LipodermatosclerosisCIVILNCT03283800
Copper Impact on Venous Insufficiency and Lipodermatosclerosis
A study testing Copper impregnated compression stocking and Normal compression stocking in people with Lipodermatosclerosis and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, run by Croydon Health Services NHS Trust.
Trial summary
Venous disease has an adverse impact on the quality of life of patients and the NHS spends considerable resources on this chronic condition. Copper has been shown to promote new blood vessel formation and therefore improve blood supply to the affected area and possibly skin conditions. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age
- Conditions the study is for
- Lipodermatosclerosis, Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Venous Insufficiency
- What is being tested?
- Copper impregnated compression stocking and Normal compression stocking
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 16 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 23 Sep 2015to 9 Jan 2017
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Male or female patients
- CEAP classification 4 in both legs
- Venous disease confirmed by venous duplex
- Ability to understand and read the patient information sheet (in English)
- Ability to give informed consent
Who cannot join
- Inability to give consent
- Pregnancy
- Current ulceration
- Wilson's disease
- Allergy to copper
- Arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities
About this study
Official title: Impact of Copper Compression Stockings on Venous Insufficiency and Lipodermatosclerosis: a Randomised Controlled Trial
Venous disease has an adverse impact on the quality of life of patients and the NHS spends considerable resources on this chronic condition. Copper has been shown to promote new blood vessel formation and therefore improve blood supply to the affected area and possibly skin conditions. Copper has also been shown to have strong antimicrobial properties. We plan to perform a study whereby patients who would normally be given leg stockings will be asked to wear similar stockings except that one of the stockings will contain copper fibers. Neither the patient nor the clinician will know which is which. Photographs of the leg conditions will be taken at baseline, 2, 4 and 8 weeks to evaluate healing. Benefit will be evaluated by a symptom questionnaire, severity scoring tools and healing scores taken from the serial photographs.
Read the detailed description
This is a randomised controlled pilot study to assess the feasibility of copper impregnated stockings. All patients with CEAP classification 4 in both legs and venous disease identified by venous duplex will be recruited from the vascular clinics within Croydon Health Services over a period of three months. All patients will be given a patient information sheet describing the study prior to consent. Patients will be giving adequate time to read the information. Informed consent and the agreement for photography of their legs will be obtained. Patients will be assessed at baseline and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks follow-up.
Copper impregnated stockings:
All patients will be asked to wear compression stockings (14-18mmHg). These closed-toe and below-the-knee stockings are made of 88% nylon, 5% elastin, and 7% spandex and come in various sizes. One of the pair will have copper oxide ions permanently attached to the nylon fibres and these stockings will contain 2-3% copper ions. The patients will wear a copper stocking on one leg (study leg) and a non-copper stocking on the other (control leg). Both the patients and the clinicians will be blinded to the copper impregnated stocking.
Randomisation:
All stockings are marked with an 'L' for the left or 'R' for the right foot. The manufacturer has randomly marked the copper stockings with an 'L' or 'R' and paired these with a non-copper stocking. A closed envelope will contain the unique numbers of all the pairs of stockings and the information on which sock contains the copper. This envelope will remain closed for the whole recruitment period.
Patient data, history and physical examination:
Demographic data such as age, ethnicity, height and weight will be collected. Past medical history such as concomitant (chronic) diseases and the use of medications will be obtained. At each visit, subjective symptoms will be obtained using the Aberdeen Varicose Veins Questionnaire (AVVQ). For obtaining objective signs, the CEAP classification and the Venous Clinical Severity Scoring (VCSS) will be performed for grading the severity of the venous insufficiency per leg individually, and photographs with the Eykona® 3D camera will be taken. All data sets will be coded and anonymised. The data will be stored in a secure room within the Trust. All electronic data will be stored within password protected IT system within the Trust, which is only accessible by the clinical and research team.
Eykona® Wound Measurement System:
Skin changes associated with lipodermatosclerosis such as erythema, induration, hyperpigmentation and white atrophy, will be measured using the Eykona® Wound Measuring System (Type EYK10001). This system contains a 3D portable camera with software that enables precise measurements of wound size and tissue condition. Photographs will be taken at each visit. The surface area of the skin changes will be calculated.
Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS version 20.0 or higher. The CEAP classification, the Venous Clinical Severity Score and the AVVQ score at the 2, 4, and 8 weeks assessment will be compared with the baseline scores. The length, width and surface area of the skin condition from the leg with the copper will be compared with the control leg and the measurements at the 2, 4, and 8 weeks assessment will be compared with the baseline measurements. Paired t-test will be used for continuous data at baseline and a multilevel (mixed) regression model will be used to analyse the change over time.
