Prostate CancerPhase 3NCT03009981
A Study of Androgen Annihilation in High-Risk Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer
A Phase 3 study testing Apalutamide, LHRH Analogue and Abiraterone Acetate in people with Prostate Cancer, run by Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC. at 69 sites in United States.
Trial summary
This is a randomized, open-label, three-arm, phase 3 study in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer and PSA doubling time ≤ 9 months at the time of study entry. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, men only
- Conditions the study is for
- Prostate Cancer
- What is being tested?
- Apalutamide, LHRH Analogue and Abiraterone Acetate
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 504 participants
- Where
- 69 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 6 Mar 2017to 25 Jun 2025
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Men only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma
- Prior radical prostatectomy
- Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer with PSA doubling time ≤ 9 months at the time of study entry. Calculation of PSA doubling time should include the use of all available PSA values obtained within past 6-12 months prior to randomization, with a minimum of 3 values separated by at least 2 weeks apart. PSA values obtained prior to therapeutic interventions (e.g. salvage radiation) will be excluded. PSA doubling time to be estimated using Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center online calculator (https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/prostate/psa-doubling-time)
- Prior adjuvant or salvage radiation or not a candidate for radiation based upon clinical assessment of disease characteristics and patient co-morbidities.
- Screening PSA > 0.5 ng/mL
- No definitive evidence of metastases on screening CT or MRI of abdomen/pelvis and radionuclide whole body bone scan per the judgment of the investigator. Abdominal and/or pelvic lymph nodes measuring 2 cm or less in short axis diameter are allowed. Lesions identified on other imaging modalities (e.g. PSMA or choline PET) that are not visualized on CT and/or MRI or radionuclide bone scan are allowed. Equivocal lesions on bone scan should be followed up with additional imaging as clinically indicated.
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- Screening serum testosterone > 150 ng/dL
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status grade 0 or 1
- Age ≥ 18 years
- Medications known to lower the seizure threshold must be discontinued or substituted at least 4 weeks prior to cycle 1 day 1
- Agrees to use a condom (even men with vasectomies) and another effective method of birth control if he is having sex with a woman of childbearing potential or agrees to use a condom if he is having sex with a woman who is pregnant while on study drug and for 3 months following the last dose of study drug. Must also agree not to donate sperm during the study and for 3 months after receiving the last dose of study drug.
- Adequate organ function as defined by the following laboratory values at screening:
- Serum aspartate transaminase (AST; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT; serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) < 2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
- Total serum bilirubin ≤1.5 x ULN. In subjects with Gilbert's syndrome, if total bilirubin is >1.5 × ULN, measure direct and indirect bilirubin and if direct bilirubin is ≤1.5 × ULN, subject may be eligible)
- Serum potassium ≥ 3.5 mmol/L. Supplementation and re-screening is allowed.
- Estimated creatinine clearance > 45 ml/min using Cockroft-Gault equation
- Platelets ≥ 100,000/microliter independent of transfusion and/or growth factors within 3 months prior to randomization
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL independent of transfusion and/or growth factors within 3 months prior to randomization
- Serum albumin ≥ 3.0 g/dL
Who cannot join
- Prior androgen deprivation therapy and/or first generation anti-androgen (e.g. bicalutamide, nilutamide, flutamide) for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prior ADT and/or first generation anti-androgen in the (neo)adjuvant and/or salvage setting before, during, and/or following radiation or surgery is allowed provided last effective dose of ADT and/or first-generation anti-androgen is > 9 months prior to date of randomization and total duration of prior therapy is ≤ 36 months.
