HemothoraxHemoTxRCTNCT03050502
The Management of Traumatic Hemothoraces
A study testing Chest tube drain and Expectant management in people with Hemothorax and Thoracic Injuries, run by University of Calgary at 2 sites in Canada.
Trial summary
Chest injuries are common in patients with polytrauma and are responsible for approximate 25% of all trauma-related mortalities. Traumatic injuries to the thorax often result in the accumulation of blood within the chest (i.e. a hemothorax (HTX)). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 100 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Hemothorax, Thoracic Injuries
- What is being tested?
- Chest tube drain and Expectant management
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 200 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesCanada
- Study dates
- 1 Feb 2018to Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 100 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age >= 18 years
- Blunt thoracic injury
- CT detected hemothorax
Who cannot join
- Hemodynamic instability that is related to HTX in the judgment of the attending clinician
- Any scenario where the clinician mandates urgent TT placement
- Penetrating thoracic injury
- Respiratory distress that is related to HTX in the judgment of the attending clinician
- Chest tube already in-situ (eg. Prior to transfer of care to the FMC)
- >24 h after admission
- Ipsilateral flail chest fracture pattern
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
Canada2 sites, 2 recruiting
- Recruiting
Foothills Medical Centre
Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9
Chad Ball, MD, 403-944-3417, ball.chad@gmail.com
- Recruiting
Foothills Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine
Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9
Chad G Ball, MD, 403-944-3417, ball.chad@gmail.com
Jimmy Xiao, PhD, 403-944-8750, jimmy.xiao@albertahealthservices.ca
About this study
Official title: The Management of Traumatic Hemothoraces in Blunt Thoracic Injured Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Chest injuries are common in patients with polytrauma and are responsible for approximate 25% of all trauma-related mortalities. Traumatic injuries to the thorax often result in the accumulation of blood within the chest (i.e. a hemothorax (HTX)). The management of HTX remains a clinical dilemma when the volume of blood is small to moderate and the patient is hemodynamically stable. The East American Association of Trauma guidelines suggest that all HTXs should be considered for chest tube drainage. However, a prospective observational study suggested small to moderate HTXs could be absorbed without intervention. Although HTXs are effectively managed with chest tube drainage of the blood (i.e. tube thoracostomy), this intervention is associated with numerous potential major complications, including injury and infection in up to 22% of patients. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct a randomized controlled study to compare patients with traumatic HTX managed by chest tube drain or expectant management (close monitoring), to determine when a chest tube is needed and when it is not to treat hemothoraces. The results from this study will inform the care of future trauma patients who present with this common injury throughout the globe.
Read the detailed description
Chest injuries are common in patients with polytrauma and are responsible for approximate 25% of all trauma-related mortalities. Traumatic injuries to the thorax often result in the accumulation of blood within the pleural space (i.e. a hemothorax (HTX)). The management of HTX remains a clinical dilemma when the volume of blood is small to moderate and the patient is hemodynamically stable. Prior to the ubiquitous use of chest computed tomography (CT), diagnosing quantities of blood <1000 mL was challenging (especially given inherent limitations in the standard chest radiograph (CXR)). With the widespread adoption of CT ''pan-scanning'' however, significantly more HTXs are being detected. The clinical significance and optimal treatment of these small to moderate HTXs remains unknown. Although HTXs are effectively managed with tube thoracostomy (TT) drainage of the pleural space (i.e. chest tube placement), this intervention is associated with numerous potential major complications, including iatrogenic injury, retained HTX, and empyema in up to 22% of patients. The East American Association of Trauma guidelines suggest that all HTXs should be considered for TT drainage. However, a prospective observational study suggested small to moderate HTXs could be absorbed without intervention. Classic studies from the 1960's also indicate that much larger quantities of blood can be reabsorbed without intervention as well. As a result, it is unclear if chest tubes are being over-utilized in patients who may not actually require them. Retrospective data from over 2,000 patients also suggests that many traumatic HTXs can be managed expectantly without TT drainage. Finally many small or occult HTXs (those not diagnosed by CXR, but later detected by CT scan) may also be safely observed, thus supporting the concept of expectant management (EM) for many HTXs with the goal of minimizing patient morbidity.
The Foothills Medical Centre recently reported a retrospective study including 635 patients with traumatic HTXs. Overall, 491 (66%) HTXs were drained while 258 (34%) were managed expectantly. Independent predictors of TT placement included concomitant ipsilateral flail chest or pneumothorax. It also became evident that clinical practice was not directly dependent on the specific size of the HTX. Although the adjusted odds of mortality were not significantly different between groups (OR 3.99; 95% CI 0.87-18.30; p = 0.08), TT was associated with a 47.14% (95% CI, 25.57-69.71%; p < 0.01) adjusted increase in hospital length of stay. Empyemas (n = 29) also only occurred among TT patients. The authors concluded that expectant management of traumatic HTX was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay, no empyemas, and no increase in mortality. Although EM of small HTXs appears safe and optimal, these findings must be confirmed by a larger randomized controlled trial. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct a randomized controlled study to compare patients with traumatic HTX managed by TT or EM. Characterization of those HTXs that require pleural drainage versus those that can be managed conservatively will be optimally defined. The results from this study will inform the care of future trauma patients who present with this common injury throughout the globe.
