ElderlyNCT03442179
Cognitive Outcomes and Neuroimages Associated With Anesthesia-Related EEG Signatures
An observational study of Elderly and General Anesthesia, run by Massachusetts General Hospital at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
In this study, we propose to evaluate the relationship between the alpha oscillation dynamics and the signals derived from the brain images related to brain aging. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Elderly, General Anesthesia
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 13 Feb 2019to 11 May 2024
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Older adult
Study population: 45 subjects (male and female) aged 65 and above scheduled for open or laparoscopic general surgical procedures under general anesthesia
Who may be able to join
- 65 years old or above (male and female)
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I, II or III.
- Candidates scheduled for open or laparoscopic general surgical procedures under general anesthesia
- No cognitive impairment base on Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS)
- Fluency in English Language
Who cannot join
- Prior diagnosis of dementia
- Prior diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
- Prior history of psychiatric or neurological diseases including:
- Schizophrenia
- Parkinsonism
- Epilepsy or seizure
Show all 18Show fewer
- Brain injury
- Brain tumors/metastases
- Encephalitis
- Stroke, CVA, TIA
- Drug or alcohol abuse:
- Any history of IV drug abuse
- Alcohol/drug (non-IV) abuse <10 years
- Language impairment
- Hearing or visual impairment
- Severe obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2)
- MRI contraindications, such as presence of pacemakers, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, ear implants, metal fragments, or foreign objects in the eyes, skin, or body
- Body weight of > 300 lbs. (weight limit of the MRI table)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
About this study
In this study, we propose to evaluate the relationship between the alpha oscillation dynamics and the signals derived from the brain images related to brain aging.
Read the detailed description
In 1955 Bedford reported the "adverse cerebral effects of anesthesia on old people" and suggested precautions in relation to operations on the elderly. Since then, many studies have investigated the incidence of and the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The incidence ranges from 8.9% to 46.1% and advanced age, preoperative mild cognitive impairment, extensive surgical procedures and other factors have been identified as important risk factors. The incidence has been reported to be as high as 41.4% at hospital discharge and 12.7% at 3 months after surgery in the elderly (60 years or older). Postoperative delirium (POD) is a more acute complication of major surgery, affecting 10-70% of surgical patients 60 years and older. Some studies have shown the association between POD and early POCD, and even POD and POCD are commonly reported as being part of the same continuum. Whether this is true or not, both represent postoperative cognitive deterioration, and age is the predominant risk factor for both.
Every day in the United States, nearly 100,000 patients undergo general anesthesia and sedation for surgical and diagnostic procedures. Approximately 35% of all surgical procedures are performed on adults older than 65 years. Considering the aging surgical population, the burden of postoperative cognitive disorders will almost certainly increase over time.
Although many factors, such as surgical stress, inflammation, and other comorbidities may contribute to POCD, there is evidence that anesthetic exposure plays a major role. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that exposure to anesthetic drugs is neurotoxic, and that older animals are particularly vulnerable. It is also generally understood that the elderly are more sensitive to anesthetics, meaning that lower doses of anesthetic drugs are required to induce and maintain unconsciousness. This has led to age-adjusted guidelines for anesthetic dosing, which in theory could be used to mitigate potentially harmful anesthetic exposures. However, these guidelines describe the age-dependent dose-response relationships for a population of patients; individual drug requirements can vary significantly, by a factor of ~2 above or below the levels recommended by population-based models. In the absence of a means to measure and monitor individual drug responses, anesthesiologists would tend to err on the side of administering more anesthetic than required, to minimize the probability of patient awareness across the population as a whole.
Fortunately, in recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the neural mechanisms of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness, making it possible to monitor individual patients' drug responses using the electroencephalogram (EEG). Increasing concentrations of the commonly-used GABAergic anesthetic drugs, such as propofol and sevoflurane, induce a stereotyped sequence of brain oscillations with increasing drug concentration. These brain oscillations are directly related to the states of sedation and unconsciousness induced by anesthetic drugs, and readily observed using the EEG. At lower concentrations, propofol and sevoflurane, two of the most commonly used anesthetic drugs, induce beta oscillations (12-25 Hz). At concentrations producing unconsciousness for general anesthesia, these drugs produce frontal alpha (8-12 Hz) and slow (0.1 to 1 Hz) oscillations. At still higher concentrations, propofol and sevoflurane produce a pattern referred to as burst suppression, a deep state of brain inactivation in which brain activity is punctuated by long periods of neuronal and EEG silence. However, it is now known that elderly patients do not always exhibit this canonical EEG signature under general anesthesia. First, it was described that ageing was associated with a decrease in the frontal alpha power. Then, other studies suggested that older patients with poor preoperative cognitive performance also lack the alpha band under anesthesia. And finally, our group demonstrated that a low alpha power is also associated with a higher risk to develop burst suppression under anesthesia. Nonetheless, the potential mechanism related to the lower alpha power with ageing and cognitive function remains unknown. In this study, we propose to evaluate the relationship between the alpha oscillation dynamics and the signals derived from brain images related to brain aging.
