Employment Outcomes After Vocational Training

The Purpose of the Study

This study aimed to explore the employment outcomes of the In-House Vocational Training ( IHVT) programs by examining participants' employment rates at the 1st-, 3rd-, and 6th-month follow-ups as well as their overall sustainability of employment during the first 6 months post-training. In addition, we attempted to determine the program parameters (e.g., pre-training screening and evaluation, therapist training and experience, cross-disciplinary initiative, and counseling service) that had a significantly positive effect on the employment outcomes.

Research Design

This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study utilizing data retrieved from the files of the IHVT participants in four regional psychiatric hospitals of Taiwan.

Recruitment of Participants

The retrospective cohort study utilized data of 323 participants from four regional psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan who met the following criteria: (a) being 18 year-old or older, (b) having a diagnosis of DSM-V psychiatric disorder for a minimum of 12 months, (c) being a newly discharged inpatient (< 3 months) or current outpatient of one of the aforementioned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan, (d) having completed the entire IHVT program described below as well as the 1st, 3rd-, and 6th-month follow-up interviews, and (d) having signed participant informed consent. The Institution Review Board and Research Ethics Committee of the project sponsor (Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou County, Taiwan) approved the project proposal and oversaw the procedures of participant recruitment, intervention (training) programs, and data collection and analyses.

Intervention: In-House Vocational Training Programs (IHVT)

The IHVT programs were government-funded services offered to newly discharged inpatients or current outpatients with chronic psychiatric disorders (CPD) in four regional psychiatric hospitals of Taiwan. Each program was staffed with occupational therapists (including the program direct, case managers and on-site therapists) and paid or volunteer job coaches, along with cross-disciplinary support from psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, vocational specialists or others. The programs emphasized the utilization of the hospitals' existing spaces, facilities and manpower alongside the community sources and networks to train their participants in a range of job options including bakery training, culinary skill, barista training, computer data processing, auto wash and detailing, janitorial training, and wash and fold laundry service. The job placement for each participant was determined jointly by the participant's interest, the demands of local job markets and the results of evaluation by the case manager or a cross-disciplinary team. The IHVT programs generally covered 6 to 10 months in length (varying with the job options), 5 days a week and 4 to 6 hours a day.

The IHVT programs contained three sessions throughout the entire course of training: (a) the work-related behavior training session, (b) the on-the-job skill training session, and (c) the life balance counseling session. The work-related behavior training session included a rich array of lectures and discussion, group activities and presentations, and take-home assignments. The topics may include, but are not limited to, proper appearance and attire; punctuality, attendance and responsibility; communication and self assertion; engagement, concentration, and work completion; workplace social skills and etiquette; problem solving and conflict resolution; and job searching and interview skills. The on-the-job skill training session took place in the hospitals' facilities or affiliations, such as the hospitals' bakeries, coffee shops, restaurants, cafeterias, offices, janitorial departments, laundry facilities and car wash/detailing workshops. These facilities were all housed in the hospitals or their vicinity and many were open to the public (e.g., bakeries, coffee shops, restaurants, and car wash/detailing workshops). It was a half- or full-day unpaid internship where the participants gained job-specific training and hands-on experience from the job coaches and, at the same time, received necessary supervision, guidance and interventions from the on-site occupational therapists. Moreover, the life balance counseling session consisted of individual and group counseling that aimed to enhance the participants' ability to tackle potential hardships and barriers to work. Stress management and relaxation techniques, coping strategies, work and leisure, time management, medication issues, self-advocacy, and community outreach and resources were the common areas for counseling offered by occupational therapists (case managers) or cross-disciplinary initiatives (e.g., psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses or other). Finally, post-training vocational counseling services provided by the IHVT case manager or other vocational specialists in community settings were also available to the participants so as to continuously promote their employment capacity. Of note, while incorporating all the essential sessions and components of the IHVP, the four participating hospitals demonstrated variations in some program parameters (e.g., length, staffing, job training options, post-training counseling services) due to their inherent differences in infrastructure, manpower and resources.

Research Variables

Outcome/dependent variables: The outcome variables of this study were employment rates and employment sustainability. Employment rates were the percentages of participants who were employed at the 1st-, 3rd-, and 6th-month follow-up interviews, respectively. For the purpose of this study, participants were deemed "employed" if they had a full-time paid job (a workload of 30 hours or more per week) in any of the following work placements: sheltered, supported, or competitive employment. In turn, the employment sustainability during the first 6 months post-training was graded into five levels: (a) high sustainability (5 points), (b) medium sustainability (4 points), (c) medium low sustainability (3 points), (d) low sustainability (2 points), and (e) very low sustainability (1 point). The detailed definitions of the employment sustainability levels will be described in Results.

Independent variables: Independent variables were the related program parameters that might significantly correlate with participants' employment outcomes. A total of 8 program parameters were identified: (a) participant's pre-training screening/evaluation, (b) therapist's obtaining a specific job certification/licensure, (c) case manager's length of time in practice, (d) case manager's experience in community settings, (e) cross-disciplinary support for life balance counseling, (f) the amount of life balance counseling (hours per week), (g) type of professionals available for post-training vocational counseling, and (h) time parameters post-training (1st, 3rd or 6th month). The detailed definitions of these program parameters will be described in Results.

Control variables. In order to determine which of the aforementioned program parameters (independent variables) could significantly support participants' employment outcomes, we treated "client factors" as control variables to offset their potential confounding effects on the outcomes. These client factors included participants' demographics (i.e., gender, educational attainment, marital status, and age), diagnostic characteristics (i.e., major diagnosis, age of onset, and length of time since onset) and functional levels (i.e., hand function, attention span, and activities of daily living [ADL] skill). The instruments used to measure participants' functional levels are described below.

Instrumentation

Data regarding participants' functional levels were collected through Chu's Occupational Assessment Inventory that consists of Hand Dexterity Test, Attention Test, and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Test - 2nd ed. These tests were purposefully developed and validated for use with individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. The administration of Chu's Occupational Assessment Inventory has been a routine, standard evaluation procedure in many psychiatric occupational therapy settings in Taiwan. Norms for the three tests were established through the national samples of Taiwan. Functional levels assessed through each of the three tests were calibrated into: 5 - Good, 4 - Fair, 3 - Mild Impairment, 2 - Moderate Impairment, 1 - Severe Impairment, and 0 - Very Severe Impairment. Reliability and validity of the three tests have been well supported in previous studies.

Data Analysis

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Descriptive statistics and frequency analysis were first conducted to summarize the data sets. Univariate analyses for the categorical independent variable (employed or unemployed) including Chi-square test and simple logistic regression, and univariate analyses for the continuous dependent variable (employment sustainability) including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation (Pearson's r) were used to preselect independent variables (program parameters) and control variables (client factors) that could have an effect on participants' employment outcomes. Subsequently, we performed the generalized estimating equation (GEE) to analyze our 1st-, 3rd- and 6th-month longitudinal employment data with the preselected independent variables offset by the control variables to conclude the program parameters significantly predictive of participants' employment rates and employment sustainability, respectively.

Research Questions

1. What were the participants' employment rates at the 1st-, 3rd-, and 6th-month follow-ups post training, respectively?
2. What was the participants' overall sustainability of employment during the first 6 months post-training?
3. What were the program parameters (e.g., pre-training screening and evaluation, therapist training and experience, cross-disciplinary initiative, and counseling service) that had a significantly positive effect on the employment rates and the sustainability of employment?