- Conditions
- Hemothorax, Thoracic Injuries
- Being tested
- Chest tube drain, Expectant management
- Keywords
- Hemothorax, Management
- Medical subject headings
- Hemothorax, Thoracic Injuries
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Chest tube drainDevice
This group will have an intra-pleural catheter placed with the intent of draining all intra-pleural blood (HTX). The size and nature of the catheter, manner of placement, and timing of removal will be at the discretion of the attending clinician.
Expectant managementOther
This group will not have an intra-pleural catheter placed on the basis of the HTX, but will undergo standard observation/conservative management by the trauma service. Intra-pleural catheters may be placed after enrollment at the attending clinician's discretion.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Chest tube drain | Active comparator | A chest tube placed with the intent of draining all intra-pleural blood. Receives: Device: Chest tube drain |
| Expectant management | Sham comparator | No chest tube, but will undergo standard observation/conservative management by the trauma service. Receives: Other: Expectant management |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
The numbers of hemothoraces that require thoracic interventions.
The rate of hemothoraces that require thoracic interventions in patients of both groups.
Measured: 1 year after patient recruited in the study
Secondary outcomes (2)
The days of mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit
The median length of days of mechanical ventilation needed by the patients in both groups
Measured: 30 days after patients recruited in the study
The days of intensive care unit stay
The median length of days in ICU needed by patients in both groups
Measured: 30 days after patients recruited in the study
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 Feb 2017
- Study start1 Feb 2018
- Primary completionMar 2025 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HemothoraxStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Calgary
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Alberta Health services
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Dr. Chad G. Ball, University of Calgary
- Investigators
- Chad G Ball, MD, Principal investigator, University of Calgary
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03050502
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REB16-1056
- Acronym
- HemoTxRCT
- Status last verified
- Feb 2023
- First submitted
- 2 Feb 2017
- Last updated
- 3 Feb 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Stafford RE, Linn J, Washington L. Incidence and management of occult hemothoraces. Am J Surg. 2006 Dec;192(6):722-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.033.
PubMed 17161082Ball CG, Lord J, Laupland KB, Gmora S, Mulloy RH, Ng AK, Schieman C, Kirkpatrick AW. Chest tube complications: how well are we training our residents? Can J Surg. 2007 Dec;50(6):450-8.
PubMed 18053373DuBose J, Inaba K, Okoye O, Demetriades D, Scalea T, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Shiflett T, Brown C, Copwood B; AAST Retained Hemothorax Study Group. Development of posttraumatic empyema in patients with retained hemothorax: results of a prospective, observational AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Sep;73(3):752-7. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31825c1616.
PubMed 22929504Bradley M, Okoye O, DuBose J, Inaba K, Demetriades D, Scalea T, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Shiflett T, Brown C. Risk factors for post-traumatic pneumonia in patients with retained haemothorax: results of a prospective, observational AAST study. Injury. 2013 Sep;44(9):1159-64. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.01.032. Epub 2013 Feb 19.
PubMed 23433600DuBose J, Inaba K, Demetriades D, Scalea TM, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Konstantinidis A, Shiflett A, Copwood B; AAST Retained Hemothorax Study Group. Management of post-traumatic retained hemothorax: a prospective, observational, multicenter AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jan;72(1):11-22; discussion 22-4; quiz 316. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318242e368.
PubMed 22310111Mowery NT, Gunter OL, Collier BR, Diaz JJ Jr, Haut E, Hildreth A, Holevar M, Mayberry J, Streib E. Practice management guidelines for management of hemothorax and occult pneumothorax. J Trauma. 2011 Feb;70(2):510-8. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31820b5c31. No abstract available.
PubMed 21307755Khandhar SJ, Johnson SB, Calhoon JH. Overview of thoracic trauma in the United States. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007 Feb;17(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2007.02.004.
PubMed 17650692Kulshrestha P, Munshi I, Wait R. Profile of chest trauma in a level I trauma center. J Trauma. 2004 Sep;57(3):576-81. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000091107.00699.c7.
PubMed 15454805Bilello JF, Davis JW, Lemaster DM. Occult traumatic hemothorax: when can sleeping dogs lie? Am J Surg. 2005 Dec;190(6):841-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.05.053.
