SatietyNCT03375866
Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Satiety and Weight Management
A study testing Pretzels and Mixed nuts in people with Satiety, run by San Diego State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The first goal of the proposed study is to determine acute and long-term effects of mixed nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) on metabolic parameters and weight management. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Satiety
- What is being tested?
- Pretzels and Mixed nuts
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 56 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- Dec 2016to Dec 2028
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- 18-55 years old
- BMI 27-40
Who cannot join
- Smoker
- Pregnant woman
- Required dietary supplement use
- Required medication of metabolic disorders
- Allergy to nuts or gluten
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, SDSU
San Diego, California, 92182-7251
Mee Young Hong, 619-594-2392, mhong2@mail.sdsu.edu
About this study
The first goal of the proposed study is to determine acute and long-term effects of mixed nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) on metabolic parameters and weight management. While numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of nuts on promoting negative energy balance and weight loss, mechanistic studies exploring how the inclusion of nuts in the diet promotes a negative energy balance and weight loss have not been conducted. The second goal is to determine the mechanisms by which mixed nut consumption regulates of food intake and body weight.
- Conditions
- Satiety
- Being tested
- Pretzels, Mixed nuts
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PretzelsOther
Subjects consume 240 kcal of pretzels daily for 16 weeks.
Mixed nutsOther
Subjects consume 240 kcal of mixed nuts daily for 16 weeks.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Pretzels | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Other: Pretzels |
| Mixed nuts | Experimental | Not described Receives: Other: Mixed nuts |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change of Satiety
Hunger feeling (appetite) will be examined using visual analog scale (0-10): 0 least and 10 greatest
Measured: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption
Change of glucose level
Glucose level will be examined using glucose analysis
Measured: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of insulin level
Insulin level will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
Measured: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of cholesterol levels
Cholesterol levels will be examined using a biochemical method
Measured: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Change of Lp(a)
Lp(a) levels will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
Measured: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Secondary outcomes (1)
Change of microbiome
Diversity of microbiome will be analyzed in fecal samples
Measured: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Dec 2017
- Study startDec 2016
- Primary completionDec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2028 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SatietyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by San Diego State UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- San Diego State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03375866
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2515098
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 11 Dec 2017
- Last updated
- 21 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Nora CL, Zhang L, Castro RJ, Marx A, Carman HB, Lum T, Tsimikas S, Hong MY. Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023 Aug;33(8):1529-1538. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.013. Epub 2023 May 15.
PubMed 37263914Rosas M Jr, Liu C, Hong MY. Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Satiety, and the Microbiome in a Healthy Population: A Pilot Study. J Med Food. 2023 May;26(5):342-351. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0121. Epub 2023 Apr 20.
PubMed 37083461
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Satiety and Weight Management
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03375866
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2515098
- Conditions
- Satiety
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 56 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- San Diego State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Dec 2016 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Dec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2028 (estimated)
- First posted
- 18 Dec 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The first goal of the proposed study is to determine acute and long-term effects of mixed nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) on metabolic parameters and weight management. While numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of nuts on promoting negative energy balance and weight loss, mechanistic studies exploring how the inclusion of nuts in the diet promotes a negative energy balance and weight loss have not been conducted. The second goal is to determine the mechanisms by which mixed nut consumption regulates of food intake and body weight.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Pretzels | Active comparator | Other: Pretzels |
| Mixed nuts | Experimental | Other: Mixed nuts |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- 18-55 years old
- BMI 27-40
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Smoker
- Pregnant woman
- Required dietary supplement use
- Required medication of metabolic disorders
- Allergy to nuts or gluten
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PretzelsSubjects consume 240 kcal of pretzels daily for 16 weeks. | Other | Pretzels |
| Mixed nutsSubjects consume 240 kcal of mixed nuts daily for 16 weeks. | Other | Mixed nuts |
Primary outcome
Change of Satiety
Time frame: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption
Hunger feeling (appetite) will be examined using visual analog scale (0-10): 0 least and 10 greatest
Change of glucose level
Time frame: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Glucose level will be examined using glucose analysis
Change of insulin level
Time frame: Baseline, 40 minutes post snack consumption, and 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Insulin level will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
Change of cholesterol levels
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Cholesterol levels will be examined using a biochemical method
Change of Lp(a)
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Lp(a) levels will be examined using an ELISA biochemical method
1 secondary outcome
Change of microbiome
Time frame: 8 weeks and 16 weeks post daily consumption
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Jan 2026.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37263914Nora CL, Zhang L, Castro RJ, Marx A, Carman HB, Lum T, Tsimikas S, Hong MY. Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023 Aug;33(8):1529-1538. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.013. Epub 2023 May 15.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37083461Rosas M Jr, Liu C, Hong MY. Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Satiety, and the Microbiome in a Healthy Population: A Pilot Study. J Med Food. 2023 May;26(5):342-351. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0121. Epub 2023 Apr 20.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
Related trials for Satiety
Active, not recruiting
Postprandial Glycemic and GLP-1 Responses to Modified Full-sugar Drinks
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Not yet recruitingPhase 2
Supplementation of Gut-brain Axis (GLP-1)-Activating Carbohydrates for Increasing Satiety in Adolescents With Obesity
Obesity & Overweight
Recruiting
Cerebellar TMS and Satiety in Prader-Willi Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
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Satiety, Microbiome, Appetite Regulation, and Tracking Energy Across Targeted Snacks: Chronic Study
Healthy Participants, Healthy Adult Subject
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Satiety, Microbiome, Appetite Regulation, and Tracking Energy Across Targeted Snacks: Acute Postprandial Study
Healthy Participants, Healthy Adult Subject
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Pretzels and Mixed nuts in people with Satiety, run by San Diego State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Mee Young Hong (619-594-2392, mhong2@mail.sdsu.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change of Satiety (time frame: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03375866, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Jan 2026.