- Prior treatment with CYP17 inhibitor (e.g. ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, galeterone) or second generation androgen receptor antagonist including apalutamide or enzalutamide
- Prior chemotherapy for prostate cancer except if administered in neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting
- Use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor within 42 days prior to cycle 1 day 1
- Use of investigational agent within 28 days prior to randomization
- Use of other prohibited medications within 7 days prior to cycle 1 day 1 on study (Arms B and C only)
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- Prior bilateral orchiectomy
- Seizure or known condition that may pre-dispose to seizure (e.g. prior stroke within 1year to randomization, brain arteriovenous malformation, Schwannoma, meningioma, or other benign CNS or meningeal disease which may require treatment with surgery or radiation therapy)
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Gastrointestinal disorder affecting absorption or the ability to swallow tablets
- Baseline severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B \& C)
- Intercurrent illness that is not controlled such as active infection, psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
- Any chronic medical condition requiring a higher dose of corticosteroid than equivalent of 5 mg prednisone/prednisolone once daily
Trial locations and contacts
69 sites in 1 country.
69 sites in 1 country
United States69 sites
Pali Momi Medical Center
‘Aiea, Hawaii, 96701
New Mexico Oncology Hematology Consultants
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87109
University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
Memorial Sloan Kettering Basking Ridge
Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920
Dana Farber Cancer Institute
Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
Eastern Maine Medical Center
Brewer, Maine, 04412
VA Western New York
Buffalo, New York, 14215
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Buffalo, New York, 14263
Dayton Physicians Miami Valley South
Centerville, Ohio, 45459
University of North Carolina Hospital
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514
Novant Health Presbyterian Medical Center
Charlotte, North Carolina, 28204
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois, 606012
University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center
Chicago, Illinois, 60637
Sharp Memorial Hospital
Chula Vista, California, 91911
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
Columbus, Ohio, 43210
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Commack, New York, 11725
New Hampshire Oncology & Hematology
Concord, New Hampshire, 03301
City of Hope National Medical Center
Duarte, California, 91010
Northshore University Health System
Evanston, Illinois, 60201
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Fremont, California, 94538
VA Central California Health Care System
Fresno, California, 93703
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Harrison, New York, 11533
University of Hawaii Cancer Center
Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813
New Hampshire Oncology & Hematology
Hooksett, New Hampshire, 03106
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas, 77030
New England Cancer Specialists
Kennebunk, Maine, 04043
Sharp Memorial Hospital
La Mesa, California, 91942
Memorial Medical Center- Cancer Center
Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88011
Nevada Cancer Research Foundation
Las Vegas, Nevada, 89106
Marshfield Clinic Cancer Center
Marshfield, Wisconsin, 54449
Loyola University
Maywood, Illinois, 60153
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Middletown, New Jersey, 07748
Dana Farber Cancer Institute
Milford, Massachusetts, 01757
Froedtert Hospital/Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
Atlantic Health System/Morristown Medical Center
Morristown, New Jersey, 07962
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Mountain View, California, 94040
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York, 10065
Weill Cornell Medical Ctr - New York Presbyterian Hospital
New York, New York, 10065
Montefiore Medical Center
New York, New York, 10461
Nebraska Methodist Hospital
Omaha, Nebraska, 68114
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Palo Alto, California, 94301
The Mayo Clinic - Phoenix
Phoenix, Arizona, 85054
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15232
Providence Portland Medical Center
Portland, Oregon, 97213
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon, 97239
Quincy Medical Group
Quincy, Illinois, 62301
Metro Minnesota Community Oncology Research Consortium
Saint Louis Park, Minnesota, 55416
VA Salisbury
Salisbury, North Carolina, 28144
University of California San Diego - Moores Cancer Center
San Diego, California, 92093
Sharp Memorial Hospital
San Diego, California, 92123
University of California San Francisco
San Francisco, California, 94158
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Santa Cruz, California, 95065
Christus St. Vincent's Regional Cancer Center
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87505
New England Cancer Specialists
Scarborough, Maine, 04074
Dana Farber Cancer Institute
South Weymouth, Massachusetts, 02190
Spartanburg Medical Center/Gibbs Cancer Center
Spartanburg, South Carolina, 29303
Washington University School of Medicine
St Louis, Missouri, 63110
Adventist Health St. Helena/St. Helena Hospital/Martin O'Neil Cancer Center
St. Helena, California, 94574
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Sunnyvale, California, 94086
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York, 13210
The Toledo Clinic
Toledo, Ohio, 43623
New England Cancer Specialists
Topsham, Maine, 04086
Oklahoma Cancer Specialists and Research Institute
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74146
Carle Cancer Center
Urbana, Illinois, 61801
Georgetown University Medical Center
Washington D.C., District of Columbia, 20007
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington D.C., District of Columbia, 20007
Cancer Center of Kansas
Wichita, Kansas, 67214
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
About this study
Official title: A Phase 3 Study of Androgen Annihilation in High-Risk Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer
This is a randomized, open-label, three-arm, phase 3 study in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer and PSA doubling time ≤ 9 months at the time of study entry.
