ObesityNCT03579043
The Effects of Beverages on Food Liking
A study testing Nutritive Sweetener, Non-Nutritive Sweetener and Carbonated Water in people with Obesity, run by The University of Tennessee, Knoxville at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in replacement of nutritive sweeteners (NS) could be a potential weight loss strategy as it may reduce energy intake. One concern with the replacement of NS with NNS is the risk of caloric compensation after consumption of NNS. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 35 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Obesity
- What is being tested?
- Nutritive Sweetener, Non-Nutritive Sweetener and Carbonated Water
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 22 May 2018to 30 Sep 2018
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 35 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- The eligible age range of participants will be 18-35 years. The age range for eligible participants was set because research has shown taste sensitivity declines after the age of 60. In 2001, Mojet and colleagues used sucrose and aspartame to test taste threshold sensitivity in young adults age 19-33 years and elderly adults age 60-75 years. Results showed a decrease in threshold and taste in the elderly adults (Mojet, et al., 2001). Sensitivity to the five basic tastes, sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, begins to decline after the age of 60 ("Aging changes in the senses," n.d.).
- Individuals with overweight or class I obesity - Body mass index (BMI) range 25-34.9 kg/m2
- Does not participate in more than 100 minutes of structured, moderate- to high-intensity physical activity weekly
- Consumes > 36oz of NS beverages daily as assessed by the Beverage Questionnaire (BEVQ)-15 (Hedrick, et al., 2012) - NS beverages include: 100% fruit juice, sweetened juice beverages, energy and sports drinks, sweetened tea or coffee, and soft drinks.
- Willing to substitute NS beverages for NNS beverages or carbonated water for a three-day period
- Able to complete all study days consecutively, with all study days following usual schedules and activities (i.e. not traveling)
Show all 9Show fewer
- Report a favorable preference for the beverages involved in the study, with participants rating each beverage item ≥3 on a 5-point Likert scale during the phone screen
- Reports a usual wake up time of 10:00a.m or earlier on Mondays through Fridays.
- Reports no known allergic reaction to metal
Who cannot join
- Report of current dieting or dieting within the past month
- Report of known reactions to sugar or NNS
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory, University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
About this study
Official title: The Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Energy Intake
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in replacement of nutritive sweeteners (NS) could be a potential weight loss strategy as it may reduce energy intake. One concern with the replacement of NS with NNS is the risk of caloric compensation after consumption of NNS. Most studies have examined the effect of NNS foods and beverages on energy intake in the short-term (one-day or less), with results suggesting lack of compensation in the very short-term (less than one day), and then compensation, or over compensation, when the NNS products are consumed on one day with measures of energy intake taken over 1 to 2 days (Anton et al., 2010; Lavin et al., 1997; Overduin et al., 2016; Appleton et al., 2007; Piernas et al., 2013). Given these mixed results, it is still not clear if NNS foods and beverages are a beneficial strategy for decreasing energy intake. However most studies have been in lab-based settings, in which participants are consuming provided food at specific times. No study has reported on the effect of NNS foods or beverages consumed over several days and energy intake on these days when participants are in free-living situations.
Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how NNS beverage consumption affects energy intake in free-living situations over a span of three days. Through a 3x4 mixed design, participants will be randomized into one of three groups: NNS beverage, NS beverage, or carbonated water (control). Participants will be encouraged to go about their normal daily activities and not change any other aspect except for drink consumption. One baseline and three, 24-hour dietary recalls will be collected over the course of the study to analyze energy intake. The specific aim of this investigation is to determine if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to NNS beverages.
Read the detailed description
At the completion of the phone screen, eligible participants will be scheduled to come to the Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory for the start of their baseline assessment.
The first session will occur the week prior to the test days. At this appointment, informed consent will be obtained, a demographic questionnaire completed, a beverage questionnaire (BEVQ-15) completed, and an appropriate time and preferred mode of contact (text message or e-mail) will be collected. Participant's height and weight will be collected through an electronic scale for weight and a stadiometer for height using standard procedures (Lohman, et al., 1988). Next, participants will be given the SenseWear armband. Participants will be instructed to start wearing the armband upon awakening on Monday morning and to wear the arm band on their upper right arm until going to sleep Monday night (wear time should be at least 10 hours per day). Participants will be instructed to continue wearing the armband, in an identical manner as on Monday, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Participants will be instructed to not alter their physical activity from their normal routine from Monday to Thursday.