Sample size calculation:
The sample size for this study will be 15. This number is based on the prevalence of the disease in this hospital over three months' time. There is no existing data available to allow a sample size calculation. The data collection of this pilot study will enable power calculation for a larger multicentre study.
- Being tested
- Copper impregnated compression stocking, Normal compression stocking
- Keywords
- Copper Oxide, Compression Therapy, Chronic Venous Disease, Randomised Controlled Trial, Lipodermatosclerosis
- Medical subject headings
- Lipodermatosclerosis, Venous Insufficiency, Varicose Veins
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Copper impregnated compression stockingOther
Copper impregnated compression stocking
Normal compression stockingOther
Normal compression stocking without copper
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Copper impregnated compression stocking | Experimental | Copper compression stocking containing 2-3% copper ions to be worn on one leg, daily for 8 weeks. Receives: Other: Copper impregnated compression stocking |
| Normal compression stocking | Placebo comparator | Similar compression stocking without copper to be worn on the other leg, daily for 8 weeks Receives: Other: Normal compression stocking |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ)
Validated questionnaire consisting of 13 questions on signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency for each leg seperately and questions on compression stocking usage and quality of life. The scoring of the questionnaire is from 0, which indicates no effect on the patient, to 100, which indicates a severe effect.
Measured: 2 weeks
Venous Clinical Severity Scoring (VCSS)
Assessment tool consisting of 10 items: pain, varicose veins, oedema, skin pigmentation, inflammation, induration, ulceration (number, size and duration) and use of compression therapy, which are scored on a severity scale from 0 to 3.
Measured: 24 hours
Secondary outcomes (1)
Lipodermatosclerosis surface area
Surface area of the affected skin measured using 3D photographs with the Eykona® Wound Measuring System (Type EYK10001).
Measured: 2, 4 and 8 weeks after wearing compression stockings
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Sep 2017
- Study start23 Sep 2015
- Primary completion9 Jan 2017
- Study completion9 Jan 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for LipodermatosclerosisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- All participants will be asked to wear compression stockings. One of the pair will have copper oxide ions permanently attached to the nylon fibres and these stockings will contain 2-3% copper ions. The participants will wear a copper stocking on one leg (study leg) and a non-copper stocking on the other (control leg).
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 16 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Mr Abdul H Sultan, Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
- Investigators
- Abdul H Sultan, Principal investigator, Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03283800
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 15/04
- Acronym
- CIVIL
- Status last verified
- Sep 2017
- First submitted
- 13 Sep 2017
- Last updated
- 15 Sep 2017
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Rabe E, Guex JJ, Puskas A, Scuderi A, Fernandez Quesada F; VCP Coordinators. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol. 2012 Apr;31(2):105-15.
PubMed 22466974Van den Oever R, Hepp B, Debbaut B, Simon I. Socio-economic impact of chronic venous insufficiency. An underestimated public health problem. Int Angiol. 1998 Sep;17(3):161-7.
PubMed 9821029Motykie GD, Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Reyna JJ, Overom E, Mokhtee D. Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Feb;25(2):116-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08095.x.
PubMed 10037516Eklof B, Perrin M, Delis KT, Rutherford RB, Gloviczki P; American Venous Forum; European Venous Forum; International Union of Phlebology; American College of Phlebology; International Union of Angiology. Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Feb;49(2):498-501. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.09.014.
PubMed 19216970Raju S, Hollis K, Neglen P. Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007 Nov;21(6):790-5. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2007.07.014.
PubMed 17980798Borkow G, Gabbay J. Copper as a biocidal tool. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(18):2163-75. doi: 10.2174/0929867054637617.
PubMed 16101497O'Gorman J, Humphreys H. Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? J Hosp Infect. 2012 Aug;81(4):217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
PubMed 22738611Borkow G, Gabbay J, Zatcoff RC. Could chronic wounds not heal due to too low local copper levels? Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.006. Epub 2007 Aug 6.
PubMed 17689198Sen CK, Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Trikha P, Ellison EC, Hunt TK, Roy S. Copper-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression and wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):H1821-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01015.2001.
PubMed 11959648Tenaud I, Sainte-Marie I, Jumbou O, Litoux P, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of keratinocyte wound healing integrins by zinc, copper and manganese. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Jan;140(1):26-34. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02603.x.
PubMed 10215764Ahmed Z, Briden A, Hall S, Brown RA. Stabilisation of cables of fibronectin with micromolar concentrations of copper: in vitro cell substrate properties. Biomaterials. 2004 Feb;25(5):803-12. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00596-9.