We hypothesize that: 1) Brain imaging signals will correlate with the alpha power induced by anesthetics, and 2) Aging brain imaging features will be associated with postoperative cognitive recovery.
- Conditions
- Elderly, General Anesthesia
- Keywords
- Aging, Anesthesia, EEG monitoring, Burst suppression
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Postoperative Delirium Incidence
postoperative delirium will be assessed using 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
Measured: on postoperative day 1
Postoperative Cognitive Decline
postoperative cognitive dysfunction will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Measured: one week before the surgery and postoperative day 7
Intraoperative Burst Suppression Time
we will use the EEG data recorded during the surgical procedure to calculate time spent in burst suppression
Measured: during the surgical procedure under general anesthesia
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Feb 2018
- Study start13 Feb 2019
- Primary completion11 May 2023
- Study completion11 May 2024 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (37)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ElderlyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Massachusetts General HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Patrick L. Purdon, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Investigators
- Patrick L. Purdon, PhD, Principal investigator, Massachusetts General Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03442179
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2017P000413
- Status last verified
- Jul 2023
- First submitted
- 14 Feb 2018
- Last updated
- 1 Aug 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Akeju O, Westover MB, Pavone KJ, Sampson AL, Hartnack KE, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on frontal electroencephalogram power and coherence. Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):990-8. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000436.
PubMed 25233374Fournier A, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015 Jun 9;7:112. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112. eCollection 2015.
PubMed 26106326Avidan MS, Fritz BA, Maybrier HR, Muench MR, Escallier KE, Chen Y, Ben Abdallah A, Veselis RA, Hudetz JA, Pagel PS, Noh G, Pryor K, Kaiser H, Arya VK, Pong R, Jacobsohn E, Grocott HP, Choi S, Downey RJ, Inouye SK, Mashour GA. The Prevention of Delirium and Complications Associated with Surgical Treatments (PODCAST) study: protocol for an international multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2014 Sep 17;4(9):e005651. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005651.
PubMed 25231491Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, Karl L, Kamal S, Torres B, O'Connor M, Evers AS, Gradwohl S, Lin N, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA; BAG-RECALL Research Group. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high-risk surgical population. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):591-600. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1100403.
PubMed 21848460BEDFORD PD. Adverse cerebral effects of anaesthesia on old people. Lancet. 1955 Aug 6;269(6884):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92689-1. No abstract available.
PubMed 13243706Bennett C, Voss LJ, Barnard JP, Sleigh JW. Practical use of the raw electroencephalogram waveform during general anesthesia: the art and science. Anesth Analg. 2009 Aug;109(2):539-50. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a9fc38.
PubMed 19608830Besch G, Liu N, Samain E, Pericard C, Boichut N, Mercier M, Chazot T, Pili-Floury S. Occurrence of and risk factors for electroencephalogram burst suppression during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Nov;107(5):749-56. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer235. Epub 2011 Aug 8.
PubMed 21828343Brice DD, Hetherington RR, Utting JE. A simple study of awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1970 Jun;42(6):535-42. doi: 10.1093/bja/42.6.535. No abstract available.
PubMed 5423844Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. No abstract available.
PubMed 21190458Bruhn J, Bouillon TW, Shafer SL. Bispectral index (BIS) and burst suppression: revealing a part of the BIS algorithm. J Clin Monit Comput. 2000;16(8):593-6. doi: 10.1023/A:1012216600170.
PubMed 12580235Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T; CODA Trial Group. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jan;25(1):33-42. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3182712fba.
PubMed 23027226Chemali J, Ching S, Purdon PL, Solt K, Brown EN. Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression. J Neural Eng. 2013 Oct;10(5):056017. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056017. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
PubMed 24018288Ching S, Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell NJ. Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22665-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017069108. Epub 2010 Dec 13.
