Bladder CancerNCT02993211
Transurethral En Bloc Versus Standard Resection of Bladder Tumour
A study testing Bipolar transurethral standard resection and Bipolar transurethral en bloc resection in people with Bladder Cancer, run by Chinese University of Hong Kong at 13 sites in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
Conventionally, transurethral standard resection (SR) of bladder tumour is performed in a piecemeal manner. Transurethral en bloc resection (EBR) has been described as an alternate surgical technique in bladder tumour resection. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Bladder Cancer
- What is being tested?
- Bipolar transurethral standard resection and Bipolar transurethral en bloc resection
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 350 participants
- Where
- 13 sitesHong Kong
- Study dates
- 18 Apr 2017to 9 Jun 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age ≥ 18 years old with informed consent
Who cannot join
- Bladder tumour base with maximal dimension of >3cm (Anticipated difficulty in retrieving the specimen en bloc)
- Bladder tumour detected during intravesical BCG therapy (BCG failure warrants more aggressive treatment, i.e. radical cystectomy)
- Histological diagnosis other than NMIBC
- Presence or prior history of upper urinary tract malignancy
- ECOG performance status ≥ 3 (Confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours)
- ASA III or above (Patient with severe systemic disease)
Show all 10Show fewer
- History of bleeding disorder or use of anti-coagulants
- Pregnancy
- Presence of other active malignancy
- Life expectancy of less than one year
Trial locations and contacts
13 sites in 1 country.
13 sites in 1 country
Hong Kong13 sites
Caritas Medical Centre
Hong Kong
Kwong Wah Hospital
Hong Kong
North District Hospital
Hong Kong
Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital
Hong Kong
Pok Oi Hospital
Hong Kong
Prince of Wales Hospital
Hong Kong
Princess Margaret Hospital
Hong Kong
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Hong Kong
Queen Mary Hospital
Hong Kong
Tseung Kwan O Hospital
Hong Kong
Tuen Mun Hospital
Hong Kong
Tung Wah Hospital
Hong Kong
United Christian Hospital
Hong Kong
About this study
Official title: Transurethral En Bloc Versus Standard Resection of Bladder Tumour: A Multi-centre Randomised Controlled Trial (EB-StaR Study).
Conventionally, transurethral standard resection (SR) of bladder tumour is performed in a piecemeal manner. Transurethral en bloc resection (EBR) has been described as an alternate surgical technique in bladder tumour resection. By preventing tumour fragmentation and ascertaining complete tumour resection by histological assessment of the EBR specimen, we hypothesized that EBR could reduce disease recurrence as compared to SR.
Read the detailed description
Bladder cancer is the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, with a standardized incidence rate of 9.0 per 100,000 person-years for men and 2.2 per 100,000 person-years for women. In Hong Kong, more than 400 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed every year. It is a common and important disease which carries a significant burden to the health medical system.
For patients who are diagnosed to have bladder tumours upon flexible cystoscopy, transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) should be offered. Being a minimally invasive procedure, it has become the standard for the initial management of bladder cancer. This operation aims to ascertain the diagnosis, to correctly stage the tumour (T-stage) and to cure the disease in the case of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, in a combined analysis of 2,596 patents from 7 randomised controlled trials in patients with NMIBC, it was shown that 1-year recurrence rate ranged from 15-61%, and 5-year recurrence rate ranged from 31-78%. Despite possible complete tumour resection during TURBT, the oncological control of NMIBC is far from satisfactory.
There are two main problems with the conventional standard resection (SR) procedure. First, the bladder tumour is resected in a piecemeal manner. This results in tumour fragmentation and floating tumour cells inside the bladder. The tumour cells may re-implant on to the bladder wall and lead to early disease recurrence. Second, 'complete tumour resection' is often determined by endoscopic vision only. Due to the inherited nature of piecemeal resection, it is not possible to assess the resection margin by histological means. The charring effect to the resection bed may also hinder the judgement of a 'complete tumour resection'. Routine second-look TURBT has been advocated for selected patients (Any presence of T1 disease, G3 disease, or any absence of detrusor muscle in the first TURBT specimen) even after a 'complete tumour resection' during the first TURBT. Second-look TURBT has been shown to detect residual disease in 33-55% of the patients and upstaging of disease in 4-45% of the patients. These results highlighted the limitations of TURBT in ascertaining complete tumour resection.
Transurethral en bloc resection (EBR) has been described as an alternate surgical technique in bladder tumour resection. By preventing tumour fragmentation and ascertaining complete tumour resection by histological assessment of the EBR specimen, we hypothesized that EBR could reduce disease recurrence as compared to SR.