Read the detailed description
Patients will be stratified by PSA doubling time (< 3 months vs. 3-9 months) and randomized in 1:1:1 fashion to one of three treatment arms: (1) Control arm consisting of LHRH analogue monotherapy (degarelix or leuprolide), (2) Experimental arm consisting of apalutamide in combination with LHRH analogue, and (3) Experimental arm consisting of apalutamide, abiraterone acetate + prednisone, and LHRH analogue. Patients will be treated for a maximum duration of 52 weeks and then enter follow up phase until the time of PSA progression, development of metastasis, or patient withdrawal from study, whichever occurs first. Patients with PSA progression will be followed long term until the development of castration resistance, first metastasis, and death.
The primary endpoint of the study is PSA progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat patient population. PSA progression during the 52-week treatment period is defined as a rising PSA confirmed on repeat measurement, and at least 25% and 2 ng/mL above nadir or baseline, whichever is lower. PSA progression during follow up defined as PSA > 0.2 ng/mL confirmed by repeat measurement at least 2 weeks later. Secondary study endpoints include PSA progression-free survival in testosterone-evaluable population, 36-month PSA progression-free survival rate in both intent-to-treat and testosterone-evaluable populations, time to testosterone recovery, time to castration resistance, metastasis-free survival, quality of life, and safety. Each experimental arm will be compared against the control arm in pair-wise fashion. The study is not powered to detect differences in primary or secondary endpoints between the two experimental arms.
- Conditions
- Prostate Cancer
- Being tested
- Apalutamide, LHRH Analogue, Abiraterone Acetate, Prednisone
- Keywords
- PSA, Degarelix, Apalutamide, Abiraterone Acetate, Radical Prostatectomy, Bicalutamide, Leuprolide, Lupron
- Medical subject headings
- Prostatic Neoplasms
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ApalutamideDrug
Also called Erleada
Take apalutamide 240 mg (four 60 mg tablets) orally once daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout 52-week treatment period.
LHRH AnalogueDrug
Also called Degarelix (Firmagon), Leuprolide (Lupron) and Bicalutamide
Patients will receive a LHRH analogue therapy of either Degarelix OR Leuprolide with bicalutamide.
Degarelix:
Patients will receive subcutaneous injections every 28 days (+/- 3 days). Patients will receive a loading dose of 240 mg (two 120 mg injections) on C1D1, followed by maintenance dose of 80 mg on Day 1 of subsequent cycles.
Leuprolide:
Patients treated with leuprolide will receive a 7.5 mg IM injection on C1D1. Patients in arm A ONLY will take this in combination with bicalutamide 50 mg orally once daily starting on C1D1 and continuing for 28 days through completion of cycle 1. Starting on C2D1, patients will continue on one of the following two treatments at investigator discretion:
- Leuprolide 7.5 mg IM injection on Day 1 of subsequent cycles without concurrent bicalutamide. OR:
- Leuprolide 22.5 mg IM injection at the following visits without concurrent bicalutamide: C2D1, C5D1, C8D1, and C11D1.
Abiraterone AcetateDrug
Also called Zytiga
Take abiraterone acetate 1000 mg (four 250 mg tablets) orally once daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout 52-week treatment period.
