Conscious SedationEarly Phase 1NCT03466242
IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures
A Early Phase 1 study testing Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine in people with Conscious Sedation and Distal Radius Fracture, run by Phoenix Children's Hospital at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the sedative, and analgesic effects of intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine (DEX) in children presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) who undergo conscious sedation for reduction of closed distal forearm fractures when compared to those receiving intravenous… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 2 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Conscious Sedation, Distal Radius Fracture
- What is being tested?
- Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2017to 1 Mar 2020
- Phase
- Early Phase 1
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 2 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
None listed.
Who cannot join
- Under age 2 years old or patients > 18 years old
- Multiple Fractures
- Significant multisystem trauma
- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS < 15)
- Complex fractures that aren't deemed reducible in ED
- Reported Allergy to Alpha -2-agonists
Show all 15Show fewer
- Pregnancy
- Intoxication
- Baseline Hypotension as < 70mm Hg + 2 x age or < 90mm Hg for patients > 11 years of age
- Patients with prior reductions attempted at outside facilities
- Aberrant nasal anatomy that precludes IN medications
- Chronic Health issues that can affect DEX metabolism
- History of adverse reactions to anesthesia
- Patients transferred from outside facilities
- Open fractures
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures. Timmons Z MD, Feudale B MD Children Presenting to the ED With Distal Forearm Extremity Fractures Often Require Re-alignment Under Conscious Sedation. The Objective of This Study is to Evaluate the Sedative, and Analgesic Effects of Intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Who Undergo Conscious Sedation for Reduction of Closed Distal Forearm Fractures When Compared to Those Receiving the Standard of Care Intravenous (IV) Ketamine
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the sedative, and analgesic effects of intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine (DEX) in children presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) who undergo conscious sedation for reduction of closed distal forearm fractures when compared to those receiving intravenous (IV) Ketamine. The secondary objective is to compare each sedation technique for safety and procedural outcomes.
Read the detailed description
Distal Forearm fractures are often are displaced requiring conscious sedation for closed reduction in the Emergency Department. Our institution's current standard of care consists of IN Fentanyl for baseline control of pain, and for those fractures requiring reduction; typically IV Ketamine is utilized. Ketamine is typically well tolerated but is not without concerns including hypertension, vomiting, and the rare but serious complication of laryngospasm. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) offers a possible alternative to IV Ketamine. DEX has been used safely in the critical care setting for both pediatrics and adults. It has been well documented as being quite effective in sedation, amnesia and analgesia. Using IN DEX for PED procedural sedation has the potential to obviate the need for IV placement and may offer a better conscious sedation profile than Ketamine with respect to sedation, analgesia, and adverse outcomes.
Our overall project would be to assess the efficiency of IN DEX in comparison to IV Ketamine, for proper sedation and analgesic coverage for children undergoing closed reduction of distal forearm fractures.
- Conditions
- Conscious Sedation, Distal Radius Fracture
- Being tested
- Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine
- Keywords
- intranasal dexmedetomidine
- Medical subject headings
- Wrist Fractures
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
DexmedetomidineDrug
Also called Precedex
Evaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine
KetamineDrug
Evaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intravenous Ketamine
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intranasal Dexmedetomidine | Experimental | Evaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine (1-2ug/kg) Receives: Drug: Dexmedetomidine |
| IV Ketamine | Active comparator | Evaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intravenous Ketamine (1mg/kg) Receives: Drug: Ketamine |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Evaluate the sedative effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine in children undergoing conscious sedation for closed distal forearm fracture reduction compared to intravenous Ketamine
The sedative effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine will be compared to intravenous ketamine for conscious sedation via the Michigan Sedation Scoring (MSS) system.