PubMed 14609669Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):952S-959S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.952S.
PubMed 9587135Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflamm Res. 2011 Jan;60(1):79-86. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0238-9. Epub 2010 Aug 20.
PubMed 20721598Weinberg, I., Lazary, A., Jefidoff, A., Vatine, J.J., Borkow, G., Ohana, N. Safety of using diapers containing copper oxide in chronic care elderly patients. Open Biol J. 2013;6:54-59.
Borkow G, Okon-Levy N, Gabbay J. Copper oxide impregnated wound dressing: biocidal and safety studies. Wounds. 2010 Dec;22(12):301-10.
PubMed 25901580
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 Sep 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Impact of Copper Compression Stockings on Venous Insufficiency and Lipodermatosclerosis: a Randomised Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03283800
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CIVIL / 15/04
- Keywords
- Copper Oxide, Compression Therapy, Chronic Venous Disease, Randomised Controlled Trial, Lipodermatosclerosis
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 16 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Croydon Health Services NHS TrustUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 23 Sep 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Jan 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Jan 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Sep 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Venous disease has an adverse impact on the quality of life of patients and the NHS spends considerable resources on this chronic condition. Copper has been shown to promote new blood vessel formation and therefore improve blood supply to the affected area and possibly skin conditions. Copper has also been shown to have strong antimicrobial properties. We plan to perform a study whereby patients who would normally be given leg stockings will be asked to wear similar stockings except that one of the stockings will contain copper fibers. Neither the patient nor the clinician will know which is which. Photographs of the leg conditions will be taken at baseline, 2, 4 and 8 weeks to evaluate healing. Benefit will be evaluated by a symptom questionnaire, severity scoring tools and healing scores taken from the serial photographs.
Detailed description
This is a randomised controlled pilot study to assess the feasibility of copper impregnated stockings. All patients with CEAP classification 4 in both legs and venous disease identified by venous duplex will be recruited from the vascular clinics within Croydon Health Services over a period of three months. All patients will be given a patient information sheet describing the study prior to consent. Patients will be giving adequate time to read the information. Informed consent and the agreement for photography of their legs will be obtained. Patients will be assessed at baseline and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks follow-up.
Copper impregnated stockings:
All patients will be asked to wear compression stockings (14-18mmHg). These closed-toe and below-the-knee stockings are made of 88% nylon, 5% elastin, and 7% spandex and come in various sizes. One of the pair will have copper oxide ions permanently attached to the nylon fibres and these stockings will contain 2-3% copper ions. The patients will wear a copper stocking on one leg (study leg) and a non-copper stocking on the other (control leg). Both the patients and the clinicians will be blinded to the copper impregnated stocking.
Randomisation:
All stockings are marked with an 'L' for the left or 'R' for the right foot. The manufacturer has randomly marked the copper stockings with an 'L' or 'R' and paired these with a non-copper stocking. A closed envelope will contain the unique numbers of all the pairs of stockings and the information on which sock contains the copper. This envelope will remain closed for the whole recruitment period.
Patient data, history and physical examination:
Demographic data such as age, ethnicity, height and weight will be collected. Past medical history such as concomitant (chronic) diseases and the use of medications will be obtained. At each visit, subjective symptoms will be obtained using the Aberdeen Varicose Veins Questionnaire (AVVQ). For obtaining objective signs, the CEAP classification and the Venous Clinical Severity Scoring (VCSS) will be performed for grading the severity of the venous insufficiency per leg individually, and photographs with the Eykona® 3D camera will be taken. All data sets will be coded and anonymised. The data will be stored in a secure room within the Trust. All electronic data will be stored within password protected IT system within the Trust, which is only accessible by the clinical and research team.
Eykona® Wound Measurement System:
Skin changes associated with lipodermatosclerosis such as erythema, induration, hyperpigmentation and white atrophy, will be measured using the Eykona® Wound Measuring System (Type EYK10001). This system contains a 3D portable camera with software that enables precise measurements of wound size and tissue condition. Photographs will be taken at each visit. The surface area of the skin changes will be calculated.
Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS version 20.0 or higher. The CEAP classification, the Venous Clinical Severity Score and the AVVQ score at the 2, 4, and 8 weeks assessment will be compared with the baseline scores. The length, width and surface area of the skin condition from the leg with the copper will be compared with the control leg and the measurements at the 2, 4, and 8 weeks assessment will be compared with the baseline measurements. Paired t-test will be used for continuous data at baseline and a multilevel (mixed) regression model will be used to analyse the change over time.