PrednisoneDrug
Also called Deltasone
Take two prednisone 5 mg tablets daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout the 52-week treatment period. Following completion of treatment period, patients will taper off prednisone per institutional guidelines. Suggested tapering plan: prednisone 5 mg daily for 7 days, then 2.5 mg daily for 7 days before discontinuing.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Arm A: Degarelix Monotherapy OR Leuprolide/Bicalutamide | Active comparator | Patients will receive degarelix OR leuprolide with bicalutamide. Receives: Drug: LHRH Analogue |
| Arm B: Degarelix/Apalutamide | Experimental | Patients will receive apalutamide and either degarelix OR leuprolide. Patients on this arm will NOT take bicalutamide at any point in the treatment course. Receives: Drug: Apalutamide; Drug: LHRH Analogue |
| Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone | Experimental | Patients will receive apalutamide and abiraterone acetate, in addition to either degarelix OR leuprolide. Patients on this arm will NOT take bicalutamide at any point in the treatment course. Receives: Drug: Apalutamide; Drug: LHRH Analogue; Drug: Abiraterone Acetate; Drug: Prednisone |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
PSA progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population
To compare PSA progression-free survival in each of the experimental arms (LHRH analogue + apalutamide; LHRH analogue + apalutamide +abiraterone acetate) versus the control arm (LHRH analogue) among all randomized patients (intent-to-treat population).
Measured: 36 months
Secondary outcomes (12)
PSA progression-free survival in the testosterone-evaluable population
Compare PSA progression-free survival in testosterone-evaluable population in each experimental arm versus the control arm. Testosterone-evaluable population includes all patients who achieve serum testosterone recovery to > 50 ng/dL with subsequent PSA measurements sufficient for evaluation
Measured: 36 months
PSA progression-free survival in both the intent-to-treat and testosterone-evaluable populations
To compare the 36-month PSA progression-free survival rate in each experimental arm versus the control arm in both the intent-to-treat and testosterone-evaluable populations.
Measured: 36 months
Serum testosterone
To compare the time to recovery of serum testosterone to greater than 50 ng/dL in each experimental arm versus the control arm.
Measured: 12 months
Time to castration resistance
To compare the time to castration resistance in each experimental arm versus the control arm.
Measured: 6 years
Metastasis-Free Survival
To compare metastasis-free survival in each experimental arm versus the control arm.
Measured: 6 years
Overall Survival
To compare overall survival in each experimental arm versus the control arm.
Measured: 6 years
Number of participants with treatment-related adverse events as assessed by CTCAE v4.0
To characterize the safety profile in each treatment arm
Measured: 6 years
Quality of life Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC)
Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC)
Measured: 72 months
Quality of life Hot Flash Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS)
Hot Flash Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS)
Measured: 72 months
Quality of life EQ-5D-5L
EQ-5D-5L
Measured: 72 months
Quality of life PROMIS Fatigue
PROMIS Fatigue
Measured: 72 months
Quality-adjusted survival
To compare the quality-adjusted survival (overall survival multiplied by utility score) of patients in each experimental arm versus the control arm.
Measured: 72 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Jan 2017 (estimated)
- Study start6 Mar 2017
- Primary completion25 Jun 2025
- Study completion25 Jun 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (8)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Prostate CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 504 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC.
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Evanthia Evanthia Galanis, MD, Principal investigator, Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC.Rahul Aggarwal, MD, Study chair, University of California, San Francisco
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03009981
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AFT-19
- Status last verified
- Oct 2025
- First submitted
- 3 Jan 2017
- Last updated
- 18 Dec 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Jan-Feb;65(1):5-29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21254. Epub 2015 Jan 5.
PubMed 25559415Zietman AL, Chung CS, Coen JJ, Shipley WU. 10-year outcome for men with localized prostate cancer treated with external radiation therapy: results of a cohort study. J Urol. 2004 Jan;171(1):210-4. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000100980.13364.a6.
PubMed 14665878Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Bladder Tumours. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):106-119. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.028. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
PubMed 26996659Zelefsky MJ, Ben-Porat L, Scher HI, Chan HM, Fearn PA, Fuks ZY, Leibel SA, Venkatraman ES. Outcome predictors for the increasing PSA state after definitive external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):826-31. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.111.
