MyopiaNCT02955927
Combined Atropine With Orthokeratology in Childhood Myopia Control (AOK) -A Randomized Controlled Trial
A study testing 0.01% atropine eye drops and ortho-k in people with Myopia, run by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University at 1 site in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
This study aims to compare effects in retardation of myopia progression of combined ortho-k and 0.01% atropine therapy with those of ortho-k alone.Myopia control methods mainly focus on optical and pharmaceutical interventions . Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 to 11 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Myopia
- What is being tested?
- 0.01% atropine eye drops and ortho-k
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 89 participants
- Where
- 1 siteHong Kong
- Study dates
- Nov 2016to 8 May 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 to 11 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Manifest myopia between 1.00-4.00D in both eyes at screening visit
- Manifest astigmatism ≤2.50D; with-the-rule astigmatism (axes 180 ± 30) ≤2.50D; astigmatism with other axes ≤0.50D in both eyes at screening visit
- <1.00D difference in manifest spherical equivalent (SE) between the two eyes at screening visit
- Baseline cycloplegic objective refraction between 1.00-4.00D in sphere; astigmatism ≤2.50D; <1.00D difference in manifest SE between the two eyes
- Best-corrected logMAR visual acuity 0.10 or better in both eyes
- Symmetrical corneal topography with corneal toricity <2.00D in either eye
- Normal ocular health other than myopia
- Agree to be randomized and to attend the scheduled visits and aftercare
Who cannot join
- Contraindications to atropine: known allergies or cardiovascular disease, epilepsy
- Contraindications to contact lens wear and ortho-k: corneal scar, history of ocular inflammation/infection, limbus-to-limbus corneal cylinder and dislocated corneal apex
- Strabismus or amblyopia
- History of myopia control treatment (e.g. soft contact lenses, progressive add spectacles, atropine eye drops)
- Rigid contact lens (including ortho-k) wear experience
- Systemic condition which might affect refractive development (for example, Down syndrome, Marfan's syndrome)
Show all 9Show fewer
- Ocular conditions which might affect refractive error (for example, cataract, ptosis)
- Poor response to lens wear including poor lens handling, poor vision and/ocular response after lens modifications
- Poor compliance with schedule visits
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Hong Kong1 site
School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Kowloon
About this study
This study aims to compare effects in retardation of myopia progression of combined ortho-k and 0.01% atropine therapy with those of ortho-k alone.Myopia control methods mainly focus on optical and pharmaceutical interventions . Currently, overnight-wear orthokeratology (ortho-k), is used extensively in Hong Kong with approximately 50% retardation effect. Pharmaceutical methods have focused on the use of atropine eye drops to slow myopic progression.The use of 1% atropine was limited by the manifestation of side effects and rebound effect.However, both side effect and rebound effect was minimal with 0.01% atropine.It was suggested that 0.01% was the optimum concentration for controlling myopia.The mechanisms of neither ortho-k nor atropine in myopia control are fully understood.It is believed that ortho-k and atropine act via different mechanisms.It is possible that by combining these two methods, additional retardation of myopia progression could be achieved.
Read the detailed description
Although it is believed that myopia is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors and its progression has been attributed to the lack of outdoor activities and intensive school work, myopia control methods mainly focus on optical and pharmaceutical interventions. Use of bifocal and multifocal lenses have been shown to be ineffective in myopia control. Specially designed soft contact lenses for myopia control have recently been launched, but their effectiveness has yet to be confirmed. Currently, overnight-wear orthokeratology (ortho-k), which involves reshaping the cornea by overnight wear allowing for improved, frequently unaided, vision during the day, is used extensively in Hong Kong. Approximately 50% retardation in axial length elongation was observed in studies of patients receiving ortho-k (LORIC study, 46%, ROMIO study,43%, and TO-SEE study, 52%).
