Breast CancerNCT03045575

Objective Assessment of Physical Activity During Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

An observational study of Breast Cancer, run by University of California, San Francisco at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

Search all trials

Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 18 years and older
Conditions the study is for: Breast Cancer
How many people: 65 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 2 Aug 2016to 31 Dec 2018
Phase: Observational
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 years and older
All sexes
No healthy volunteers
Adult, Older adult

Study population: Potentially eligible patients who are planning to initiate chemotherapy for breast cancer will be identified through the Breast Care Clinic. Our power calculation is based on the proportion of patients who successfully complete the study, defined as ≥70% of participants wearing the Fitbit and completing the post-chemotherapy follow-up assessment. Using a 1-sided 1-sample binomial test with α = 0.05, 50 patients, an expected successful completion proportion of 70%, we will have 80% power to reject the null hypothesis if 53% or fewer participants successfully complete the protocol. In other words, the intervention will be considered feasible if 27 or more participants in complete the protocol.

Who may be able to join

have been diagnosed with breast cancer
be planning to initiate chemotherapy for breast cancer at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
be able to speak and read English, or have a family member or friend who can assist in translating and completing surveys in English
be able to walk unassisted
be able to navigate websites, fill out forms on the web, communicate by email, and have regular access to the internet

Who cannot join

We will exclude individuals who cannot speak or read English unless they have a friend or family member who can assist in translating and completing quality of life surveys in English. In addition, the Fitbit® requires the ability to connect to the Internet and input data in a website, therefore we will exclude patients with no regular access to the Internet or who are unable to fill out forms on the web or navigate websites. We will exclude patients who are unable to walk unassisted.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, 94143

Other trials in United States

About this study

This is a prospective observational study designed to determine the feasibility and acceptability of objectively measuring physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep using the Fitbit Charge HR wristband. 50 patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer and are planning to initiate chemotherapy will be invited to participate in this study, and we will measure general and breast-specific quality-of-life using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures for 3-6 months after completion of chemotherapy.

Read the detailed description

Over 3.1 million women are currently living with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States (US), representing 41% of all female cancer survivors in the US. The increased breast cancer survival rate has necessitated a shift in cancer care toward developing interventions to empower patients to improve their quality-of-life, and perhaps prognosis, during and after treatment. Among women diagnosed with early-stage (I or II) breast cancer, around 40% will receive chemotherapy. Among women diagnosed with late-stage (III or IV), around 75% will receive chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with many side effects, including fatigue, nausea, disturbed sleep, decreased activity, and weight gain. Women receiving chemotherapy gain an average of 2.5 to 6.2 kg during therapy. Weight gain increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence and mortality, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and second primary cancers. Physical activity alleviates or reduces both short and long term treatment side effects of chemotherapy, including weight gain, and restores physical functioning in breast cancer patients. Additionally, randomized controlled trials in breast cancer patients have shown that adding exercise to chemotherapy programs can improve breast cancer outcomes.

Although there are many benefits of engaging in physical activity during cancer treatments, activity levels typically decline throughout treatment. Existing research has relied on self-reported activity levels, which is a poor measure of low-intensity activities and can only capture a periodic snap shot of activity levels. This study will provide objective physical activity data across the entirety of the patient's chemotherapy treatments. This in depth data will provide a new perspective on the patterns of activity levels and help to identify if there are critical times in which to intervene to prevent physical activity declines.

Conditions: Breast Cancer
Medical subject headings: Breast Neoplasms

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Adherence
Adherence, defined at the percentage of weeks that a participant successfully syncs their Fitbit at least once a week during the course of the study, will be reported as a point estimate and 95% confidence interval
Measured: 9 months

Secondary outcomes (12)

Quality of Life - Physical Function
Mean of PROMIS physical functioning questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Anxiety
Mean of PROMIS anxiety questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Depression
Mean of PROMIS depression questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Fatigue
Mean of PROMIS fatigue questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Applied cognition general concerns
Mean of PROMIS applied cognition general concerns questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Social roles
Mean of PROMIS social roles questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Applied cognitive abilities
Mean of PROMIS applied cognitive abilities questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: 12 months from start of chemotherapy
Quality of Life - Sleep disturbance
Mean of PROMIS sleep disturbance questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Sleep-related impairment
Mean of PROMIS sleep-related impairment questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Pain interference
Mean of PROMIS pain interference questionnaire scores at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Exercise Vital Sign
Mean of the Exercise Vital Sign (A patient reported measure of the average minutes of moderate or greater physical activity they engage in per week) at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following chemotherapy will be reported.
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Body Size
Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated at baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy (This time-point is variable based on drug type, for example, if patient is on a 24 week regimen, midpoint would be distributed at week 12), end of chemotherapy, and at 6 months following chemotherapy.
Measured: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

