Antimicrobial Stewardship Program for Clostridium Difficile Infection.

Patients with CDI benefit from the assessment and monitoring by an Infectious Diseases (ID) expert. Early intervention in patients diagnosed with a first episode of CDI would reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics, improve prognosis by ensuring compliance with the clinical practice guidelines and reduce the number of recurrences.

Primary objective:

• To improve the prognosis of patients with CDI hospitalized during the period of intervention:
• Increasing the compliance with clinical practice guidelines about specific treatment for CDI (for the episode that generated the intervention), depending on the severity of the episode and the existence of previous episodes
• Reducing the recurrence rate by means of a close follow-up during the period of higher risk, avoiding factors that are known to predispose to recurrence.

Secondary objectives:

• To discontinue or to reduce the spectrum of unnecessary antibiotic treatments in this population ("antimicrobial stewardship"), especially during the episode of CDI and during the following 8 weeks.
• To discontinue inappropriate treatment of asymptomatic patients colonized by Clostridium difficile.
• To identify clinical and biological markers that could be used as predictors of recurrence.
• To identify patients with a high number of recurrences, that could benefit from novel or experimental treatments.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The first 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be included in the study.

They will be retrospectively compared with the first 100 patients diagnosed with CDI during de previous year (2015) in which there was not a systematical intervention by a member of the Infectious Diseases Unit.

Specific "bundle" of measures for patients with ICD:

This measures are based in well-known and evidence-based elements that reduce the incidence and limit the spreading of Clostridium difficile:

• Systematic evaluation of all patients diagnosed with CDI by an Infectious Disease expert with the implementation of the following interventions:
• To ensure compliance with clinical practice guidelines about specific treatment for CDI, depending on the severity of the episode and the existence of previous episodes, thus improving the prognosis of these patients and avoiding side effects.
• To optimize concomitant antibiotic therapy (antimicrobial stewardship) through the following interventions: remove unnecessary treatments, shorten antibiotic courses as far as possible and avoid, if possible, broad-spectrum or high risk for developing CDI antibiotics.
• To reduce indiscriminate use of proton-pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists.
• To provide clear instructions to patients and their families about the measures that should be implemented at home after discharge. To answer their questions and calm their fears about the CDI and need for isolation.
• To ensure appropriate monitoring during the period of greatest risk of relapse (8 weeks after completion of antibiotic treatment for CDI) in order to reduce as far as possible, the number of relapses by the following interventions:
• Personalized assistance by telephone or by email for early consultation in case of recurrence of symptoms, in order to make:
• Early diagnostic of relapses.
• Appropriate treatment of subsequent episodes.
• Detection of patients who could benefit from fecal microbiota transplantation.
• Personalized assistance by telephone or by email for consultation in case of necessity of a new antibiotic course in order to:
• Avoid unnecessary antimicrobial treatments.
• Choose the antibiotic class with less risk of selecting C. difficile.
• Evaluate preventive measures in an attempt to prevent the development of CDI.

Study timetable

• Patients will be evaluated by a member of the research team at CDI diagnosis. Specific treatment will be revised by the investigator with patient's physician in order to adapt it to the clinical guidelines, depending on the severity of the episode and the existence of previous episodes. Concomitant antibiotic treatments will be dropped or adjusted if possible. It is important to clarify that the study investigator will always make a suggestion according to the current evidence, but the final decision about treatment will be always made by patient's physician in charge.
• At the end of CDI treatment patient will be evaluated again by phone or at the outpatient's clinic in order to ensure resolution of symptoms and detect possible adverse events.
• In this moment, a blood test will be performed in all study patients including: Full blood count, basic biochemistry analysis, Iron metabolism parameters: total iron-binding capacity, total serum iron, ferritin and transferrin. Nutritional parameters. Inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Serum immunoglobulin levels, serum complement levels (C3 and C4) and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations.
• Beyond that point, there will be a personalized assistance by telephone or by email once a week until 8 weeks after the end of treatment.
• In case of recurrence of symptoms, need for admission or a new antimicrobial treatment, patient will be seen at the outpatient's clinic and will receive and individualized advice in order to achieve an early diagnose of relapse and to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Definitions:

Diarrhoea: Loose stools, i.e. taking the shape of the receptacle or corresponding to Bristol stool chart types 5-7, plus a stool frequency of three stools in 24 or fewer consecutive hours or more frequently than is normal for the individual.