PubMed 15681527Qu Y, Dai B, Ye D, Kong Y, Chang K, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Shi G. Constitutively active AR-V7 plays an essential role in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 7;5:7654. doi: 10.1038/srep07654.
PubMed 25563505Gershon RC, Rothrock N, Hanrahan R, Bass M, Cella D. The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research. J Appl Meas. 2010;11(3):304-14.
PubMed 20847477Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, Chapin BF, Chen DYT, Cheng HH, Chou R, Jacene HA, Kamran SC, Kim SK, Kirkby E, Luckenbaugh AN, Nathanson BJ, Nyame YA, Posadas EM, Tran PT, Chen RC. Salvage Therapy for Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline Part III: Salvage Therapy After Radiotherapy or Focal Therapy, Pelvic Nodal Recurrence and Oligometastasis, and Future Directions. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):526-532. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000003890. Epub 2024 Feb 29.
PubMed 38421252Aggarwal R, Heller G, Hillman DW, Xiao H, Picus J, Taplin ME, Dorff T, Appleman L, Weckstein D, Patnaik A, Bryce A, Shevrin D, Mohler J, Anderson D, Rao A, Tagawa S, Tan A, Halabi S, Dooley K, O'Brien P, Chen R, Ryan CJ, Eggener SE, Morris MJ; EORTC-55994 Study Group. PRESTO: A Phase III, Open-Label Study of Intensification of Androgen Blockade in Patients With High-Risk Biochemically Relapsed Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (AFT-19). J Clin Oncol. 2024 Apr 1;42(10):1114-1123. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01157. Epub 2024 Jan 23.
PubMed 38261983
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Dec 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Phase 3 Study of Androgen Annihilation in High-Risk Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03009981
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AFT-19
- Conditions
- Prostate Cancer
- Keywords
- PSA, Degarelix, Apalutamide, Abiraterone Acetate, Radical Prostatectomy, Bicalutamide, Leuprolide, Lupron
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 504 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC.University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC
- Study start
- 6 Mar 2017 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 25 Jun 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 25 Jun 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Jan 2017 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This is a randomized, open-label, three-arm, phase 3 study in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer and PSA doubling time ≤ 9 months at the time of study entry.
Detailed description
Patients will be stratified by PSA doubling time (< 3 months vs. 3-9 months) and randomized in 1:1:1 fashion to one of three treatment arms: (1) Control arm consisting of LHRH analogue monotherapy (degarelix or leuprolide), (2) Experimental arm consisting of apalutamide in combination with LHRH analogue, and (3) Experimental arm consisting of apalutamide, abiraterone acetate + prednisone, and LHRH analogue. Patients will be treated for a maximum duration of 52 weeks and then enter follow up phase until the time of PSA progression, development of metastasis, or patient withdrawal from study, whichever occurs first. Patients with PSA progression will be followed long term until the development of castration resistance, first metastasis, and death.