- Conditions
- Bladder Cancer
- Being tested
- Bipolar transurethral standard resection, Bipolar transurethral en bloc resection
- Keywords
- Bladder cancer, Transurethral resection, En bloc resection, TURBT
- Medical subject headings
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Bipolar transurethral standard resectionDevice
Olympus TURis Bipolar HF-resection electrode (Model: WA22306D)
Bipolar transurethral en bloc resectionDevice
Olympus TURis Bipolar HF-resection electrode (Model: WA22306D)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Standard resection | Active comparator | For patients undergoing bipolar transurethral standard resection, bladder tumour is resected in a piecemeal manner. Receives: Device: Bipolar transurethral standard resection |
| En bloc resection | Experimental | For patients undergoing bipolar transurethral en bloc resection, bladder tumour is resected and removed in one piece. Receives: Device: Bipolar transurethral en bloc resection |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
One-year recurrence rate
Rate of disease recurrence one year after the operation
Measured: One year after the allocated treatment
Secondary outcomes (9)
Detrusor muscle sampling rate
Rate of presence of detrusor muscle in the pathological specimen
Measured: One week after the allocated treatment
Occurrence of obturator reflex
Number of participants with obturator reflex encountered by the operating surgeon during the operation
Measured: Intra-operative
Operative time
Duration of operation
Measured: Immediately post-operative
Rate of mitomycin C instillation
Rate of mitomycin C instillation given after the operation
Measured: One day after the allocated treatment
Hospital stay
Patients undergoing transurethral resection surgery have an average hospital stay of three days.
Measured: Three days after the allocated treatment
30-day complications
Complications which occur within 30 days after the operation
Measured: Thirty days after the allocated treatment
Residual disease upon second look transurethral resection surgery
Second look transurethral resection surgery is expected to perform within six weeks after the allocated treatment and one more week is allowed for histological assessment of the second look transurethral resection specimen. Residual disease is measured by the number of participants with the presence of urothelial carcinoma in the second look transurethral resection specimen.
Measured: Seven weeks after the allocated treatment
Upstaging of disease upon second look transurethral resection surgery
Second look transurethral resection surgery is expected to perform within six weeks after the allocated treatment and one more week is allowed for histological assessment of the second look transurethral resection specimen. Upstaging of disease is measured by the number of participants with upstaging of disease from non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer to muscle-invasive bladder cancer in the second look transurethral resection specimen.
Measured: Seven weeks after the allocated treatment
One-year progression rate
Rate of disease progression one year after the operation
Measured: One year after the allocated treatment
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Dec 2016 (estimated)
- Study start18 Apr 2017
- Primary completion11 Feb 2022
- Study completion9 Jun 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Bladder CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Chinese University of Hong KongThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 350 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Kwong Wah Hospital, North District Hospital, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Pok Oi Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tung Wah Hospital, United Christian Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jeremy Yuen Chun TEOH, Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Investigators
- Jeremy YC Teoh, MBBS, Principal investigator, Chinese University of Hong Kong
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02993211
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- CRE Ref. No. 2016.553
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 8 Dec 2016
- Last updated
- 27 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, Newling DW, Kurth K. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006 Mar;49(3):466-5; discussion 475-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031. Epub 2006 Jan 17.
PubMed 16442208Babjuk M, Bohle A, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comperat EM, Hernandez V, Kaasinen E, Palou J, Roupret M, van Rhijn BWG, Shariat SF, Soukup V, Sylvester RJ, Zigeuner R. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017 Mar;71(3):447-461. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041. Epub 2016 Jun 17.
PubMed 27324428Grimm MO, Steinhoff C, Simon X, Spiegelhalder P, Ackermann R, Vogeli TA. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):433-7. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000070437.14275.e0.
PubMed 12853793Divrik RT, Sahin AF, Yildirim U, Altok M, Zorlu F. Impact of routine second transurethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate, and disease-specific survival: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2010 Aug;58(2):185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.03.007. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
PubMed 20303646Jahnson S, Wiklund F, Duchek M, Mestad O, Rintala E, Hellsten S, Malmstrom PU. Results of second-look resection after primary resection of T1 tumour of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2005;39(3):206-10. doi: 10.1080/00365590510007793-1.