PubMed 16307931Wells BJ, Roberts DJ, Grondin S, Navsaria PH, Kirkpatrick AW, Dunham MB, Ball CG. To drain or not to drain? Predictors of tube thoracostomy insertion and outcomes associated with drainage of traumatic hemothoraces. Injury. 2015 Sep;46(9):1743-8. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.04.032. Epub 2015 May 7.
PubMed 25983221Carver DA, Bressan AK, Schieman C, Grondin SC, Kirkpatrick AW, Lall R, McBeth PB, Dunham MB, Ball CG. Management of haemothoraces in blunt thoracic trauma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Mar 3;8(3):e020378. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020378.
PubMed 29502092
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Feb 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Management of Traumatic Hemothoraces in Blunt Thoracic Injured Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03050502
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HemoTxRCT / REB16-1056
- Conditions
- Hemothorax, Thoracic Injuries
- Keywords
- Hemothorax, Management
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 200 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of CalgaryUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Alberta Health services
- Study start
- 1 Feb 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Mar 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 13 Feb 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Chest injuries are common in patients with polytrauma and are responsible for approximate 25% of all trauma-related mortalities. Traumatic injuries to the thorax often result in the accumulation of blood within the chest (i.e. a hemothorax (HTX)). The management of HTX remains a clinical dilemma when the volume of blood is small to moderate and the patient is hemodynamically stable. The East American Association of Trauma guidelines suggest that all HTXs should be considered for chest tube drainage. However, a prospective observational study suggested small to moderate HTXs could be absorbed without intervention. Although HTXs are effectively managed with chest tube drainage of the blood (i.e. tube thoracostomy), this intervention is associated with numerous potential major complications, including injury and infection in up to 22% of patients. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct a randomized controlled study to compare patients with traumatic HTX managed by chest tube drain or expectant management (close monitoring), to determine when a chest tube is needed and when it is not to treat hemothoraces. The results from this study will inform the care of future trauma patients who present with this common injury throughout the globe.
Detailed description
Chest injuries are common in patients with polytrauma and are responsible for approximate 25% of all trauma-related mortalities. Traumatic injuries to the thorax often result in the accumulation of blood within the pleural space (i.e. a hemothorax (HTX)). The management of HTX remains a clinical dilemma when the volume of blood is small to moderate and the patient is hemodynamically stable. Prior to the ubiquitous use of chest computed tomography (CT), diagnosing quantities of blood <1000 mL was challenging (especially given inherent limitations in the standard chest radiograph (CXR)). With the widespread adoption of CT ''pan-scanning'' however, significantly more HTXs are being detected. The clinical significance and optimal treatment of these small to moderate HTXs remains unknown. Although HTXs are effectively managed with tube thoracostomy (TT) drainage of the pleural space (i.e. chest tube placement), this intervention is associated with numerous potential major complications, including iatrogenic injury, retained HTX, and empyema in up to 22% of patients. The East American Association of Trauma guidelines suggest that all HTXs should be considered for TT drainage. However, a prospective observational study suggested small to moderate HTXs could be absorbed without intervention. Classic studies from the 1960's also indicate that much larger quantities of blood can be reabsorbed without intervention as well. As a result, it is unclear if chest tubes are being over-utilized in patients who may not actually require them. Retrospective data from over 2,000 patients also suggests that many traumatic HTXs can be managed expectantly without TT drainage. Finally many small or occult HTXs (those not diagnosed by CXR, but later detected by CT scan) may also be safely observed, thus supporting the concept of expectant management (EM) for many HTXs with the goal of minimizing patient morbidity.
The Foothills Medical Centre recently reported a retrospective study including 635 patients with traumatic HTXs. Overall, 491 (66%) HTXs were drained while 258 (34%) were managed expectantly. Independent predictors of TT placement included concomitant ipsilateral flail chest or pneumothorax. It also became evident that clinical practice was not directly dependent on the specific size of the HTX. Although the adjusted odds of mortality were not significantly different between groups (OR 3.99; 95% CI 0.87-18.30; p = 0.08), TT was associated with a 47.14% (95% CI, 25.57-69.71%; p < 0.01) adjusted increase in hospital length of stay. Empyemas (n = 29) also only occurred among TT patients. The authors concluded that expectant management of traumatic HTX was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay, no empyemas, and no increase in mortality. Although EM of small HTXs appears safe and optimal, these findings must be confirmed by a larger randomized controlled trial. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct a randomized controlled study to compare patients with traumatic HTX managed by TT or EM. Characterization of those HTXs that require pleural drainage versus those that can be managed conservatively will be optimally defined. The results from this study will inform the care of future trauma patients who present with this common injury throughout the globe.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Chest tube drain | Active comparator | Device: Chest tube drainA chest tube placed with the intent of draining all intra-pleural blood. |
| Expectant management | Sham comparator | Other: Expectant managementNo chest tube, but will undergo standard observation/conservative management by the trauma service. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 100 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Age >= 18 years
- Blunt thoracic injury
- CT detected hemothorax
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Hemodynamic instability that is related to HTX in the judgment of the attending clinician
- Any scenario where the clinician mandates urgent TT placement
- Penetrating thoracic injury
- Respiratory distress that is related to HTX in the judgment of the attending clinician
- Chest tube already in-situ (eg. Prior to transfer of care to the FMC)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Chest tube drainThis group will have an intra-pleural catheter placed with the intent of draining all intra-pleural blood (HTX). The size and nature of the catheter, manner of placement, and timing of removal will be at the discretion of the attending clinician. | Device | Chest tube drain |
| Expectant managementThis group will not have an intra-pleural catheter placed on the basis of the HTX, but will undergo standard observation/conservative management by the trauma service. Intra-pleural catheters may be placed after enrollment at the attending clinician's discretion. | Other | Expectant management |
Primary outcome
The numbers of hemothoraces that require thoracic interventions.