Measured: 12 months
Evaluate the analgesic effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine in children undergoing conscious sedation for closed distal forearm fracture reduction compared to intravenous Ketamine
The analgesic effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine will be compared to intravenous ketamine for conscious sedation using either the Wong-Baker scale (FACES) or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) depending on patient age and developmental status
Measured: 12 months
Secondary outcomes (9)
Compare each sedation technique for time to sedation onset
Time in minutes and seconds from administration of sedative agent until Michigan Sedation Scoring (MSS) is 3 or higher.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for length of sedation
Time in minutes and seconds from when Michigan Sedation Scoring (MSS) is 3 or higher until MSS is less than 3.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for length of ED stay
Time in minutes and seconds from presentation to ED to discharge
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for need for additional doses of medications for analgesia or sedation
Will measure if any unplanned doses of sedatives or analgesics are required in either treatment arm.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for Vital sign abnormalities
Review vital signs following administration of either study drug to see if any vital signs were abnormal. Abnormal vital signs will be defined as hear rate, respiratory rate, or blood pressure above or below one standard deviation for age derived norms.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for need for respiratory interventions
Measure if any respiratory interventions were required during the patient's ED stay. Respiratory interventions defined as need for oxygen by any device.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for rate of vomiting
Describe the incidence (yes/no) of vomiting at any point after administration of either study drug to ED discharge.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for procedural success rate
Describe the successful reduction of orthopedic injuries in each study arm. Successful reduction defined as patient able to be discharged and not requiring admission, surgery, or secondary reduction attempts.
Measured: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for patient family satisfaction
Describe the family satisfaction with each conscious sedation technique. Measured by brief survey given to the family upon consent for the study.
Measured: 12 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Mar 2018
- Study start1 Jan 2017 (estimated)
- Primary completion1 Jan 2020 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Mar 2020 (estimated)
Why it stopped: Never IRB reviewed or approved.
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (26)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Conscious SedationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Early Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This will be a feasibility pilot study, and as such, will be non-blinded, and utilize a convenience sample of children aged 2-18 years old requiring closed reduction under conscious sedation for distal forearm fractures. 20 children recruited in IN Dex arm and 20 children in Ketamine arm
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Phoenix Children's Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Zebulon Timmons, MD, Principal investigator, Phoenix Children's Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03466242
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 17-193
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 1 Mar 2018
- Last updated
- 24 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Landin LA. Epidemiology of children's fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1997 Apr;6(2):79-83. doi: 10.1097/01202412-199704000-00002.
PubMed 9165435Gausche-Hill M, Brown KM, Oliver ZJ, Sasson C, Dayan PS, Eschmann NM, Weik TS, Lawner BJ, Sahni R, Falck-Ytter Y, Wright JL, Todd K, Lang ES. An Evidence-based Guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18 Suppl 1:25-34. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2013.844873. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
PubMed 24279813Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O'Brien D. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Mar;49(3):335-40. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.016. Epub 2006 Oct 25.
PubMed 17067720Litke J, Pikulska A, Wegner T. Management of perioperative stress in children and parents. Part I--the preoperative period. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2012 Jul-Sep;44(3):165-9.
PubMed 23110295Bhat R, Santhosh MC, Annigeri VM, Rao RP. Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine-ketamine for premedication in pediatrics patients: A randomized double-blind study. Anesth Essays Res. 2016 May-Aug;10(2):349-55. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.172340.
PubMed 27212773Miller K, Tan X, Hobson AD, Khan A, Ziviani J, O'Brien E, Barua K, McBride CA, Kimble RM. A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonpharmacological Pain Management During Intravenous Cannulation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Jul;32(7):444-51. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000778.
PubMed 27380603Fowler-Kerry S, Lander JR. Management of injection pain in children. Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):169-175. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91072-4.
PubMed 3670868Kogan A, Katz J, Efrat R, Eidelman LA. Premedication with midazolam in young children: a comparison of four routes of administration. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002 Oct;12(8):685-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00918.x.
PubMed 12472704Iirola T, Vilo S, Manner T, Aantaa R, Lahtinen M, Scheinin M, Olkkola KT. Bioavailability of dexmedetomidine after intranasal administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;67(8):825-31. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1002-y. Epub 2011 Feb 12.
PubMed 21318594Phan H, Nahata MC. Clinical uses of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs. 2008;10(1):49-69. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200810010-00006.
PubMed 18162008Behrle N, Birisci E, Anderson J, Schroeder S, Dalabih A. Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as a Sedative for Pediatric Procedural Sedation. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jan-Feb;22(1):4-8. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-22.1.4.