PubMed 16127800Lazica DA, Roth S, Brandt AS, Bottcher S, Mathers MJ, Ubrig B. Second transurethral resection after Ta high-grade bladder tumor: a 4.5-year period at a single university center. Urol Int. 2014;92(2):131-5. doi: 10.1159/000353089. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
PubMed 23988813Vasdev N, Dominguez-Escrig J, Paez E, Johnson MI, Durkan GC, Thorpe AC. The impact of early re-resection in patients with pT1 high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2012;6:269. doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2012.269. Epub 2012 Sep 18.
PubMed 22988482Ukai R, Kawashita E, Ikeda H. A new technique for transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumor in 1 piece. J Urol. 2000 Mar;163(3):878-9.
PubMed 10687997Kramer MW, Rassweiler JJ, Klein J, Martov A, Baykov N, Lusuardi L, Janetschek G, Hurle R, Wolters M, Abbas M, von Klot CA, Leitenberger A, Riedl M, Nagele U, Merseburger AS, Kuczyk MA, Babjuk M, Herrmann TR. En bloc resection of urothelium carcinoma of the bladder (EBRUC): a European multicenter study to compare safety, efficacy, and outcome of laser and electrical en bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor. World J Urol. 2015 Dec;33(12):1937-43. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015-1568-6. Epub 2015 Apr 25.
PubMed 25910478
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Transurethral En Bloc Versus Standard Resection of Bladder Tumour: A Multi-centre Randomised Controlled Trial (EB-StaR Study).
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02993211
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CRE Ref. No. 2016.553
- Conditions
- Bladder Cancer
- Keywords
- Bladder cancer, Transurethral resection, En bloc resection, TURBT
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 350 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Chinese University of Hong KongUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Kwong Wah Hospital, North District Hospital, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Pok Oi Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tung Wah Hospital, United Christian Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
- Study start
- 18 Apr 2017 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 11 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Jun 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 15 Dec 2016 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Conventionally, transurethral standard resection (SR) of bladder tumour is performed in a piecemeal manner. Transurethral en bloc resection (EBR) has been described as an alternate surgical technique in bladder tumour resection. By preventing tumour fragmentation and ascertaining complete tumour resection by histological assessment of the EBR specimen, we hypothesized that EBR could reduce disease recurrence as compared to SR.
Detailed description
Bladder cancer is the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, with a standardized incidence rate of 9.0 per 100,000 person-years for men and 2.2 per 100,000 person-years for women. In Hong Kong, more than 400 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed every year. It is a common and important disease which carries a significant burden to the health medical system.
For patients who are diagnosed to have bladder tumours upon flexible cystoscopy, transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) should be offered. Being a minimally invasive procedure, it has become the standard for the initial management of bladder cancer. This operation aims to ascertain the diagnosis, to correctly stage the tumour (T-stage) and to cure the disease in the case of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, in a combined analysis of 2,596 patents from 7 randomised controlled trials in patients with NMIBC, it was shown that 1-year recurrence rate ranged from 15-61%, and 5-year recurrence rate ranged from 31-78%. Despite possible complete tumour resection during TURBT, the oncological control of NMIBC is far from satisfactory.
There are two main problems with the conventional standard resection (SR) procedure. First, the bladder tumour is resected in a piecemeal manner. This results in tumour fragmentation and floating tumour cells inside the bladder. The tumour cells may re-implant on to the bladder wall and lead to early disease recurrence. Second, 'complete tumour resection' is often determined by endoscopic vision only. Due to the inherited nature of piecemeal resection, it is not possible to assess the resection margin by histological means. The charring effect to the resection bed may also hinder the judgement of a 'complete tumour resection'. Routine second-look TURBT has been advocated for selected patients (Any presence of T1 disease, G3 disease, or any absence of detrusor muscle in the first TURBT specimen) even after a 'complete tumour resection' during the first TURBT. Second-look TURBT has been shown to detect residual disease in 33-55% of the patients and upstaging of disease in 4-45% of the patients. These results highlighted the limitations of TURBT in ascertaining complete tumour resection.