Pharmaceutical methods have focused on the use of atropine eye drops to slow myopic progression. The use of 1% atropine was first suggested in the 1990's, but its application was limited by the manifestation of side effects such as pupil dilatation and loss of accommodation. The effectiveness of lower concentrations (0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01%) have been evaluated in a recent five-year randomized clinical trial, where the authors reported that 0.01% atropine once daily was effective resulting in about 50% of spherical equivalent reduction. However, this was as a result of one year (3rd year) discontinuation of atropine in the five-year study. Rebound effect was minimal with 0.01% atropine and higher dosages were associated with more manifest rebound effects, which appeared to negate former myopia retardation effects. Only 24% of those receiving 0.01% progressed 0.50D or more after discontinuation for one year. By contrast, proportion of children progressed 0.50D or more in 0.5% and 0.1% groups were 59% and 68% respectively. Moreover, use of 0.01% atropine showed sustained myopia reduction with clinically negligible effects on pupil dilatation and loss of accommodation. The authors suggested the use of 0.01% as the optimum concentration for controlling myopia.
The mechanisms of neither ortho-k nor atropine in myopia control are fully understood. It is believed that ortho-k and atropine act via different mechanisms, with ortho-k slowing myopia progression by reducing peripheral hyperopic defocus, while atropine exerts effects on anti-muscarinic receptors of the retina and sclera. However, some subjects respond poorly to either atropine or ortho-k, as demonstrated in clinical trials, suggesting that a single treatment may be not enough. It is possible that by combining these two methods, additional retardation of myopia progression could be achieved. In this randomized trial, we will explore the effectiveness of combination of ortho-k and atropine therapy, and evaluate additional effects by comparing the combination with ortho-k treatment alone.
- Conditions
- Myopia
- Being tested
- 0.01% atropine eye drops, ortho-k
- Keywords
- Myopia control,ortho-k, atropine eye drops, children
- Medical subject headings
- Myopia
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
0.01% atropine eye dropsDrug
ortho-kDevice
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops | Experimental | participants will receive treatment of ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops Receives: Drug: 0.01% atropine eye drops; Device: ortho-k |
| ortho-k | Active comparator | participants will receive treatment of ortho-k alone Receives: Device: ortho-k |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes in axial length in 2 years
Measured: Every 6 months for a period of 2 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Nov 2016 (estimated)
- Study startNov 2016
- Primary completion8 May 2021
- Study completion8 May 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (17)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for MyopiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 89 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The University of Hong Kong
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Pauline Cho, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Investigators
- Pauline Pauline, PhD, Principal investigator, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02955927
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HSEARS20160406005/UW 16-404
- Status last verified
- Aug 2021
- First submitted
- 3 Nov 2016
- Last updated
- 10 Aug 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012 Jan;32(1):3-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x.
PubMed 22150586Lam CS, Lam CH, Cheng SC, Chan LY. Prevalence of myopia among Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: changes over two decades. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012 Jan;32(1):17-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00886.x.
PubMed 22150587Fan DS, Lai C, Lau HH, Cheung EY, Lam DS. Change in vision disorders among Hong Kong preschoolers in 10 years. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Jul;39(5):398-403. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02470.x. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
PubMed 21105971Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM. Myopia. Lancet. 2012 May 5;379(9827):1739-48. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4.
PubMed 22559900Berntsen DA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, Zadnik K. A randomized trial using progressive addition lenses to evaluate theories of myopia progression in children with a high lag of accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Feb 13;53(2):640-9. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7769. Print 2012 Feb.
PubMed 22205604Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial 2 Study Group for the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Progressive-addition lenses versus single-vision lenses for slowing progression of myopia in children with high accommodative lag and near esophoria. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr 25;52(5):2749-57. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6631.
PubMed 21282579Paune J, Morales H, Armengol J, Quevedo L, Faria-Ribeiro M, Gonzalez-Meijome JM. Myopia Control with a Novel Peripheral Gradient Soft Lens and Orthokeratology: A 2-Year Clinical Trial. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:507572. doi: 10.1155/2015/507572. Epub 2015 Oct 28.
PubMed 26605331Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards M. The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control. Curr Eye Res. 2005 Jan;30(1):71-80. doi: 10.1080/02713680590907256.
PubMed 15875367Cho P, Cheung SW. Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Oct 11;53(11):7077-85. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10565.
PubMed 22969068Chen C, Cheung SW, Cho P. Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Oct 3;54(10):6510-7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12527.
PubMed 24003088Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, Tong L, Ling Y, Quah BL, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006 Dec;113(12):2285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062. Epub 2006 Sep 25.
