Gestational DiabetesPhase 4GAPNCT03527537
Gestational Diabetes and Pharmacotherapy (GAP)
A Phase 4 study testing Insulin in people with Gestational Diabetes, run by Medical College of Wisconsin at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of this study is to compare two different thresholds for initiation of medical treatment for GDM. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM will be randomized to either start pharmacotherapy when they have reached at least 20% or at least 40% of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values above the target goal. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 45 years, women only
- Conditions the study is for
- Gestational Diabetes
- What is being tested?
- Insulin
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 416 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 4 May 2021to 1 Oct 2026
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- Women only
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Viable singleton pregnancy
- Age >= 18 years old
- Diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus
- Able to communicate in English
Who cannot join
- Pre-gestational diabetes
- Significantly abnormal GDM testing, suggestive of the presence of pre-gestational diabetes, either with fasting values >=126 mg/dL or 2-hour post-prandial levels >=200 mg/dL
- Patients who check blood sugars on average less than 2 times per day after appropriate counseling
- Already started pharmacotherapy prior to referral to the study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226
About this study
Official title: Gestational Diabetes and Pharmacotherapy (GAP) - A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Timing of Pharmacotherapy Initiation for Patients With Gestational Diabetes
The goal of this study is to compare two different thresholds for initiation of medical treatment for GDM. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM will be randomized to either start pharmacotherapy when they have reached at least 20% or at least 40% of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values above the target goal. The investigators hypothesize that a lower threshold of 20% elevated CBG levels, compared to 40%, will lead to lower rates of obstetric and medical complications.
Read the detailed description
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 5-8% of pregnant women, many of whom will require treatment beyond diet and exercise. Despite this high prevalence, there is no consensus regarding the glycemic threshold for conversion from diet to medical treatment for GDM. No randomized studies have been performed on how to define failure with diet and exercise and currently, the need to start insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents is at the provider's discretion. It is important to establish criterion of pharmacotherapy initiation for GDM in pregnancy as GDM under-treatment leads to increased rates of adverse obstetric outcomes associated with poor glycemic control including macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, cesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia, childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome in the offspring. In contrast, overtreatment for women comes at increased cost due to overutilization of resources, increased expense, and adverse effects of the medications themselves.
The goal of this study is to compare two different thresholds for initiation of medical treatment for GDM. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM (N=416) will be randomized to either start pharmacotherapy when they have reached at least 20% or at least 40% of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values above the target goal. The investigators hypothesize that a lower threshold of 20% elevated CBG levels, compared to 40%, will lead to lower rates of obstetric and medical complications.
Aim 1: Determine the effect of earlier insulin initiation (20% threshold) for GDM management on adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with GDM.
Hypothesis 1.1: The composite adverse neonatal outcome associated with GDM (LGA, macrosomia, birth trauma, preterm birth, neonatal hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia) will be lower in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
Hypothesis 1.2: Preeclampsia and cesarean birth frequencies will be lower in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
Hypothesis 1.3: The composite neonatal and maternal outcomes will not differ between racial and ethnic groups within each study group.
Aim 2:Assess the safety of earlier insulin initiation in pregnant patients and their neonates.
Hypothesis 2.1: The SGA rate will be higher in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group; however, in both groups it will be lower than the national rate of 10%. Hypothesis 2.2: Maternal hypoglycemia and perinatal death will not differ between groups.
Aim 3:Determine the effect of earlier insulin initiation on patient-reported outcomes using standardized measures and qualitative interviews.
Hypothesis 3: Anxiety, depression, perceived stress and diabetes self-efficacy will be better in patients randomized to earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
- Conditions
- Gestational Diabetes
- Being tested
- Insulin
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes, Gestational
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
InsulinDrug
Insulin may be administered base on glucose log values. The dosing of the insulin will be determined by the provider using typical management of gestational diabetes.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 20% cutoff group | Active comparator | Treatment intervention will be initiated with insulin if 20% cutoff of abnormal values is reached. Medication dosages will depend on the physician's discretion. Receives: Drug: Insulin |
| 40% cutoff group | Active comparator | Treatment intervention will be initiated with insulin if 40% cutoff of abnormal values is reached. Medication dosages will depend on the physician's discretion. Receives: Drug: Insulin |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Composite Neonatal Outcome
Our primary outcome will be a composite adverse neonatal outcome associated with gestational diabetes:
large-for-gestational age macrosomia birth trauma preterm birth neonatal hypoglycemia hyperbilirubinemia
Measured: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks of life
Secondary outcomes (2)
Cesarean Delivery Rate
Our secondary outcome will be to compare the rates of cesarean delivery between two thresholds for medical treatment initiation for GDM.