PubMed 28337075Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yao TJ, Wong GL, Yuen MK. Optimal timing for the administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2010 Sep;65(9):922-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06453.x.
PubMed 20645951Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yao TJ, Chan L, Wong GL, Shahnaz Hasan M, Shariffuddin II. A randomised comparison of two intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2012 Nov;67(11):1210-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07309.x. Epub 2012 Sep 5.
PubMed 22950484Miller JW, Divanovic AA, Hossain MM, Mahmoud MA, Loepke AW. Dosing and efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine sedation for pediatric transthoracic echocardiography: a retrospective study. Can J Anaesth. 2016 Jul;63(7):834-41. doi: 10.1007/s12630-016-0617-y. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
PubMed 26883963Reynolds J, Rogers A, Capehart S, Manyang P, Watcha MF. Retrospective Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Oral Chloral Hydrate for Sedated Auditory Brainstem Response Exams. Hosp Pediatr. 2016 Mar;6(3):166-71. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2015-0152.
PubMed 26917547
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 24 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures. Timmons Z MD, Feudale B MD Children Presenting to the ED With Distal Forearm Extremity Fractures Often Require Re-alignment Under Conscious Sedation. The Objective of This Study is to Evaluate the Sedative, and Analgesic Effects of Intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Who Undergo Conscious Sedation for Reduction of Closed Distal Forearm Fractures When Compared to Those Receiving the Standard of Care Intravenous (IV) Ketamine
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03466242
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 17-193
- Conditions
- Conscious Sedation, Distal Radius Fracture
- Keywords
- intranasal dexmedetomidine
- Phase
- Early Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: Never IRB reviewed or approved.
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Phoenix Children's HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2017 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jan 2020 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Mar 2020 (estimated)
- First posted
- 15 Mar 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the sedative, and analgesic effects of intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine (DEX) in children presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) who undergo conscious sedation for reduction of closed distal forearm fractures when compared to those receiving intravenous (IV) Ketamine. The secondary objective is to compare each sedation technique for safety and procedural outcomes.
Detailed description
Distal Forearm fractures are often are displaced requiring conscious sedation for closed reduction in the Emergency Department. Our institution's current standard of care consists of IN Fentanyl for baseline control of pain, and for those fractures requiring reduction; typically IV Ketamine is utilized. Ketamine is typically well tolerated but is not without concerns including hypertension, vomiting, and the rare but serious complication of laryngospasm. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) offers a possible alternative to IV Ketamine. DEX has been used safely in the critical care setting for both pediatrics and adults. It has been well documented as being quite effective in sedation, amnesia and analgesia. Using IN DEX for PED procedural sedation has the potential to obviate the need for IV placement and may offer a better conscious sedation profile than Ketamine with respect to sedation, analgesia, and adverse outcomes.
Our overall project would be to assess the efficiency of IN DEX in comparison to IV Ketamine, for proper sedation and analgesic coverage for children undergoing closed reduction of distal forearm fractures.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This will be a feasibility pilot study, and as such, will be non-blinded, and utilize a convenience sample of children aged 2-18 years old requiring closed reduction under conscious sedation for distal forearm fractures. 20 children recruited in IN Dex arm and 20 children in Ketamine arm
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intranasal Dexmedetomidine | Experimental | Drug: DexmedetomidineEvaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine (1-2ug/kg) |
| IV Ketamine | Active comparator | Drug: KetamineEvaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intravenous Ketamine (1mg/kg) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 2 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (0 listed)
Key exclusion criteria (15 listed)
- Under age 2 years old or patients > 18 years old
- Multiple Fractures
- Significant multisystem trauma
- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS < 15)
- Complex fractures that aren't deemed reducible in ED
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| DexmedetomidineAlso: PrecedexEvaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine | Drug | Intranasal Dexmedetomidine |
| KetamineEvaluate sedative and analgesic effects of Intravenous Ketamine | Drug | IV Ketamine |
Primary outcome
Evaluate the sedative effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine in children undergoing conscious sedation for closed distal forearm fracture reduction compared to intravenous Ketamine
Time frame: 12 months
The sedative effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine will be compared to intravenous ketamine for conscious sedation via the Michigan Sedation Scoring (MSS) system.
