Upper- and Lower-body Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction on Hemodynamics and Vascular Function

Participants will come to the Cardiovascular Dynamics Laboratory at Kent State University for 4 separate visits. On the first visit, participants will undergo an orientation and decide if they want to sign the informed consent. If they decide to consent, they will be assigned randomly to either upper- or lower-body group, and fill out Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and Health Participant Questionnaire then be measured for height, weight, body composition (7-sites skin fold), arterial occlusion pressure (determine the pressure that occlude blood flow using a doppler device on brachial or femoral artery, and a 13-cm nylon cuff at the proximal end of right arm or right leg then inflate the cuff to 50 mmHg and increases by 1 mmHg per second until the doppler device cannot detect blood flow) and 1 RM which they will move maximum amount of weight 1 time through a full range of motion on the chess press and latissimus dorsi pulldown or knee extension and knee flexion. A certified strength and conditioning specialist will adjust the form, spot the lifts, and provide feedback if needed. The second visit consists of 1-repetition maximum verification that participants will be measured 1-repetition maximum on the chess press and latissimus dorsi pulldown or knee extension and knee flexion again to ensure their maximal strength. For the third and fourth visits, the participants will come to the Cardiovascular Dynamics Laboratory to have their responses to either acute upper- or lower-body resistance exercise with and without BFR quantified. Participants will arrive at the laboratory having avoided caffeine, alcohol, and strenuous exercise for 24 hours, and at least 3 hours without food before data collection. Participants will have their hemodynamics and vascular function measured before and after either acute upper- or lower-body resistance exercise with or without BFR. Hemodynamic measurements will include pulse wave analysis (PWA) using a SphygmoCor (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia) device. Heart rate and blood pressure will be monitored using 3 leads electrocardiograph (ECG) and on the middle finger of the right hand, respectively. A 5-minute ECG will be collected, and participants will be breathing with a metronome at the rate of 12 breaths/minute. PWA provides information about aortic and brachial systolic and diastolic BP, as well as measures of wave reflection that give insight into central arterial modulation such as augmentation pressure and the augmentation index. BP will be measured twice separated by 1 minute by an oscillometric device. After that the investigators will assess vascular function via pulse wave velocity. During PWA measurements, there will be cuffs on right arm and right leg, and a tonometer will be placed on the carotid artery on the neck. Peripheral arterial mechanics will be measured by strain gauge plethysmography (EC-6; DE Hokanson Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA) on the forearm close to the elbow in order to determine forearm blood flow and vasodilatory capacity (peak blood flow). There will be cuffs on the upper left arm and on the left wrist. The wrist Cuff will be inflated to 220 mmHg 1 minute prior to data collection and throughout. The Upper arm cuff will be inflated to 50 mmHg to occlude venous flow for measurement of arterial flow. Ninety seconds of measurement of flow will occur. Once this is completed, the cuff on the upper arm will be inflated to 220 mmHg for 5 minutes to occlude blood flow. After that, the pressure in the cuff will be released and measurements of blood flow will be taken for the next 3 minutes with the wrist cuff will be inflated to 220 mmHg 1 minute prior to data collection and throughout. The upper-(chess press and latissimus dorsi pulldown) and lower-body (knee extension and knee flexion) resistance exercise with BFR will consists of 4 sets of 30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions at 30% 1 RM with 30 seconds rest between sets and 2 minutes rest between exercises. The upper- and lower-body resistance exercise without BFR will consists of 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 70% 1 RM with 60 seconds rest between sets and 2 minutes rest between exercises. Participants' arms or legs will be wrapped using elastic cuffs at the most proximal limbs. At 40% of arterial occlusion pressure will be used to induce BFR. Three minutes warm up and three minutes cool down on the cycle ergometer will be given before and after resistance exercise. Immediately after completion of the acute bouts of resistance exercise, the investigators will assess PWA and ECG at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes post exercise, and BF at 20 and 60 minutes post exercise.