PubMed 16996612Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB, Wong WL, Lingham A, Fong A, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology. 2012 Feb;119(2):347-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031. Epub 2011 Oct 2.
PubMed 21963266Chia A, Lu QS, Tan D. Five-Year Clinical Trial on Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2: Myopia Control with Atropine 0.01% Eyedrops. Ophthalmology. 2016 Feb;123(2):391-399. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.004. Epub 2015 Aug 11.
PubMed 26271839Brodstein RS, Brodstein DE, Olson RJ, Hunt SC, Williams RR. The treatment of myopia with atropine and bifocals. A long-term prospective study. Ophthalmology. 1984 Nov;91(11):1373-9. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34138-0.
PubMed 6514306Liu Y, Wildsoet C. The effective add inherent in 2-zone negative lenses inhibits eye growth in myopic young chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Jul 31;53(8):5085-93. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-9628.
PubMed 22761258
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Aug 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Combined Atropine With Orthokeratology in Childhood Myopia Control (AOK) -A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02955927
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HSEARS20160406005/UW 16-404
- Conditions
- Myopia
- Keywords
- Myopia control,ortho-k, atropine eye drops, children
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 89 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- The University of Hong Kong
- Study start
- Nov 2016 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 8 May 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 8 May 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Nov 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to compare effects in retardation of myopia progression of combined ortho-k and 0.01% atropine therapy with those of ortho-k alone.Myopia control methods mainly focus on optical and pharmaceutical interventions . Currently, overnight-wear orthokeratology (ortho-k), is used extensively in Hong Kong with approximately 50% retardation effect. Pharmaceutical methods have focused on the use of atropine eye drops to slow myopic progression.The use of 1% atropine was limited by the manifestation of side effects and rebound effect.However, both side effect and rebound effect was minimal with 0.01% atropine.It was suggested that 0.01% was the optimum concentration for controlling myopia.The mechanisms of neither ortho-k nor atropine in myopia control are fully understood.It is believed that ortho-k and atropine act via different mechanisms.It is possible that by combining these two methods, additional retardation of myopia progression could be achieved.
Detailed description
Although it is believed that myopia is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors and its progression has been attributed to the lack of outdoor activities and intensive school work, myopia control methods mainly focus on optical and pharmaceutical interventions. Use of bifocal and multifocal lenses have been shown to be ineffective in myopia control. Specially designed soft contact lenses for myopia control have recently been launched, but their effectiveness has yet to be confirmed. Currently, overnight-wear orthokeratology (ortho-k), which involves reshaping the cornea by overnight wear allowing for improved, frequently unaided, vision during the day, is used extensively in Hong Kong. Approximately 50% retardation in axial length elongation was observed in studies of patients receiving ortho-k (LORIC study, 46%, ROMIO study,43%, and TO-SEE study, 52%).
Pharmaceutical methods have focused on the use of atropine eye drops to slow myopic progression. The use of 1% atropine was first suggested in the 1990's, but its application was limited by the manifestation of side effects such as pupil dilatation and loss of accommodation. The effectiveness of lower concentrations (0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01%) have been evaluated in a recent five-year randomized clinical trial, where the authors reported that 0.01% atropine once daily was effective resulting in about 50% of spherical equivalent reduction. However, this was as a result of one year (3rd year) discontinuation of atropine in the five-year study. Rebound effect was minimal with 0.01% atropine and higher dosages were associated with more manifest rebound effects, which appeared to negate former myopia retardation effects. Only 24% of those receiving 0.01% progressed 0.50D or more after discontinuation for one year. By contrast, proportion of children progressed 0.50D or more in 0.5% and 0.1% groups were 59% and 68% respectively. Moreover, use of 0.01% atropine showed sustained myopia reduction with clinically negligible effects on pupil dilatation and loss of accommodation. The authors suggested the use of 0.01% as the optimum concentration for controlling myopia.