Evaluate the analgesic effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine in children undergoing conscious sedation for closed distal forearm fracture reduction compared to intravenous Ketamine
Time frame: 12 months
The analgesic effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine will be compared to intravenous ketamine for conscious sedation using either the Wong-Baker scale (FACES) or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) depending on patient age and developmental status
9 secondary outcomes
Compare each sedation technique for time to sedation onset
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for length of sedation
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for length of ED stay
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for need for additional doses of medications for analgesia or sedation
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for Vital sign abnormalities
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for need for respiratory interventions
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for rate of vomiting
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for procedural success rate
Time frame: 12 months
Compare each sedation technique for patient family satisfaction
Time frame: 12 months
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 24 Nov 2025.
- Results publication: PubMed 9165435Landin LA. Epidemiology of children's fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1997 Apr;6(2):79-83. doi: 10.1097/01202412-199704000-00002.
- Results publication: PubMed 24279813Gausche-Hill M, Brown KM, Oliver ZJ, Sasson C, Dayan PS, Eschmann NM, Weik TS, Lawner BJ, Sahni R, Falck-Ytter Y, Wright JL, Todd K, Lang ES. An Evidence-based Guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18 Suppl 1:25-34. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2013.844873. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
- Results publication: PubMed 17067720Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O'Brien D. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Mar;49(3):335-40. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.016. Epub 2006 Oct 25.
- Results publication: PubMed 23110295Litke J, Pikulska A, Wegner T. Management of perioperative stress in children and parents. Part I--the preoperative period. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2012 Jul-Sep;44(3):165-9.
- Results publication: PubMed 27212773Bhat R, Santhosh MC, Annigeri VM, Rao RP. Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine-ketamine for premedication in pediatrics patients: A randomized double-blind study. Anesth Essays Res. 2016 May-Aug;10(2):349-55. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.172340.
- Results publication: PubMed 27380603Miller K, Tan X, Hobson AD, Khan A, Ziviani J, O'Brien E, Barua K, McBride CA, Kimble RM. A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonpharmacological Pain Management During Intravenous Cannulation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Jul;32(7):444-51. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000778.
- Results publication: PubMed 3670868Fowler-Kerry S, Lander JR. Management of injection pain in children. Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):169-175. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91072-4.
- Results publication: PubMed 12472704Kogan A, Katz J, Efrat R, Eidelman LA. Premedication with midazolam in young children: a comparison of four routes of administration. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002 Oct;12(8):685-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00918.x.
- Results publication: PubMed 21318594Iirola T, Vilo S, Manner T, Aantaa R, Lahtinen M, Scheinin M, Olkkola KT. Bioavailability of dexmedetomidine after intranasal administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;67(8):825-31. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1002-y. Epub 2011 Feb 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 18162008Phan H, Nahata MC. Clinical uses of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs. 2008;10(1):49-69. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200810010-00006.
- Results publication: PubMed 28337075Behrle N, Birisci E, Anderson J, Schroeder S, Dalabih A. Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as a Sedative for Pediatric Procedural Sedation. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jan-Feb;22(1):4-8. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-22.1.4.
- Results publication: PubMed 20645951Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yao TJ, Wong GL, Yuen MK. Optimal timing for the administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2010 Sep;65(9):922-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06453.x.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Zebulon Timmons, MD principal investigator
Phoenix Children's Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Early Phase 1 study testing Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine in people with Conscious Sedation and Distal Radius Fracture, run by Phoenix Children's Hospital at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 0 inclusion and 15 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 24 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Early Phase 1 (sometimes called Phase 0) studies give a very small amount of a treatment to a few people, mainly to see how the body handles it.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Evaluate the sedative effects of intranasal Dexmedetomidine in children undergoing conscious sedation for closed distal forearm fracture reduction compared to intravenous Ketamine (time frame: 12 months). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03466242, which also lists 26 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 24 Nov 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.