2 Aug 201631 Dec 2018

First posted7 Feb 2017 (estimated)
Study start2 Aug 2016
Primary completion18 Jan 2018
Study completion31 Dec 2018

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Breast CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
More trials run by University of California, San FranciscoThe sponsor's other registered studies.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Observational
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Enrolment: 65 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03045575
Sponsor's protocol ID: 157512
Other IDs: 15-17054
Status last verified: Jun 2020
First submitted: 27 Jan 2017
Last updated: 2 Jul 2020
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Publications

Irwin ML, Crumley D, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Baumgartner R, Gilliland FD, Kriska A, Ballard-Barbash R. Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma: the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Cancer. 2003 Apr 1;97(7):1746-57. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11227.
PubMed 12655532
DeSantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Siegel RL, Stein KD, Kramer JL, Alteri R, Robbins AS, Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Jul-Aug;64(4):252-71. doi: 10.3322/caac.21235. Epub 2014 Jun 1.
PubMed 24890451
Byar KL, Berger AM, Bakken SL, Cetak MA. Impact of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy on fatigue, other symptoms, and quality of life. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2006 Jan 1;33(1):E18-26. doi: 10.1188/06.ONF.E18-E26.
PubMed 16470230
Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson BL, Winer EP, Marks L, Aziz N, Marcom PK, Blackwell K, Rimer BK. Changes in weight, body composition, and factors influencing energy balance among premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2381-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.9.2381.
PubMed 11331316
de Jong N, Courtens AM, Abu-Saad HH, Schouten HC. Fatigue in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a review of the literature. Cancer Nurs. 2002 Aug;25(4):283-97; quiz 298-9. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200208000-00004.
PubMed 12181497
Schwartz AL. Exercise and weight gain in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Pract. 2000 Sep-Oct;8(5):231-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5394.2000.85007.x.
PubMed 11898235
Kroenke CH, Chen WY, Rosner B, Holmes MD. Weight, weight gain, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 1;23(7):1370-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.079. Epub 2005 Jan 31.
PubMed 15684320
Schwartz AL, Mori M, Gao R, Nail LM, King ME. Exercise reduces daily fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 May;33(5):718-23. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200105000-00006.
PubMed 11323538
Anderson RT, Kimmick GG, McCoy TP, Hopkins J, Levine E, Miller G, Ribisl P, Mihalko SL. A randomized trial of exercise on well-being and function following breast cancer surgery: the RESTORE trial. J Cancer Surviv. 2012 Jun;6(2):172-81. doi: 10.1007/s11764-011-0208-4. Epub 2011 Dec 10.
PubMed 22160629
Courneya KS, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Dong H, Gelmon K, Friedenreich CM, Yasui Y, Reid RD, Crawford JJ, Mackey JR. Effects of exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on breast cancer outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Sep;46(9):1744-51. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000297.
PubMed 24633595
Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2011 Sep;28(3):753-65. doi: 10.1007/s12032-010-9536-x. Epub 2010 Apr 22.
PubMed 20411366
Chasan-Taber S, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology. 1996 Jan;7(1):81-6. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199601000-00014.
PubMed 8664406

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Jul 2020. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Objective Assessment of Physical Activity During Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03045575
Acronym / sponsor ID: 157512
Conditions: Breast Cancer
Study type: Observational
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 65 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: University of California, San FranciscoUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 2 Aug 2016 (actual)
Primary completion: 18 Jan 2018 (actual)
Study completion: 31 Dec 2018 (actual)
First posted: 7 Feb 2017 (estimated)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Detailed description

Study design

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Not accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult
Study population: Potentially eligible patients who are planning to initiate chemotherapy for breast cancer will be identified through the Breast Care Clinic. Our power calculation is based on the proportion of patients who successfully complete the study, defined as ≥70% of participants wearing the Fitbit and completing the post-chemotherapy follow-up assessment. Using a 1-sided 1-sample binomial test with α = 0.05, 50 patients, an expected successful completion proportion of 70%, we will have 80% power to reject the null hypothesis if 53% or fewer participants successfully complete the protocol. In other words, the intervention will be considered feasible if 27 or more participants in complete the protocol.

Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)

have been diagnosed with breast cancer
be planning to initiate chemotherapy for breast cancer at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
be able to speak and read English, or have a family member or friend who can assist in translating and completing surveys in English
be able to walk unassisted
be able to navigate websites, fill out forms on the web, communicate by email, and have regular access to the internet

Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)

We will exclude individuals who cannot speak or read English unless they have a friend or family member who can assist in translating and completing quality of life surveys in English. In addition, the Fitbit® requires the ability to connect to the Internet and input data in a website, therefore we will exclude patients with no regular access to the Internet or who are unable to fill out forms on the web or navigate websites. We will exclude patients who are unable to walk unassisted.

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Primary outcome

Adherence
Time frame: 9 months
Adherence, defined at the percentage of weeks that a participant successfully syncs their Fitbit at least once a week during the course of the study, will be reported as a point estimate and 95% confidence interval

12 secondary outcomes

Quality of Life - Physical Function
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Anxiety
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Depression
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Fatigue
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Applied cognition general concerns
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Social roles
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Applied cognitive abilities
Time frame: 12 months from start of chemotherapy
Quality of Life - Sleep disturbance
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Sleep-related impairment
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Pain interference
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Quality of Life - Exercise Vital Sign
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.
Body Size
Time frame: Baseline, midpoint of chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, and 6 months following end of chemotherapy.

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Jul 2020.
Background: PubMed 12655532Irwin ML, Crumley D, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Baumgartner R, Gilliland FD, Kriska A, Ballard-Barbash R. Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma: the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Cancer. 2003 Apr 1;97(7):1746-57. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11227.
Background: PubMed 24890451DeSantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Siegel RL, Stein KD, Kramer JL, Alteri R, Robbins AS, Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Jul-Aug;64(4):252-71. doi: 10.3322/caac.21235. Epub 2014 Jun 1.
Background: PubMed 16470230Byar KL, Berger AM, Bakken SL, Cetak MA. Impact of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy on fatigue, other symptoms, and quality of life. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2006 Jan 1;33(1):E18-26. doi: 10.1188/06.ONF.E18-E26.
Background: PubMed 11331316Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson BL, Winer EP, Marks L, Aziz N, Marcom PK, Blackwell K, Rimer BK. Changes in weight, body composition, and factors influencing energy balance among premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2381-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.9.2381.
Background: PubMed 12181497de Jong N, Courtens AM, Abu-Saad HH, Schouten HC. Fatigue in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a review of the literature. Cancer Nurs. 2002 Aug;25(4):283-97; quiz 298-9. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200208000-00004.
Background: PubMed 11898235Schwartz AL. Exercise and weight gain in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Pract. 2000 Sep-Oct;8(5):231-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5394.2000.85007.x.
Background: PubMed 15684320Kroenke CH, Chen WY, Rosner B, Holmes MD. Weight, weight gain, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 1;23(7):1370-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.079. Epub 2005 Jan 31.
Background: PubMed 11323538Schwartz AL, Mori M, Gao R, Nail LM, King ME. Exercise reduces daily fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 May;33(5):718-23. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200105000-00006.
Background: PubMed 22160629Anderson RT, Kimmick GG, McCoy TP, Hopkins J, Levine E, Miller G, Ribisl P, Mihalko SL. A randomized trial of exercise on well-being and function following breast cancer surgery: the RESTORE trial. J Cancer Surviv. 2012 Jun;6(2):172-81. doi: 10.1007/s11764-011-0208-4. Epub 2011 Dec 10.
Background: PubMed 24633595Courneya KS, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Dong H, Gelmon K, Friedenreich CM, Yasui Y, Reid RD, Crawford JJ, Mackey JR. Effects of exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on breast cancer outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Sep;46(9):1744-51. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000297.
Background: PubMed 20411366Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2011 Sep;28(3):753-65. doi: 10.1007/s12032-010-9536-x. Epub 2010 Apr 22.
Background: PubMed 8664406Chasan-Taber S, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology. 1996 Jan;7(1):81-6. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199601000-00014.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

Michelle Melisko, MD principal investigator

University of California, San Francisco

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

An observational study of Breast Cancer, run by University of California, San Francisco at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Jul 2020. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Adherence (time frame: 9 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03045575, which also lists 12 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Jul 2020.