Transurethral en bloc resection (EBR) has been described as an alternate surgical technique in bladder tumour resection. By preventing tumour fragmentation and ascertaining complete tumour resection by histological assessment of the EBR specimen, we hypothesized that EBR could reduce disease recurrence as compared to SR.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, care provider, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Standard resection | Active comparator | Device: Bipolar transurethral standard resectionFor patients undergoing bipolar transurethral standard resection, bladder tumour is resected in a piecemeal manner. |
| En bloc resection | Experimental | Device: Bipolar transurethral en bloc resectionFor patients undergoing bipolar transurethral en bloc resection, bladder tumour is resected and removed in one piece. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Age ≥ 18 years old with informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Bladder tumour base with maximal dimension of >3cm (Anticipated difficulty in retrieving the specimen en bloc)
- Bladder tumour detected during intravesical BCG therapy (BCG failure warrants more aggressive treatment, i.e. radical cystectomy)
- Histological diagnosis other than NMIBC
- Presence or prior history of upper urinary tract malignancy
- ECOG performance status ≥ 3 (Confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Bipolar transurethral standard resectionOlympus TURis Bipolar HF-resection electrode (Model: WA22306D) | Device | Standard resection |
| Bipolar transurethral en bloc resectionOlympus TURis Bipolar HF-resection electrode (Model: WA22306D) | Device | En bloc resection |
Primary outcome
One-year recurrence rate
Time frame: One year after the allocated treatment
Rate of disease recurrence one year after the operation
9 secondary outcomes
Detrusor muscle sampling rate
Time frame: One week after the allocated treatment
Occurrence of obturator reflex
Time frame: Intra-operative
Operative time
Time frame: Immediately post-operative
Rate of mitomycin C instillation
Time frame: One day after the allocated treatment
Hospital stay
Time frame: Three days after the allocated treatment
30-day complications
Time frame: Thirty days after the allocated treatment
Residual disease upon second look transurethral resection surgery
Time frame: Seven weeks after the allocated treatment
Upstaging of disease upon second look transurethral resection surgery
Time frame: Seven weeks after the allocated treatment
One-year progression rate
Time frame: One year after the allocated treatment
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 16442208Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, Newling DW, Kurth K. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006 Mar;49(3):466-5; discussion 475-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031. Epub 2006 Jan 17.
- Background: PubMed 27324428Babjuk M, Bohle A, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comperat EM, Hernandez V, Kaasinen E, Palou J, Roupret M, van Rhijn BWG, Shariat SF, Soukup V, Sylvester RJ, Zigeuner R. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017 Mar;71(3):447-461. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041. Epub 2016 Jun 17.
- Background: PubMed 12853793Grimm MO, Steinhoff C, Simon X, Spiegelhalder P, Ackermann R, Vogeli TA. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):433-7. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000070437.14275.e0.
- Background: PubMed 20303646Divrik RT, Sahin AF, Yildirim U, Altok M, Zorlu F. Impact of routine second transurethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate, and disease-specific survival: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2010 Aug;58(2):185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.03.007. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
- Background: PubMed 16127800Jahnson S, Wiklund F, Duchek M, Mestad O, Rintala E, Hellsten S, Malmstrom PU. Results of second-look resection after primary resection of T1 tumour of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2005;39(3):206-10. doi: 10.1080/00365590510007793-1.
- Background: PubMed 23988813Lazica DA, Roth S, Brandt AS, Bottcher S, Mathers MJ, Ubrig B. Second transurethral resection after Ta high-grade bladder tumor: a 4.5-year period at a single university center. Urol Int. 2014;92(2):131-5. doi: 10.1159/000353089. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
- Background: PubMed 22988482Vasdev N, Dominguez-Escrig J, Paez E, Johnson MI, Durkan GC, Thorpe AC. The impact of early re-resection in patients with pT1 high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2012;6:269. doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2012.269. Epub 2012 Sep 18.
- Background: PubMed 10687997Ukai R, Kawashita E, Ikeda H. A new technique for transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumor in 1 piece. J Urol. 2000 Mar;163(3):878-9.
- Background: PubMed 25910478Kramer MW, Rassweiler JJ, Klein J, Martov A, Baykov N, Lusuardi L, Janetschek G, Hurle R, Wolters M, Abbas M, von Klot CA, Leitenberger A, Riedl M, Nagele U, Merseburger AS, Kuczyk MA, Babjuk M, Herrmann TR. En bloc resection of urothelium carcinoma of the bladder (EBRUC): a European multicenter study to compare safety, efficacy, and outcome of laser and electrical en bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor. World J Urol. 2015 Dec;33(12):1937-43. doi: 10.1007/s00345-015-1568-6. Epub 2015 Apr 25.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Jeremy YC Teoh, MBBS principal investigator
Chinese University of Hong Kong
13 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Bipolar transurethral standard resection and Bipolar transurethral en bloc resection in people with Bladder Cancer, run by Chinese University of Hong Kong at 13 sites in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 13 sites in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
One-year recurrence rate (time frame: One year after the allocated treatment). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02993211, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Oct 2026.