Measured: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks postpartum
Preeclampsia
Measured: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks postpartum
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 May 2018
- Study start4 May 2021
- Primary completion15 Jun 2026
- Study completion1 Oct 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Gestational DiabetesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Medical College of WisconsinThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This will be a randomized, controlled trial of 284 women with a diagnosis of GDM. Women will be consented and randomized at the time of their diagnosis. All women with GDM will receive counseling regarding diet and exercise and instructions on self-monitoring blood glucose values. The investigators will apply cutoffs of 95 mg/dL for fasting and 120 mg/dL for 2-hour post-prandial levels. Once randomized, the first treatment arm will be assigned to a limit of 20% abnormal values before we start treatment and to titrate up dosages as needed, while using the 20% threshold of abnormal CBG values at each subsequent review of glucose log. To specify, if more than 20% of values for the week are elevated, treatment would be initiated. Once treatment is initiated, the dosage of medication will be adjusted with cutoff of 20% of abnormal values per week. The second treatment arm will utilize the same protocol, however, the limit to start medications or adjust dosages will be 40% abnormal values.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 416 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Anna Palatnik, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03527537
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PRO00030802
- Acronym
- GAP
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 24 Apr 2018
- Last updated
- 20 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;131(2):e49-e64. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501.
PubMed 29370047Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Donovan L. Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):123-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661.
PubMed 23712381Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis EM. Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;192(4):989-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.11.039.
PubMed 15846171Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS; Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2477-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042973. Epub 2005 Jun 12.
PubMed 15951574Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, Rouse DJ, Thorp JM Jr, Sciscione A, Catalano P, Harper M, Saade G, Lain KY, Sorokin Y, Peaceman AM, Tolosa JE, Anderson GB; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 1;361(14):1339-48. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902430.
PubMed 19797280Athukorala C, Crowther CA, Willson K; Austrailian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the ACHOIS trial: risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Feb;47(1):37-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00676.x.
PubMed 17261098Gilbert WM, Nesbitt TS, Danielsen B. Associated factors in 1611 cases of brachial plexus injury. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Apr;93(4):536-40. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00484-0.
PubMed 10214829Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808.
PubMed 15741354Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, Schmidt L, Damm P. Overweight and the metabolic syndrome in adult offspring of women with diet-treated gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2464-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0305. Epub 2009 May 5.
PubMed 19417040Dabelea D, Snell-Bergeon JK, Hartsfield CL, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, McDuffie RS; Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Diabetes Care. 2005 Mar;28(3):579-84. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.3.579.
PubMed 15735191American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-71. doi: 10.2337/dc12-s064. No abstract available.
PubMed 22187472HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group; Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):1991-2002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943.
PubMed 18463375Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1862-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862.
PubMed 12351492Caissutti C, Berghella V. Scientific Evidence for Different Options for GDM Screening and Management: Controversies and Review of the Literature. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2746471. doi: 10.1155/2017/2746471. Epub 2017 Apr 10.
PubMed 28497042Rumbold AR, Crowther CA. Guideline use for gestational diabetes mellitus and current screening, diagnostic and management practices in Australian hospitals. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001 Feb;41(1):86-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2001.tb01301.x.
PubMed 11284655
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Gestational Diabetes and Pharmacotherapy (GAP) - A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Timing of Pharmacotherapy Initiation for Patients With Gestational Diabetes
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03527537
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GAP / PRO00030802
- Conditions
- Gestational Diabetes
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 416 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Medical College of WisconsinUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- Study start
- 4 May 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Jun 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Oct 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 17 May 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this study is to compare two different thresholds for initiation of medical treatment for GDM. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM will be randomized to either start pharmacotherapy when they have reached at least 20% or at least 40% of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values above the target goal. The investigators hypothesize that a lower threshold of 20% elevated CBG levels, compared to 40%, will lead to lower rates of obstetric and medical complications.
Detailed description
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 5-8% of pregnant women, many of whom will require treatment beyond diet and exercise. Despite this high prevalence, there is no consensus regarding the glycemic threshold for conversion from diet to medical treatment for GDM. No randomized studies have been performed on how to define failure with diet and exercise and currently, the need to start insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents is at the provider's discretion. It is important to establish criterion of pharmacotherapy initiation for GDM in pregnancy as GDM under-treatment leads to increased rates of adverse obstetric outcomes associated with poor glycemic control including macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, cesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia, childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome in the offspring. In contrast, overtreatment for women comes at increased cost due to overutilization of resources, increased expense, and adverse effects of the medications themselves.
The goal of this study is to compare two different thresholds for initiation of medical treatment for GDM. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM (N=416) will be randomized to either start pharmacotherapy when they have reached at least 20% or at least 40% of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values above the target goal. The investigators hypothesize that a lower threshold of 20% elevated CBG levels, compared to 40%, will lead to lower rates of obstetric and medical complications.
Aim 1: Determine the effect of earlier insulin initiation (20% threshold) for GDM management on adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with GDM.
Hypothesis 1.1: The composite adverse neonatal outcome associated with GDM (LGA, macrosomia, birth trauma, preterm birth, neonatal hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia) will be lower in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
Hypothesis 1.2: Preeclampsia and cesarean birth frequencies will be lower in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
Hypothesis 1.3: The composite neonatal and maternal outcomes will not differ between racial and ethnic groups within each study group.