PubMed 21149695Flores FJ, Hartnack KE, Fath AB, Kim SE, Wilson MA, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Thalamocortical synchronization during induction and emergence from propofol-induced unconsciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Aug 8;114(32):E6660-E6668. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1700148114. Epub 2017 Jul 25.
PubMed 28743752Fritz BA, Kalarickal PL, Maybrier HR, Muench MR, Dearth D, Chen Y, Escallier KE, Ben Abdallah A, Lin N, Avidan MS. Intraoperative Electroencephalogram Suppression Predicts Postoperative Delirium. Anesth Analg. 2016 Jan;122(1):234-42. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000989.
PubMed 26418126
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Aug 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Cognitive Outcomes and Neuroimages Associated With Anesthesia-Related EEG Signatures
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03442179
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2017P000413
- Conditions
- Elderly, General Anesthesia
- Keywords
- Aging, Anesthesia, EEG monitoring, Burst suppression
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Massachusetts General HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 13 Feb 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 11 May 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 11 May 2024 (estimated)
- First posted
- 22 Feb 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
In this study, we propose to evaluate the relationship between the alpha oscillation dynamics and the signals derived from the brain images related to brain aging.
Detailed description
In 1955 Bedford reported the "adverse cerebral effects of anesthesia on old people" and suggested precautions in relation to operations on the elderly. Since then, many studies have investigated the incidence of and the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The incidence ranges from 8.9% to 46.1% and advanced age, preoperative mild cognitive impairment, extensive surgical procedures and other factors have been identified as important risk factors. The incidence has been reported to be as high as 41.4% at hospital discharge and 12.7% at 3 months after surgery in the elderly (60 years or older). Postoperative delirium (POD) is a more acute complication of major surgery, affecting 10-70% of surgical patients 60 years and older. Some studies have shown the association between POD and early POCD, and even POD and POCD are commonly reported as being part of the same continuum. Whether this is true or not, both represent postoperative cognitive deterioration, and age is the predominant risk factor for both.
Every day in the United States, nearly 100,000 patients undergo general anesthesia and sedation for surgical and diagnostic procedures. Approximately 35% of all surgical procedures are performed on adults older than 65 years. Considering the aging surgical population, the burden of postoperative cognitive disorders will almost certainly increase over time.
Although many factors, such as surgical stress, inflammation, and other comorbidities may contribute to POCD, there is evidence that anesthetic exposure plays a major role. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that exposure to anesthetic drugs is neurotoxic, and that older animals are particularly vulnerable. It is also generally understood that the elderly are more sensitive to anesthetics, meaning that lower doses of anesthetic drugs are required to induce and maintain unconsciousness. This has led to age-adjusted guidelines for anesthetic dosing, which in theory could be used to mitigate potentially harmful anesthetic exposures. However, these guidelines describe the age-dependent dose-response relationships for a population of patients; individual drug requirements can vary significantly, by a factor of ~2 above or below the levels recommended by population-based models. In the absence of a means to measure and monitor individual drug responses, anesthesiologists would tend to err on the side of administering more anesthetic than required, to minimize the probability of patient awareness across the population as a whole.
Fortunately, in recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the neural mechanisms of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness, making it possible to monitor individual patients' drug responses using the electroencephalogram (EEG). Increasing concentrations of the commonly-used GABAergic anesthetic drugs, such as propofol and sevoflurane, induce a stereotyped sequence of brain oscillations with increasing drug concentration. These brain oscillations are directly related to the states of sedation and unconsciousness induced by anesthetic drugs, and readily observed using the EEG. At lower concentrations, propofol and sevoflurane, two of the most commonly used anesthetic drugs, induce beta oscillations (12-25 Hz). At concentrations producing unconsciousness for general anesthesia, these drugs produce frontal alpha (8-12 Hz) and slow (0.1 to 1 Hz) oscillations. At still higher concentrations, propofol and sevoflurane produce a pattern referred to as burst suppression, a deep state of brain inactivation in which brain activity is punctuated by long periods of neuronal and EEG silence. However, it is now known that elderly patients do not always exhibit this canonical EEG signature under general anesthesia. First, it was described that ageing was associated with a decrease in the frontal alpha power. Then, other studies suggested that older patients with poor preoperative cognitive performance also lack the alpha band under anesthesia. And finally, our group demonstrated that a low alpha power is also associated with a higher risk to develop burst suppression under anesthesia. Nonetheless, the potential mechanism related to the lower alpha power with ageing and cognitive function remains unknown. In this study, we propose to evaluate the relationship between the alpha oscillation dynamics and the signals derived from brain images related to brain aging.