Time frame: 1 year after patient recruited in the study
The rate of hemothoraces that require thoracic interventions in patients of both groups.
2 secondary outcomes
The days of mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit
Time frame: 30 days after patients recruited in the study
The days of intensive care unit stay
Time frame: 30 days after patients recruited in the study
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Feb 2023.
- Results publication: PubMed 17161082Stafford RE, Linn J, Washington L. Incidence and management of occult hemothoraces. Am J Surg. 2006 Dec;192(6):722-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.033.
- Results publication: PubMed 18053373Ball CG, Lord J, Laupland KB, Gmora S, Mulloy RH, Ng AK, Schieman C, Kirkpatrick AW. Chest tube complications: how well are we training our residents? Can J Surg. 2007 Dec;50(6):450-8.
- Results publication: PubMed 22929504DuBose J, Inaba K, Okoye O, Demetriades D, Scalea T, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Shiflett T, Brown C, Copwood B; AAST Retained Hemothorax Study Group. Development of posttraumatic empyema in patients with retained hemothorax: results of a prospective, observational AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Sep;73(3):752-7. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31825c1616.
- Results publication: PubMed 23433600Bradley M, Okoye O, DuBose J, Inaba K, Demetriades D, Scalea T, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Shiflett T, Brown C. Risk factors for post-traumatic pneumonia in patients with retained haemothorax: results of a prospective, observational AAST study. Injury. 2013 Sep;44(9):1159-64. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.01.032. Epub 2013 Feb 19.
- Results publication: PubMed 22310111DuBose J, Inaba K, Demetriades D, Scalea TM, O'Connor J, Menaker J, Morales C, Konstantinidis A, Shiflett A, Copwood B; AAST Retained Hemothorax Study Group. Management of post-traumatic retained hemothorax: a prospective, observational, multicenter AAST study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jan;72(1):11-22; discussion 22-4; quiz 316. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318242e368.
- Results publication: PubMed 21307755Mowery NT, Gunter OL, Collier BR, Diaz JJ Jr, Haut E, Hildreth A, Holevar M, Mayberry J, Streib E. Practice management guidelines for management of hemothorax and occult pneumothorax. J Trauma. 2011 Feb;70(2):510-8. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31820b5c31. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 17650692Khandhar SJ, Johnson SB, Calhoon JH. Overview of thoracic trauma in the United States. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007 Feb;17(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2007.02.004.
- Results publication: PubMed 15454805Kulshrestha P, Munshi I, Wait R. Profile of chest trauma in a level I trauma center. J Trauma. 2004 Sep;57(3):576-81. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000091107.00699.c7.
- Results publication: PubMed 16307931Bilello JF, Davis JW, Lemaster DM. Occult traumatic hemothorax: when can sleeping dogs lie? Am J Surg. 2005 Dec;190(6):841-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.05.053.
- Results publication: PubMed 25983221Wells BJ, Roberts DJ, Grondin S, Navsaria PH, Kirkpatrick AW, Dunham MB, Ball CG. To drain or not to drain? Predictors of tube thoracostomy insertion and outcomes associated with drainage of traumatic hemothoraces. Injury. 2015 Sep;46(9):1743-8. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.04.032. Epub 2015 May 7.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 29502092Carver DA, Bressan AK, Schieman C, Grondin SC, Kirkpatrick AW, Lall R, McBeth PB, Dunham MB, Ball CG. Management of haemothoraces in blunt thoracic trauma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Mar 3;8(3):e020378. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020378.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Chad G Ball, MD principal investigator
University of Calgary
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Chest tube drain and Expectant management in people with Hemothorax and Thoracic Injuries, run by University of Calgary at 2 sites in Canada.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Feb 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in Canada. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Each site lists its own contact: choose the nearest one under Trial locations. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
The numbers of hemothoraces that require thoracic interventions. (time frame: 1 year after patient recruited in the study). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03050502, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Feb 2023.