Aim 2:Assess the safety of earlier insulin initiation in pregnant patients and their neonates.
Hypothesis 2.1: The SGA rate will be higher in earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group; however, in both groups it will be lower than the national rate of 10%. Hypothesis 2.2: Maternal hypoglycemia and perinatal death will not differ between groups.
Aim 3:Determine the effect of earlier insulin initiation on patient-reported outcomes using standardized measures and qualitative interviews.
Hypothesis 3: Anxiety, depression, perceived stress and diabetes self-efficacy will be better in patients randomized to earlier insulin initiation compared with the active control group.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This will be a randomized, controlled trial of 284 women with a diagnosis of GDM. Women will be consented and randomized at the time of their diagnosis. All women with GDM will receive counseling regarding diet and exercise and instructions on self-monitoring blood glucose values. The investigators will apply cutoffs of 95 mg/dL for fasting and 120 mg/dL for 2-hour post-prandial levels. Once randomized, the first treatment arm will be assigned to a limit of 20% abnormal values before we start treatment and to titrate up dosages as needed, while using the 20% threshold of abnormal CBG values at each subsequent review of glucose log. To specify, if more than 20% of values for the week are elevated, treatment would be initiated. Once treatment is initiated, the dosage of medication will be adjusted with cutoff of 20% of abnormal values per week. The second treatment arm will utilize the same protocol, however, the limit to start medications or adjust dosages will be 40% abnormal values.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 20% cutoff group | Active comparator | Drug: InsulinTreatment intervention will be initiated with insulin if 20% cutoff of abnormal values is reached. Medication dosages will depend on the physician's discretion. |
| 40% cutoff group | Active comparator | Drug: InsulinTreatment intervention will be initiated with insulin if 40% cutoff of abnormal values is reached. Medication dosages will depend on the physician's discretion. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 45 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Viable singleton pregnancy
- Age >= 18 years old
- Diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus
- Able to communicate in English
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Pre-gestational diabetes
- Significantly abnormal GDM testing, suggestive of the presence of pre-gestational diabetes, either with fasting values >=126 mg/dL or 2-hour post-prandial levels >=200 mg/dL
- Patients who check blood sugars on average less than 2 times per day after appropriate counseling
- Already started pharmacotherapy prior to referral to the study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| InsulinInsulin may be administered base on glucose log values. The dosing of the insulin will be determined by the provider using typical management of gestational diabetes. | Drug | 20% cutoff group, 40% cutoff group |
Primary outcome
Composite Neonatal Outcome
Time frame: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks of life
Our primary outcome will be a composite adverse neonatal outcome associated with gestational diabetes: large-for-gestational age macrosomia birth trauma preterm birth neonatal hypoglycemia hyperbilirubinemia
2 secondary outcomes
Cesarean Delivery Rate
Time frame: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks postpartum
Preeclampsia
Time frame: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks postpartum
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Jul 2026.
- Background: PubMed 29370047ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;131(2):e49-e64. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501.
- Background: PubMed 23712381Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Donovan L. Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):123-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661.
- Background: PubMed 15846171Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis EM. Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;192(4):989-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.11.039.
- Background: PubMed 15951574Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS; Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 16;352(24):2477-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042973. Epub 2005 Jun 12.
- Background: PubMed 19797280Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, Carpenter MW, Ramin SM, Casey B, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, Rouse DJ, Thorp JM Jr, Sciscione A, Catalano P, Harper M, Saade G, Lain KY, Sorokin Y, Peaceman AM, Tolosa JE, Anderson GB; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 1;361(14):1339-48. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902430.
- Background: PubMed 17261098Athukorala C, Crowther CA, Willson K; Austrailian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the ACHOIS trial: risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Feb;47(1):37-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00676.x.
- Background: PubMed 10214829Gilbert WM, Nesbitt TS, Danielsen B. Associated factors in 1611 cases of brachial plexus injury. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Apr;93(4):536-40. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00484-0.
- Background: PubMed 15741354Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808.
- Background: PubMed 19417040Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, Schmidt L, Damm P. Overweight and the metabolic syndrome in adult offspring of women with diet-treated gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2464-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0305. Epub 2009 May 5.
- Background: PubMed 15735191Dabelea D, Snell-Bergeon JK, Hartsfield CL, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, McDuffie RS; Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Diabetes Care. 2005 Mar;28(3):579-84. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.3.579.
- Background: PubMed 22187472American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-71. doi: 10.2337/dc12-s064. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 18463375HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group; Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, McCance DR, Hod M, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Persson B, Rogers MS, Sacks DA. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):1991-2002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 4 study testing Insulin in people with Gestational Diabetes, run by Medical College of Wisconsin at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Composite Neonatal Outcome (time frame: The data will be collected up to 6 weeks of life). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03527537, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Jul 2026.