An episode of CDI is defined as: A clinical picture compatible with CDI and microbiological evidence of free toxins and the presence of C. difficile in stool without reasonable evidence of another cause of diarrhoea or Pseudomembranous colitis as diagnosed during endoscopy, after colectomy or on autopsy.

Mild or moderate CDI: Diarrhoea without systemic symptoms, leukocytosis with a white blood cell count lower than15,000 cells/mL and a serum creatinine level less than 1.5 times the premorbid level.

Severe CDI: systemic symptoms of infection and/or leukocytosis with a white blood cell count of 15,000 cells/mL or higher or a serum creatinine level greater than or equal to 1.5 times the premorbid level.

Severe Complicated CDI: was defined by the presence of severe disease accompanied by life-threatening conditions such as ileus, toxic megacolon, refractory hypotension and/or multi-organ failure attributable to CDI.

Ileus: Signs of severely disturbed bowel function such as vomiting and absence of stool with radiological signs of bowel distension.

Toxic megacolon: Radiological signs of distension of the colon (>6 cm in transverse width of colon) and signs of a severe systemic inflammatory response (nausea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy or tachycardia addition to fever and abdominal pain).

Leukocyte count to consider severity of the CDI: Any white blood cell count (WBC) measured between two days before and two days following the date of the stool sample. If a patient had WBC measured on the date of the stool sample then this was selected. If they did not have WBC measured on the date of the stool sample but had WBC measured between one day before and one day following their stool sample, then this was selected. If they did not have WBC measured between one day before and one day following their stool sample but had WBC measured between two days before and two days following their stool sample, then this was selected. If they did not have WBC measured on the date of the stool sample but had WBC measured both one day before and one day following the date of stool sample, or had WBC measured both two days before and two days after the stool sample but not between these measurements, then the highest of the two measurements was selected.

Definition of treatment response: Treatment response is present when either stool frequency decreases or stool consistency improves and parameters of disease severity (clinical, laboratory, radiological) improve and no new signs of severe disease develop.

Definition of recurrent CDI: Recurrence is present when CDI re-occurs within 8 weeks of successfully completing treatment for CDI.

Duration of diarrhea: was the sum of days from day 1 to the last day with diarrhea, followed by 2 or more days without diarrhea.

Antibiotics of high, medium and low risk for CDI: according to the table proposed by Aldeyab et al (S3. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 2988-2996).

Data collection and analysis Patients in the pre-intervention period will be retrospectively identified from data microbiology (all isolates of Clostridium difficile of 2015 will be revised). Patients in the intervention period will be identified and prospectively followed by a member of the research team.

The variables will be collected in a coded database for further analysis.

Sample size calculation We present an exploratory study which aim is to evaluate the impact of an intervention, consisting on a bundle of measures for patients diagnosed with a first episode of CDI. The bundle includes antimicrobial stewardship, close follow-up, optimization of specific treatment for CDI and potential search for clinical and biological markers of recurrence.

The required sample size was estimated under the hypothesis that the application of a strategy based on a bundle to improve the management of CDI, would decrease the risk of recurrence as compared to the usual care performed in the retrospective period.

A recent review that evaluated the frequency of treatment failure and recurrence of CDI showed a recurrence rate after metronidazole treatment of 27.6% in studies performed in Europe during the previous 10 years.

Based in the previous literature, we expected a cumulative incidence of recurrence in the control group of 27.6%. The study would require a sample size of 99 for each group (i.e. a total sample size of 198, assuming equal group sizes), to achieve a power of 80% for detecting a reduction in proportions of 0.15 between the two groups (reference group - intervention) at a two sided p-value of 0.05.

Statistical Plans In 2014, in our institution 188 new cases of CDI were diagnosed. We assume that approximately 30% were recurrences of previous cases, so we extrapolate than 1 year will be enough to achieve the estimated sample size of 100 patients for the prospective period.

The data of qualitative variables will be expressed as absolute values and relative frequencies. The data of quantitative variables will be shown as mean ± standard deviation should be demonstrated normal distribution or median with interquartile range otherwise. Categorical variables will be compared using X ^ 2 or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables will be compared using the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical analysis will be conducted using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA).