Body CompositionNCT03247192
Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Health Indicators in Trained Older Women
A study of Body Composition and Healthy, run by Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Trial summary
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation associated with resistance training on muscle strength, body composition, muscle quality, cellular hydration, cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in trained elderly women and to… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 60 years and older, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Body Composition, Healthy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 66 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 8 Dec 2015to 30 Sep 2016
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 60 years and older
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- 60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and not performing any regular physical exercise more than once a week in the six months preceding the beginning of the investigation
- Participants passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with a 12-lead electrocardiogram, reviewed by a cardiologist, and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation.
Who cannot join
- All subjects not participating in 85% of the total sessions of training or withdraw
About this study
Official title: Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Body Composition, Cellular Hydration, Phase Angle, Muscle Strength, Glycemic and Lipid Profile, Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Trained Older Women
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation associated with resistance training on muscle strength, body composition, muscle quality, cellular hydration, cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in trained elderly women and to evaluate whether the timing of protein intake provide different responses on these variables.
Read the detailed description
This study was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. This RT period was conducted to standardize training status, and to overcome strong neural adaptations known to occur within the first few weeks of RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, one repetition maximum tests (1RM), phase angle, body water, blood samples and dietary intake measurements.
Recruitment was carried out through newspaper and radio advertising, and home delivery of leaflets in the central area and residential neighborhoods. All participants completed health history and physical activity questionnaires and met the following inclusion criteria: 60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement and/or thyroid therapy, not using equipment that would prevent the accomplishment of protocols and tests, and not performing any regular physical exercise for 6 months preceding the beginning of the study. Participants have passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with 12-lead electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation. Eighty-three Brazilian older women (≥ 60 years old), volunteered to participate in this investigation. After individual interviews, thirteen volunteers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Seventy participants were submitted to a standardized resistance training (RT) program, for eight weeks. After the assessments, the participants were randomly divided into three groups according relative strength (ratio of total strength obtained on 1-RM tests by body mass): (1) whey protein pre- and placebo post- RT (whey protein-placebo, (2) placebo pre- and whey protein post- RT, and (3) placebo pre- and post- RT. A blinded researcher was responsible for generating random numbers for participant allocation. All groups were submitted to the same RT program and 66 participants completed the experiment. The reasons for withdrawal from the study was reported as personal reasons and transportation issues.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after a detailed description of investigation procedures was provided. This investigation was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local University Ethics Committee (nº 1.700.756).
The paired t-test was used to analyze the effects (pre- vs post-) of the first phase. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was applied for intra- and inter-group comparisons. When the baseline was different (ANOVA one-way), two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for repeated measures was applied for comparisons, with baseline scores used as covariates. When an F-ratio was significant, Fisher's post hoc test was employed to identify mean differences. The statistical power was determined to verify the statistical power of the analysis. For all statistical analyses, significance was accepted at P<0.05.
- Conditions
- Body Composition, Healthy
- Being tested
- Whey protein-placebo, Placebo-whey protein, Placebo-placebo
- Keywords
- resistance training, protein supplementation, aging, Randomized Controlled Trial
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Whey protein-placeboDietary supplement
This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements
Placebo-whey proteinDietary supplement
This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements
Placebo-placeboDietary supplement
This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Whey protein-placebo | Experimental | Participants received a dose of 35 grams of whey protein before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) after RT.
Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Whey protein-placebo |
| Placebo-whey protein | Experimental | Participants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of whey protein after RT.
Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Placebo-whey protein |
| Placebo-placebo | Placebo comparator | Participants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before and after resistance training.
Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Placebo-placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in body composition
Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy) was used to assess lean mass and fat mass and its segments. The total skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated by the predictive equation proposed by Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2004). The results are presented in kg.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in Phase Angle
Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the resistance (R), and reactance (Xc), and subsequently the phase angle (PhA) was calculated as arc-tangent (Xc/R) x 180°/π. The results are presented in degree
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in cellular hydration
Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), and total body water (TBW). The results are presented in liters (L)
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in C-reactive protein (CRP)
Measurements of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL).
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in inflammatory markers
Tumor Necrosis Factor -α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Quantikine High Sensitivity Kit, Minneapolis) and performed in a microplate reader Perkin Elmer, model EnSpire (Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results. The results are presented in picograms per milliliter (pg/ml).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Change in CATALASE (CAT)
The CAT analysis is by measuring the decay in concentration of hydrogen peroxide
, and oxygen generation using the technique described by literature. The reading of the CAT reaction was carried out in a spectrophotometer, ThermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 240 nm.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Change in superoxide dismutase (SOD)
The SOD activity in erythrocytes was determined using the pyrogallol method described by literature. The reading of SOD reaction is performed in a spectrophotometer, thermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 420 nm.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Change in oxidative stress
For measurements, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined in the plasma using a semiautomatic method. AOPP concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (μmol/L). Total plasma antioxidant capacity (TRAP) was determined by the chemiluminescence method for the induction time of 2.2 azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) and calibrated with Trolox analogue of vitamin E. TRAP values were expressed in μmol of Trolox.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in lipid profile
Measurements of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. For the determination of LDL-c was used the Friedewald equation: LDL-c=TC - (HDL-c + TG / 5). The Castelli Index I was calculated by dividing the total cholesterol concentration (TC) by the concentration of HDL-c (CT / HDL-c), while the Castelli Index II was determined from concentration of LDL-c divided by the concentration of HDL-c (LDL-c / HDL-c)
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR
Measurements of serum levels of glucose (GLU) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring).Insulin was determined by the chemiluminescence method (LIASON equipment) and the Homeostasis Assessment Model (HOMA-IR) was calculated by the formula: Insulin fasting (μUI / mL) x Glucose fasting (mmol / L) / 22.5.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
change in Muscular strength
Maximal dynamic strength was evaluated using the 1RM test assessed on chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl exercises performed in this exact order. Testing for each exercise was preceded by a warm-up set (6-10 repetitions), with approximately 50% of the estimated load used in the first attempt of the 1RM. This warm-up was also used to familiarize the subjects with the testing equipment and lifting technique. The testing procedure was initiated 2 minutes after the warm-up. The subjects were instructed to try to accomplish two repetitions with the imposed load in three attempts in both exercises. The rest period was 3 to 5 min between each attempt, and 5 min between exercises. The 1RM was recorded as the last resistance lifted in which the subject was able to complete only one single maximal execution
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Secondary outcomes (3)
Change in anthropometric measurements
Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a calibrated electronic scale scale (Balmak), with subjects wearing light workout clothing and no shoes. Height was measured using a stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm while subjects were standing without shoes. Body mass index was calculated as the body mass in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. We also collected data on waist circumference (WC) and (HC) hip, using a flexible and inelastic tape measure. WC was obtained at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest at the time of expiration and the WC was measured in the region of greater perimeter between the waist and the thigh. Two measurements were used to measure each circumference. In situations in which the difference between the measurements was greater than 0.5 cm a third measurement was performed, with the value of the median being adopted as reference. All measurements were performed by the same evaluator.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in blood pressure
Resting BP assessment was performed using automatic, oscillometric equipment (Omron - 7113). Participants attended the laboratory on three different days and, during each visit, remained seated at rest for 10 min with the cuff of the equipment in place on the right arm. Subsequently, several BP measurements were performed at one-minute intervals in order to obtain three consecutive measurements where the difference in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) readings differed by no more than 4 mmHg. The average of the three measurements for each day was averaged across the three visits.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Dietary intake
Food consumption were assessed by the 24-hour dietary recall method applied on two non-consecutive days of the week, with the aid of a photographic record taken during an interview. The homemade measurements of the nutritional values of food and supplementation were converted into grams and milliliters by the online software Virtual Nutri Plus (Keeple®, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for diet analysis. Some foods were not found in the program database and therefore items were added from food tables.
Measured: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 Aug 2017
- Study start8 Dec 2015
- Primary completion10 Feb 2016
- Study completion30 Sep 2016
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Body CompositionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hellen Clair Garcêz Nabuco, Universidade Estadual de Londrina
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03247192
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- UEL1700756-1/2016
- Status last verified
- Aug 2017
- First submitted
- 8 Aug 2017
- Last updated
- 14 Aug 2017
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
Publications
American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Mar;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
PubMed 19204579Kim J, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Kotler DP, Mayer L, Albu J, Shen W, Freda PU, Heymsfield SB. Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Aug;97(2):655-60. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2004. Epub 2004 Apr 16.
PubMed 15090482Sardinha LB, Lohman TG, Teixeira PJ, Guedes DP, Going SB. Comparison of air displacement plethysmography with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 3 field methods for estimating body composition in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):786-93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.4.786.
PubMed 9771855Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Sugihara Junior P, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Deminice R, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in older women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Aug;29(8):1101-1108. doi: 10.1111/sms.13449. Epub 2019 May 27.
PubMed 31050066Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara P Junior, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Dos Santos L, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 May-Jun;82:232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.007. Epub 2019 Mar 7.
PubMed 30870778Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on body fat and metabolic and inflammatory profile in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019 Mar;29(3):290-300. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Nov 29.
PubMed 30639252Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Antunes M, Ribeiro AS, Teixeira DC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Pre- or Post-Resistance Training on Muscle Mass, Muscular Strength, and Functional Capacity in Pre-Conditioned Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2018 May 3;10(5):563. doi: 10.3390/nu10050563.
PubMed 29751507
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Aug 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Body Composition, Cellular Hydration, Phase Angle, Muscle Strength, Glycemic and Lipid Profile, Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Trained Older Women
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03247192
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UEL1700756-1/2016
- Conditions
- Body Composition, Healthy
- Keywords
- resistance training, protein supplementation, aging, Randomized Controlled Trial
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 66 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Estadual de LondrinaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Study start
- 8 Dec 2015
- Primary completion
- 10 Feb 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2016 (actual)
- First posted
- 11 Aug 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation associated with resistance training on muscle strength, body composition, muscle quality, cellular hydration, cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in trained elderly women and to evaluate whether the timing of protein intake provide different responses on these variables.
Detailed description
This study was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. This RT period was conducted to standardize training status, and to overcome strong neural adaptations known to occur within the first few weeks of RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, one repetition maximum tests (1RM), phase angle, body water, blood samples and dietary intake measurements.
Recruitment was carried out through newspaper and radio advertising, and home delivery of leaflets in the central area and residential neighborhoods. All participants completed health history and physical activity questionnaires and met the following inclusion criteria: 60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement and/or thyroid therapy, not using equipment that would prevent the accomplishment of protocols and tests, and not performing any regular physical exercise for 6 months preceding the beginning of the study. Participants have passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with 12-lead electrocardiogram reviewed by a cardiologist and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation. Eighty-three Brazilian older women (≥ 60 years old), volunteered to participate in this investigation. After individual interviews, thirteen volunteers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Seventy participants were submitted to a standardized resistance training (RT) program, for eight weeks. After the assessments, the participants were randomly divided into three groups according relative strength (ratio of total strength obtained on 1-RM tests by body mass): (1) whey protein pre- and placebo post- RT (whey protein-placebo, (2) placebo pre- and whey protein post- RT, and (3) placebo pre- and post- RT. A blinded researcher was responsible for generating random numbers for participant allocation. All groups were submitted to the same RT program and 66 participants completed the experiment. The reasons for withdrawal from the study was reported as personal reasons and transportation issues.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after a detailed description of investigation procedures was provided. This investigation was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local University Ethics Committee (nº 1.700.756).
The paired t-test was used to analyze the effects (pre- vs post-) of the first phase. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was applied for intra- and inter-group comparisons. When the baseline was different (ANOVA one-way), two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for repeated measures was applied for comparisons, with baseline scores used as covariates. When an F-ratio was significant, Fisher's post hoc test was employed to identify mean differences. The statistical power was determined to verify the statistical power of the analysis. For all statistical analyses, significance was accepted at P<0.05.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, care provider, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Whey protein-placebo | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Whey protein-placeboParticipants received a dose of 35 grams of whey protein before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) after RT. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. |
| Placebo-whey protein | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Placebo-whey proteinParticipants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of whey protein after RT. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. |
| Placebo-placebo | Placebo comparator | Dietary Supplement: Placebo-placeboParticipants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before and after resistance training. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 60 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- 60 years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and not performing any regular physical exercise more than once a week in the six months preceding the beginning of the investigation
- Participants passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with a 12-lead electrocardiogram, reviewed by a cardiologist, and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- All subjects not participating in 85% of the total sessions of training or withdraw
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Whey protein-placeboThis investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements | Dietary supplement | Whey protein-placebo |
| Placebo-whey proteinThis investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements | Dietary supplement | Placebo-whey protein |
| Placebo-placeboThis investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements | Dietary supplement | Placebo-placebo |
Primary outcome
Change in body composition
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy) was used to assess lean mass and fat mass and its segments. The total skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated by the predictive equation proposed by Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2004). The results are presented in kg.
Change in Phase Angle
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the resistance (R), and reactance (Xc), and subsequently the phase angle (PhA) was calculated as arc-tangent (Xc/R) x 180°/π. The results are presented in degree
Change in cellular hydration
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), and total body water (TBW). The results are presented in liters (L)
Change in C-reactive protein (CRP)
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Measurements of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL).
Change in inflammatory markers
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Tumor Necrosis Factor -α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Quantikine High Sensitivity Kit, Minneapolis) and performed in a microplate reader Perkin Elmer, model EnSpire (Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results. The results are presented in picograms per milliliter (pg/ml).
Change in CATALASE (CAT)
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
The CAT analysis is by measuring the decay in concentration of hydrogen peroxide , and oxygen generation using the technique described by literature. The reading of the CAT reaction was carried out in a spectrophotometer, ThermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 240 nm.
Change in superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
The SOD activity in erythrocytes was determined using the pyrogallol method described by literature. The reading of SOD reaction is performed in a spectrophotometer, thermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 420 nm.
Change in oxidative stress
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
For measurements, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined in the plasma using a semiautomatic method. AOPP concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (μmol/L). Total plasma antioxidant capacity (TRAP) was determined by the chemiluminescence method for the induction time of 2.2 azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) and calibrated with Trolox analogue of vitamin E. TRAP values were expressed in μmol of Trolox.
Change in lipid profile
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Measurements of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. For the determination of LDL-c was used the Friedewald equation: LDL-c=TC - (HDL-c + TG / 5). The Castelli Index I was calculated by dividing the total cholesterol concentration (TC) by the concentration of HDL-c (CT / HDL-c), while the Castelli Index II was determined from concentration of LDL-c divided by the concentration of HDL-c (LDL-c / HDL-c)
Change in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Measurements of serum levels of glucose (GLU) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring).Insulin was determined by the chemiluminescence method (LIASON equipment) and the Homeostasis Assessment Model (HOMA-IR) was calculated by the formula: Insulin fasting (μUI / mL) x Glucose fasting (mmol / L) / 22.5.
change in Muscular strength
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Maximal dynamic strength was evaluated using the 1RM test assessed on chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl exercises performed in this exact order. Testing for each exercise was preceded by a warm-up set (6-10 repetitions), with approximately 50% of the estimated load used in the first attempt of the 1RM. This warm-up was also used to familiarize the subjects with the testing equipment and lifting technique. The testing procedure was initiated 2 minutes after the warm-up. The subjects were instructed to try to accomplish two repetitions with the imposed load in three attempts in both exercises. The rest period was 3 to 5 min between each attempt, and 5 min between exercises. The 1RM was recorded as the last resistance lifted in which the subject was able to complete only one single maximal execution
3 secondary outcomes
Change in anthropometric measurements
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Change in blood pressure
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Dietary intake
Time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Aug 2017.
- Background: PubMed 19204579American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Mar;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
- Background: PubMed 15090482Kim J, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Kotler DP, Mayer L, Albu J, Shen W, Freda PU, Heymsfield SB. Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Aug;97(2):655-60. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2004. Epub 2004 Apr 16.
- Background: PubMed 9771855Sardinha LB, Lohman TG, Teixeira PJ, Guedes DP, Going SB. Comparison of air displacement plethysmography with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 3 field methods for estimating body composition in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):786-93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.4.786.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 31050066Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Sugihara Junior P, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Deminice R, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in older women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Aug;29(8):1101-1108. doi: 10.1111/sms.13449. Epub 2019 May 27.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 30870778Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara P Junior, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Dos Santos L, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 May-Jun;82:232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.007. Epub 2019 Mar 7.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 30639252Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on body fat and metabolic and inflammatory profile in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019 Mar;29(3):290-300. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Nov 29.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 29751507Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Antunes M, Ribeiro AS, Teixeira DC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Pre- or Post-Resistance Training on Muscle Mass, Muscular Strength, and Functional Capacity in Pre-Conditioned Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2018 May 3;10(5):563. doi: 10.3390/nu10050563.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study of Body Composition and Healthy, run by Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Aug 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in body composition (time frame: baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks). The study lists 11 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03247192, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Aug 2017.