The primary endpoint of the study is PSA progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat patient population. PSA progression during the 52-week treatment period is defined as a rising PSA confirmed on repeat measurement, and at least 25% and 2 ng/mL above nadir or baseline, whichever is lower. PSA progression during follow up defined as PSA > 0.2 ng/mL confirmed by repeat measurement at least 2 weeks later. Secondary study endpoints include PSA progression-free survival in testosterone-evaluable population, 36-month PSA progression-free survival rate in both intent-to-treat and testosterone-evaluable populations, time to testosterone recovery, time to castration resistance, metastasis-free survival, quality of life, and safety. Each experimental arm will be compared against the control arm in pair-wise fashion. The study is not powered to detect differences in primary or secondary endpoints between the two experimental arms.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Arm A: Degarelix Monotherapy OR Leuprolide/Bicalutamide | Active comparator | Drug: LHRH AnaloguePatients will receive degarelix OR leuprolide with bicalutamide. |
| Arm B: Degarelix/Apalutamide | Experimental | Drug: Apalutamide, Drug: LHRH AnaloguePatients will receive apalutamide and either degarelix OR leuprolide. Patients on this arm will NOT take bicalutamide at any point in the treatment course. |
| Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone | Experimental | Drug: Apalutamide, Drug: LHRH Analogue, Drug: Abiraterone Acetate, Drug: PrednisonePatients will receive apalutamide and abiraterone acetate, in addition to either degarelix OR leuprolide. Patients on this arm will NOT take bicalutamide at any point in the treatment course. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (19 listed)
- Histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma
- Prior radical prostatectomy
- Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer with PSA doubling time ≤ 9 months at the time of study entry. Calculation of PSA doubling time should include the use of all available PSA values obtained within past 6-12 months prior to randomization, with a minimum of 3 values separated by at least 2 weeks apart. PSA values obtained prior to therapeutic interventions (e.g. salvage radiation) will be excluded. PSA doubling time to be estimated using Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center online calculator (https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/prostate/psa-doubling-time)
- Prior adjuvant or salvage radiation or not a candidate for radiation based upon clinical assessment of disease characteristics and patient co-morbidities.
- Screening PSA > 0.5 ng/mL
Key exclusion criteria (13 listed)
- Prior androgen deprivation therapy and/or first generation anti-androgen (e.g. bicalutamide, nilutamide, flutamide) for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prior ADT and/or first generation anti-androgen in the (neo)adjuvant and/or salvage setting before, during, and/or following radiation or surgery is allowed provided last effective dose of ADT and/or first-generation anti-androgen is > 9 months prior to date of randomization and total duration of prior therapy is ≤ 36 months.
- Prior treatment with CYP17 inhibitor (e.g. ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, galeterone) or second generation androgen receptor antagonist including apalutamide or enzalutamide
- Prior chemotherapy for prostate cancer except if administered in neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting
- Use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor within 42 days prior to cycle 1 day 1
- Use of investigational agent within 28 days prior to randomization
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| ApalutamideAlso: ErleadaTake apalutamide 240 mg (four 60 mg tablets) orally once daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout 52-week treatment period. | Drug | Arm B: Degarelix/Apalutamide, Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone |
| LHRH AnalogueAlso: Degarelix (Firmagon), Leuprolide (Lupron) and BicalutamidePatients will receive a LHRH analogue therapy of either Degarelix OR Leuprolide with bicalutamide. Degarelix: Patients will receive subcutaneous injections every 28 days (+/- 3 days). Patients will receive a loading dose of 240 mg (two 120 mg injections) on C1D1, followed by maintenance dose of 80 mg on Day 1 of subsequent cycles. Leuprolide: Patients treated with leuprolide will receive a 7.5 mg IM injection on C1D1. Patients in arm A ONLY will take this in combination with bicalutamide 50 mg orally once daily starting on C1D1 and continuing for 28 days through completion of cycle 1. Starting on C2D1, patients will continue on one of the following two treatments at investigator discretion: 1. Leuprolide 7.5 mg IM injection on Day 1 of subsequent cycles without concurrent bicalutamide. OR: 2. Leuprolide 22.5 mg IM injection at the following visits without concurrent bicalutamide: C2D1, C5D1, C8D1, and C11D1. | Drug | Arm A: Degarelix Monotherapy OR Leuprolide/Bicalutamide, Arm B: Degarelix/Apalutamide, Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone |
| Abiraterone AcetateAlso: ZytigaTake abiraterone acetate 1000 mg (four 250 mg tablets) orally once daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout 52-week treatment period. | Drug | Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone |
| PrednisoneAlso: DeltasoneTake two prednisone 5 mg tablets daily, starting on C1D1 and continuing throughout the 52-week treatment period. Following completion of treatment period, patients will taper off prednisone per institutional guidelines. Suggested tapering plan: prednisone 5 mg daily for 7 days, then 2.5 mg daily for 7 days before discontinuing. | Drug | Arm C: Degarelix/Apalutamide/Abiraterone/Prednisone |
Primary outcome
PSA progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population
Time frame: 36 months
To compare PSA progression-free survival in each of the experimental arms (LHRH analogue + apalutamide; LHRH analogue + apalutamide +abiraterone acetate) versus the control arm (LHRH analogue) among all randomized patients (intent-to-treat population).