We hypothesize that: 1) Brain imaging signals will correlate with the alpha power induced by anesthetics, and 2) Aging brain imaging features will be associated with postoperative cognitive recovery.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
- Study population
- 45 subjects (male and female) aged 65 and above scheduled for open or laparoscopic general surgical procedures under general anesthesia
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- 65 years old or above (male and female)
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I, II or III.
- Candidates scheduled for open or laparoscopic general surgical procedures under general anesthesia
- No cognitive impairment base on Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS)
- Fluency in English Language
Key exclusion criteria (18 listed)
- Prior diagnosis of dementia
- Prior diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
- Prior history of psychiatric or neurological diseases including:
- Schizophrenia
- Parkinsonism
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Postoperative Delirium Incidence
Time frame: on postoperative day 1
postoperative delirium will be assessed using 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
Postoperative Cognitive Decline
Time frame: one week before the surgery and postoperative day 7
postoperative cognitive dysfunction will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Intraoperative Burst Suppression Time
Time frame: during the surgical procedure under general anesthesia
we will use the EEG data recorded during the surgical procedure to calculate time spent in burst suppression
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Aug 2023.
- Background: PubMed 25233374Akeju O, Westover MB, Pavone KJ, Sampson AL, Hartnack KE, Brown EN, Purdon PL. Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on frontal electroencephalogram power and coherence. Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):990-8. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000436.
- Background: PubMed 26106326Fournier A, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R. Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015 Jun 9;7:112. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112. eCollection 2015.
- Background: PubMed 25231491Avidan MS, Fritz BA, Maybrier HR, Muench MR, Escallier KE, Chen Y, Ben Abdallah A, Veselis RA, Hudetz JA, Pagel PS, Noh G, Pryor K, Kaiser H, Arya VK, Pong R, Jacobsohn E, Grocott HP, Choi S, Downey RJ, Inouye SK, Mashour GA. The Prevention of Delirium and Complications Associated with Surgical Treatments (PODCAST) study: protocol for an international multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2014 Sep 17;4(9):e005651. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005651.
- Background: PubMed 21848460Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, Karl L, Kamal S, Torres B, O'Connor M, Evers AS, Gradwohl S, Lin N, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA; BAG-RECALL Research Group. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high-risk surgical population. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):591-600. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1100403.
- Background: PubMed 13243706BEDFORD PD. Adverse cerebral effects of anaesthesia on old people. Lancet. 1955 Aug 6;269(6884):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92689-1. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 19608830Bennett C, Voss LJ, Barnard JP, Sleigh JW. Practical use of the raw electroencephalogram waveform during general anesthesia: the art and science. Anesth Analg. 2009 Aug;109(2):539-50. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a9fc38.
- Background: PubMed 21828343Besch G, Liu N, Samain E, Pericard C, Boichut N, Mercier M, Chazot T, Pili-Floury S. Occurrence of and risk factors for electroencephalogram burst suppression during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Nov;107(5):749-56. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer235. Epub 2011 Aug 8.
- Background: PubMed 5423844Brice DD, Hetherington RR, Utting JE. A simple study of awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1970 Jun;42(6):535-42. doi: 10.1093/bja/42.6.535. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 21190458Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 12580235Bruhn J, Bouillon TW, Shafer SL. Bispectral index (BIS) and burst suppression: revealing a part of the BIS algorithm. J Clin Monit Comput. 2000;16(8):593-6. doi: 10.1023/A:1012216600170.
- Background: PubMed 23027226Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T; CODA Trial Group. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jan;25(1):33-42. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3182712fba.
- Background: PubMed 24018288Chemali J, Ching S, Purdon PL, Solt K, Brown EN. Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression. J Neural Eng. 2013 Oct;10(5):056017. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056017. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Patrick L. Purdon, PhD principal investigator
Massachusetts General Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Elderly and General Anesthesia, run by Massachusetts General Hospital at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 18 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Aug 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Postoperative Delirium Incidence (time frame: on postoperative day 1). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03442179, which also lists 37 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Aug 2023.