Sample size calculation:
The sample size for this study will be 15. This number is based on the prevalence of the disease in this hospital over three months' time. There is no existing data available to allow a sample size calculation. The data collection of this pilot study will enable power calculation for a larger multicentre study.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- All participants will be asked to wear compression stockings. One of the pair will have copper oxide ions permanently attached to the nylon fibres and these stockings will contain 2-3% copper ions. The participants will wear a copper stocking on one leg (study leg) and a non-copper stocking on the other (control leg).
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Copper impregnated compression stocking | Experimental | Other: Copper impregnated compression stockingCopper compression stocking containing 2-3% copper ions to be worn on one leg, daily for 8 weeks. |
| Normal compression stocking | Placebo comparator | Other: Normal compression stockingSimilar compression stocking without copper to be worn on the other leg, daily for 8 weeks |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Male or female patients
- CEAP classification 4 in both legs
- Venous disease confirmed by venous duplex
- Ability to understand and read the patient information sheet (in English)
- Ability to give informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Inability to give consent
- Pregnancy
- Current ulceration
- Wilson's disease
- Allergy to copper
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Copper impregnated compression stockingCopper impregnated compression stocking | Other | Copper impregnated compression stocking |
| Normal compression stockingNormal compression stocking without copper | Other | Normal compression stocking |
Primary outcome
Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ)
Time frame: 2 weeks
Validated questionnaire consisting of 13 questions on signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency for each leg seperately and questions on compression stocking usage and quality of life. The scoring of the questionnaire is from 0, which indicates no effect on the patient, to 100, which indicates a severe effect.
Venous Clinical Severity Scoring (VCSS)
Time frame: 24 hours
Assessment tool consisting of 10 items: pain, varicose veins, oedema, skin pigmentation, inflammation, induration, ulceration (number, size and duration) and use of compression therapy, which are scored on a severity scale from 0 to 3.
1 secondary outcome
Lipodermatosclerosis surface area
Time frame: 2, 4 and 8 weeks after wearing compression stockings
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 Sep 2017.
- Background: PubMed 22466974Rabe E, Guex JJ, Puskas A, Scuderi A, Fernandez Quesada F; VCP Coordinators. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol. 2012 Apr;31(2):105-15.
- Background: PubMed 9821029Van den Oever R, Hepp B, Debbaut B, Simon I. Socio-economic impact of chronic venous insufficiency. An underestimated public health problem. Int Angiol. 1998 Sep;17(3):161-7.
- Background: PubMed 10037516Motykie GD, Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Reyna JJ, Overom E, Mokhtee D. Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Feb;25(2):116-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08095.x.
- Background: PubMed 19216970Eklof B, Perrin M, Delis KT, Rutherford RB, Gloviczki P; American Venous Forum; European Venous Forum; International Union of Phlebology; American College of Phlebology; International Union of Angiology. Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. J Vasc Surg. 2009 Feb;49(2):498-501. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.09.014.
- Background: PubMed 17980798Raju S, Hollis K, Neglen P. Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2007 Nov;21(6):790-5. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2007.07.014.
- Background: PubMed 16101497Borkow G, Gabbay J. Copper as a biocidal tool. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(18):2163-75. doi: 10.2174/0929867054637617.
- Background: PubMed 22738611O'Gorman J, Humphreys H. Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? J Hosp Infect. 2012 Aug;81(4):217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
- Background: PubMed 17689198Borkow G, Gabbay J, Zatcoff RC. Could chronic wounds not heal due to too low local copper levels? Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.006. Epub 2007 Aug 6.
- Background: PubMed 11959648Sen CK, Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Trikha P, Ellison EC, Hunt TK, Roy S. Copper-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression and wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):H1821-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01015.2001.
- Background: PubMed 10215764Tenaud I, Sainte-Marie I, Jumbou O, Litoux P, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of keratinocyte wound healing integrins by zinc, copper and manganese. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Jan;140(1):26-34. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02603.x.
- Background: PubMed 14609669Ahmed Z, Briden A, Hall S, Brown RA. Stabilisation of cables of fibronectin with micromolar concentrations of copper: in vitro cell substrate properties. Biomaterials. 2004 Feb;25(5):803-12. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00596-9.
- Background: PubMed 9587135Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):952S-959S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.952S.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Abdul H Sultan principal investigator
Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Copper impregnated compression stocking and Normal compression stocking in people with Lipodermatosclerosis and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, run by Croydon Health Services NHS Trust.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 Sep 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) (time frame: 2 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03283800, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 Sep 2017.