global Impression for Improvement (CGI-I) Score
Time frame: Up to 12 Weeks
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Apr 2026.
- Background: PubMed 32892962Frye RE, Rossignol DA, Scahill L, McDougle CJ, Huberman H, Quadros EV. Treatment of Folate Metabolism Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2020 Oct;35:100835. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100835. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
- Background: PubMed 28770615Frye RE, Slattery JC, Quadros EV. Folate metabolism abnormalities in autism: potential biomarkers. Biomark Med. 2017 Aug;11(8):687-699. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0109. Epub 2017 Aug 3.
- Background: PubMed 27752075Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, Sailey A, Wynne R, Rose S, Melnyk S, Jill James S, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;23(2):247-256. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.168. Epub 2016 Oct 18.
- Background: PubMed 27013943Frye RE, Delhey L, Slattery J, Tippett M, Wynne R, Rose S, Kahler SG, Bennuri SC, Melnyk S, Sequeira JM, Quadros E. Blocking and Binding Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies Identify Novel Autism Spectrum Disorder Subgroups. Front Neurosci. 2016 Mar 9;10:80. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00080. eCollection 2016.
- Background: PubMed 22230883Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369-81. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.175. Epub 2012 Jan 10.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. National Database for Autism Research
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Richard E Frye, MD, PhD principal investigator
Rossignol Medical Center
4 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Folinic Acid in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder, run by Southwest Autism Research & Resource Center at 4 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 10 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 4 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4 (CELF-4) Score. (time frame: Screening, Week 12). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02839915, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Apr 2026.