12 secondary outcomes
PSA progression-free survival in the testosterone-evaluable population
Time frame: 36 months
PSA progression-free survival in both the intent-to-treat and testosterone-evaluable populations
Time frame: 36 months
Serum testosterone
Time frame: 12 months
Time to castration resistance
Time frame: 6 years
Metastasis-Free Survival
Time frame: 6 years
Overall Survival
Time frame: 6 years
Number of participants with treatment-related adverse events as assessed by CTCAE v4.0
Time frame: 6 years
Quality of life Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC)
Time frame: 72 months
Quality of life Hot Flash Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS)
Time frame: 72 months
Quality of life EQ-5D-5L
Time frame: 72 months
Quality of life PROMIS Fatigue
Time frame: 72 months
Quality-adjusted survival
Time frame: 72 months
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Dec 2025.
- Background: PubMed 25559415Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Jan-Feb;65(1):5-29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21254. Epub 2015 Jan 5.
- Background: PubMed 14665878Zietman AL, Chung CS, Coen JJ, Shipley WU. 10-year outcome for men with localized prostate cancer treated with external radiation therapy: results of a cohort study. J Urol. 2004 Jan;171(1):210-4. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000100980.13364.a6.
- Background: PubMed 26996659Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Bladder Tumours. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):106-119. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.028. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
- Background: PubMed 15681527Zelefsky MJ, Ben-Porat L, Scher HI, Chan HM, Fearn PA, Fuks ZY, Leibel SA, Venkatraman ES. Outcome predictors for the increasing PSA state after definitive external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):826-31. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.111.
- Background: PubMed 25563505Qu Y, Dai B, Ye D, Kong Y, Chang K, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Shi G. Constitutively active AR-V7 plays an essential role in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 7;5:7654. doi: 10.1038/srep07654.
- Background: PubMed 20847477Gershon RC, Rothrock N, Hanrahan R, Bass M, Cella D. The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research. J Appl Meas. 2010;11(3):304-14.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 38421252Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, Chapin BF, Chen DYT, Cheng HH, Chou R, Jacene HA, Kamran SC, Kim SK, Kirkby E, Luckenbaugh AN, Nathanson BJ, Nyame YA, Posadas EM, Tran PT, Chen RC. Salvage Therapy for Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline Part III: Salvage Therapy After Radiotherapy or Focal Therapy, Pelvic Nodal Recurrence and Oligometastasis, and Future Directions. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):526-532. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000003890. Epub 2024 Feb 29.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 38261983Aggarwal R, Heller G, Hillman DW, Xiao H, Picus J, Taplin ME, Dorff T, Appleman L, Weckstein D, Patnaik A, Bryce A, Shevrin D, Mohler J, Anderson D, Rao A, Tagawa S, Tan A, Halabi S, Dooley K, O'Brien P, Chen R, Ryan CJ, Eggener SE, Morris MJ; EORTC-55994 Study Group. PRESTO: A Phase III, Open-Label Study of Intensification of Androgen Blockade in Patients With High-Risk Biochemically Relapsed Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (AFT-19). J Clin Oncol. 2024 Apr 1;42(10):1114-1123. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01157. Epub 2024 Jan 23.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Evanthia Evanthia Galanis, MD principal investigator
Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC.
Rahul Aggarwal, MD study chair
University of California, San Francisco
69 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 3 study testing Apalutamide, LHRH Analogue and Abiraterone Acetate in people with Prostate Cancer, run by Alliance Foundation Trials, LLC. at 69 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 19 inclusion and 13 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Dec 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 69 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 3 studies compare the treatment with the current standard treatment or a placebo in a large group, to confirm how well it works and watch for side effects.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
PSA progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population (time frame: 36 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03009981, which also lists 8 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Dec 2025.