Sensation Awareness Focused Training for Spouses

More than 5.7 million patients are admitted to intensive care units (ICU) each year in the United States. The technologically advanced ICU is an unfamiliar frightening environment to patients and their families. Critical illness is a family crisis. There is strong evidence that family distress in response to critical illness does not disappear after ICU discharge. The Society of Critical Care Medicine has identified a cluster of complications that occur in family members of ICU patients as Post Intensive Care Syndrome-Family (PICS-F). PICS in family members of adult ICU survivors includes symptoms of ongoing anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data suggest that 70% of family members have symptoms of anxiety and 33% have symptoms of depression and PTSD, which can persist for ≥4 years. Moreover, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD are higher and persist longer in family members than in adult ICU survivors. Because PICS-F occurs with greater frequency in spouses and surrogate health decision-makers, this study will focus on participants whom are spouses of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults (typically sedated and unable to make health decisions).

To date, the focus of PICS-F research has been on description, detection, and prevalence of PICS-F. The approach in the proposed project focuses on prevention of PICS-F using an innovative rapid stress reduction intervention. The Rosenzweig Center for Rapid Recovery has recently developed an adaptation of their Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for psychological trauma and depression, called Sensation Awareness Focused Training (SĀF-T), as an approach to rapidly eliminate negative biological sensations of stress. SĀF-T is designed to elicit a calming response; interrupt negative thoughts, negative feelings, and negative behaviors; and ultimately serve as a self-management stress reduction method for individuals. Lateral left-right (saccadic) eye movements are used to elicit an orienting response that activates an investigatory reflex in which first, an alert response occurs and then, a reflexive pause produces decreased arousal in the face of no threat, which elicits a calming response that rapidly eliminates negative biological sensations of stress. This response process is consistent with behavior of interpretation or reaction to challenge in McEwen's Allostasis Stress Theory. The investigators expect the SĀF-T intervention will enable spouses to better manage stress and reduce risk of PICS-F.

Sleep deprivation has been self-reported as one of the top stressors of family members of ICU patients. Sleep adequacy is defined as a combination of three factors: latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), efficiency ([time spent sleeping ÷ total time in bed] × 100), and duration of sleep. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for adequate sleep, persons should fall asleep within 15 minutes, stay asleep for at least 85% of the time they are in bed, and have a total sleep time of no less than 7 hours. Reasons reported by family members for sleep deprivation include anxiety, tension, and fear. Sleep deprivation may play a role in the development of PICS-F. Although anxiety, tension, and fear are to be expected when a family member is critically ill, acknowledging these feelings and practicing relaxation techniques can reduce the impact that the feelings have on sleep. Therefore, management of stress in spouses throughout the daytime may also improve nighttime sleep/rest and further reduce risk of PICS-F.