Project BELONG: Breaking the Cycle of Intergenerational Family Violence and Trauma

Parental concern of child development will be assessed via the 10-item Parent's Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS). The PEDS is an evidence-based method for detecting and addressing developmental and behavioral problems in children aged from birth to eight years. All responses are based on the age of the child and scoring sorts children into high, moderate or low risk for an undiagnosed developmental disability and behavioral problems requiring referral for in-depth evaluation.

Parenting stress will be assessed via the 36-item Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Short Form. The PSI is a screening and triage measure for evaluating the parenting system and identifying issues in parental functioning that may lead to problems in the child's behavior. Designed for use with parents of children ranging in age from 1 month to 12 years, the PSI yields a total stress score from three scales: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction, and Difficult Child, using a 5-point scale ranging from strongly agree [1] to strongly disagree [5]. Scores are calculated for each sub-scales and then added to yield the Total Stress score. Altogether, the higher the score, the greater the level of stress in parents.

Parenting satisfaction and efficacy will be assessed via the 17-item Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC). The PSOC was designed to measure parental competence on two dimensions: satisfaction and efficacy, using a 6-point scale ranging from strongly agree [1] to strongly disagree [6], with ten questions under Satisfaction and seven under Efficacy. Satisfaction section examines the parents' anxiety, motivation and frustration, while the Efficacy section looks at the parents' competence, capability levels, and problem-solving abilities in their parental role. Scores are calculated by adding all responses to yield the participants PSOC score. A higher score indicates a higher parenting sense of competency; there are no average scores or 'cut-off's' for this tool.

Parental psychological distress, interpersonal sensitivity, and depression will be assessed via the 53-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The BSI was designed to evaluate psychological distress in the past week using a 4-point scale ranging from not at all [0] to extreme [4]. It is composed of nine primary symptom dimensions (somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism) and includes three global indices of distress (Global Severity, Positive Symptom Distress, and Positive Symptom Total) to measure the overall distress level, intensity of symptoms, and number of self-reported symptoms. A clinically significant score can be reached in two ways: the GSI score is greater than or equal to a T score of 63, or any two subscales are greater than or equal to a T score of 63 when compared with the norms for the particular population in question.

Parental mentalization and reflective functioning will be assessed via the 18-item Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). The PRFQ was designed for parents of children 0-5 years to provide a brief, multidimensional assessment of parental reflective functioning and mentalization, which refers to the caregiver's capacity to reflect upon her own internal mental experiences as well as those of the child. Parental reflective functioning is assumed to play a key role in fostering the developing child's own capacity for mentalizing, which in turn is important for the development of emotion regulation, a sense of personal agency, and secure attachment relationships. Items were formulated positively (i.e., higher scores reflect higher levels of parental reflective functioning) and negatively (i.e, higher scores reflect lower levels of mentalization).

Parental perceptions of their infant/child development will be assessed via 6 questions adapted from the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI). The WMCI is a semi-structured, open-ended interview designed to assess parent's perception of and relationship with their infant/child. The questions adapted from the WMCI include: 1) "What are three things you feel are unique and different about your child compared to (what you know of) children?" 2) "What are three things that pleases you the most about your relationship with your child/baby?" 3) "Think for a moment of your child as an adult. What five hopes and fears do you have about that time?" 4) Pick 5 words to describe your impression of your child's personality now. 5) At this point, who does your child remind you of? In what ways? 6) Pick 5 words to describe your relationship with your child now. There is no score or 'cut-off' for this tool.

Parental childhood experiences of abuse and neglect will be assessed via the 26-item Clinical Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. The Clinical ACEs was adapted from the original ACEs Questionnaire and includes ten categories of childhood adversity: exposure to psychological, physical and sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect, household dysfunction including parental divorce or separation, untreated parental mental illness, parental alcohol or substance abuse, parental incarceration, and exposure to mother treated violently. Scores are calculated by adding all responses to yield the participants PSOC score. A higher score indicates a higher risk of health and social problems; there are no average scores or 'cut-off's' for this tool.

Child social and emotional skills and competencies will be assessed via the age-appropriate Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA). The DECA is a standardized, strength based assessment to assess protective factors and screening for potential risks in the social and emotional development of very young children. The DECA Infant (4 weeks up to 18 months) has 33 items and comprises of two protective factor scales: Initiative and Attachment/Relationships. The DECA Toddler (age 18 months to 36 months) has 36 items and comprises of three protective factor scales: Initiative, Attachment/Relationships, and Self-Regulation. The DECA for Preschoolers (ages 3 to 6 years) has 38 items and comprises of four protective factor scales: Total protective Factors, Initiative, Self-Regulation, and Attachment/Relationships. Scores correspond to the child's age and rater, and are calculated by adding all responses in each scale. Scores place children in three categories: typical, strength, and concern.

In addition to the 10-minute video recordings of naturalistic interaction between parent and child, parent-child interaction will be assessed via the interviewer-observed 8-item Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME). The HOME was designed to measure the quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to a child in the home environment. There is no score or 'cut-off' for this tool.

Food insecurity will be assessed via two standardized questions developed by the US Dept of Agriculture Economic Research: Guide to Measuring Household Food Security. These include "within the past 6 months…": 1) "…we worried whether our food would run out before we got money to buy more" and 2) "…the food we bought just didn't last and we didn't have money to get more." Housing instability will be assessed in accordance with previously published measures, as no official US measure exists. These include: 1) "What kind of housing do you currently live in?" 2) "Are you temporarily living with other people even for a little while because of financial difficulties?" 3) "Can you continue to stay where you are for as long as you want?" 4) "When was the last time if ever that you considered yourself to be without a regular place to stay or homeless?" and 5) "During the past 6 months, was there a time when you were not able to pay the mortgage/rent on time because of financial difficulties?"