The mechanisms of neither ortho-k nor atropine in myopia control are fully understood. It is believed that ortho-k and atropine act via different mechanisms, with ortho-k slowing myopia progression by reducing peripheral hyperopic defocus, while atropine exerts effects on anti-muscarinic receptors of the retina and sclera. However, some subjects respond poorly to either atropine or ortho-k, as demonstrated in clinical trials, suggesting that a single treatment may be not enough. It is possible that by combining these two methods, additional retardation of myopia progression could be achieved. In this randomized trial, we will explore the effectiveness of combination of ortho-k and atropine therapy, and evaluate additional effects by comparing the combination with ortho-k treatment alone.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops | Experimental | Drug: 0.01% atropine eye drops, Device: ortho-kparticipants will receive treatment of ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops |
| ortho-k | Active comparator | Device: ortho-kparticipants will receive treatment of ortho-k alone |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 6 to 11 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Manifest myopia between 1.00-4.00D in both eyes at screening visit
- Manifest astigmatism ≤2.50D; with-the-rule astigmatism (axes 180 ± 30) ≤2.50D; astigmatism with other axes ≤0.50D in both eyes at screening visit
- <1.00D difference in manifest spherical equivalent (SE) between the two eyes at screening visit
- Baseline cycloplegic objective refraction between 1.00-4.00D in sphere; astigmatism ≤2.50D; <1.00D difference in manifest SE between the two eyes
- Best-corrected logMAR visual acuity 0.10 or better in both eyes
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Contraindications to atropine: known allergies or cardiovascular disease, epilepsy
- Contraindications to contact lens wear and ortho-k: corneal scar, history of ocular inflammation/infection, limbus-to-limbus corneal cylinder and dislocated corneal apex
- Strabismus or amblyopia
- History of myopia control treatment (e.g. soft contact lenses, progressive add spectacles, atropine eye drops)
- Rigid contact lens (including ortho-k) wear experience
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 0.01% atropine eye drops | Drug | ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops |
| ortho-k | Device | ortho-k, ortho-k and 0.01% atropine eye drops |
Primary outcome
Changes in axial length in 2 years
Time frame: Every 6 months for a period of 2 years
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Aug 2021.
- Background: PubMed 22150586Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012 Jan;32(1):3-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x.
- Background: PubMed 22150587Lam CS, Lam CH, Cheng SC, Chan LY. Prevalence of myopia among Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: changes over two decades. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012 Jan;32(1):17-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00886.x.
- Background: PubMed 21105971Fan DS, Lai C, Lau HH, Cheung EY, Lam DS. Change in vision disorders among Hong Kong preschoolers in 10 years. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Jul;39(5):398-403. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02470.x. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
- Background: PubMed 22559900Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw SM. Myopia. Lancet. 2012 May 5;379(9827):1739-48. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4.
- Background: PubMed 22205604Berntsen DA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, Zadnik K. A randomized trial using progressive addition lenses to evaluate theories of myopia progression in children with a high lag of accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Feb 13;53(2):640-9. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7769. Print 2012 Feb.
- Background: PubMed 21282579Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial 2 Study Group for the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Progressive-addition lenses versus single-vision lenses for slowing progression of myopia in children with high accommodative lag and near esophoria. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr 25;52(5):2749-57. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6631.
- Background: PubMed 26605331Paune J, Morales H, Armengol J, Quevedo L, Faria-Ribeiro M, Gonzalez-Meijome JM. Myopia Control with a Novel Peripheral Gradient Soft Lens and Orthokeratology: A 2-Year Clinical Trial. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:507572. doi: 10.1155/2015/507572. Epub 2015 Oct 28.
- Background: PubMed 15875367Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards M. The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control. Curr Eye Res. 2005 Jan;30(1):71-80. doi: 10.1080/02713680590907256.
- Background: PubMed 22969068Cho P, Cheung SW. Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Oct 11;53(11):7077-85. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10565.
- Background: PubMed 24003088Chen C, Cheung SW, Cho P. Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Oct 3;54(10):6510-7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12527.
- Background: PubMed 16996612Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, Tong L, Ling Y, Quah BL, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006 Dec;113(12):2285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062. Epub 2006 Sep 25.
- Background: PubMed 21963266Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB, Wong WL, Lingham A, Fong A, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology. 2012 Feb;119(2):347-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031. Epub 2011 Oct 2.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Pauline Pauline, PhD principal investigator
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing 0.01% atropine eye drops and ortho-k in people with Myopia, run by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University at 1 site in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Aug 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes in axial length in 2 years (time frame: Every 6 months for a period of 2 years). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02955927, which also lists 17 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Aug 2021.