Participants will be randomized to one of the three groups, Coke (NS), Diet Coke (NNS), or carbonated water (control) using a random numbers table. For this investigation, Coke and Diet Coke will be used due to Coke and Diet Coke ranked number one and two as the most popular beverages in the U.S. from 2010 to 2018 ("Sweet! America's top 10 brands of soda," 2011; "Top 10 Best Selling Soft Drink Brands in The World," 2016). Next, participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. Next, instructions will be provided to participants on how to complete the 24-hour dietary recalls and a two-dimensional visual aid will be provided to help participants in estimating portion sizes. Participants will also be given a detailed schedule about their study participation.
Participants will be called on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday to complete 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants will be sent daily reminders regarding their recalls and wearing the armband via text or e-mail (participant preferred mode of contact).
A final appointment will be completed on Friday in the HEAL lab. The armband will be returned and downloaded, the final recall will be completed, and participants will be debriefed about the purpose of the study. Participants will not be responsible for paying for the SenseWear Armband if they lose it or damage it. Once all data are collected, participants will be given a $25 gift card for their participation. If a participant cannot come to the lab on the Friday of their final appointment, then the last recall will be collected via phone and the appointment will be rescheduled in order to collect the armband.
- Conditions
- Obesity
- Being tested
- Nutritive Sweetener, Non-Nutritive Sweetener, Carbonated Water
- Medical subject headings
- Obesity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nutritive SweetenerOther
Also called Coke
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
Non-Nutritive SweetenerOther
Also called Diet Coke
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
Carbonated WaterOther
Also called Control
Participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nutritive Sweetener | Experimental | Participants will consume 36 ounces of Coke daily for three consecutive days. Receives: Other: Nutritive Sweetener |
| Non-Nutritive Sweetener | Experimental | Participants will consume 36 ounces of Diet Coke daily for three consecutive days. Receives: Other: Non-Nutritive Sweetener |
| Carbonated Water | Experimental | Participants will consume 36 ounces of carbonated water daily for three consecutive days. Receives: Other: Carbonated Water |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Energy compensation including beverages
Dietary intake and beverages
Measured: 3 test days
Energy compensation not including beverages
Dietary intake without beverages included
Measured: 3 test days
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Jul 2018
- Study start22 May 2018
- Primary completion30 Sep 2018
- Study completion30 Sep 2018
Why it stopped: Lack of recruitment - no eligible participants.
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for ObesityStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Screening
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- To see if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners, a 3x4 mixed factorial design will be used, with a between-subject factor of intervention group (NNS, NS, and control) and within-subject factor of time (baseline, day 1 of beverage exposure, day 2 of beverage exposure, and day 3 of beverage exposure).
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hollie Raynor, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- Investigators
- Hannah S Grider, Principal investigator, University of Tennessee
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03579043
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- UTK IRB-18-04475-XP
- Status last verified
- Nov 2018
- First submitted
- 25 Jun 2018
- Last updated
- 20 Nov 2018
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Anton SD, Martin CK, Han H, Coulon S, Cefalu WT, Geiselman P, Williamson DA. Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite. 2010 Aug;55(1):37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 18.
PubMed 20303371Appleton KM, Blundell JE. Habitual high and low consumers of artificially-sweetened beverages: effects of sweet taste and energy on short-term appetite. Physiol Behav. 2007 Oct 22;92(3):479-86. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.027. Epub 2007 Apr 27.
PubMed 17540414Hedrick VE, Savla J, Comber DL, Flack KD, Estabrooks PA, Nsiah-Kumi PA, Ortmeier S, Davy BM. Development of a brief questionnaire to assess habitual beverage intake (BEVQ-15): sugar-sweetened beverages and total beverage energy intake. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Jun;112(6):840-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.023.
PubMed 22709811Lavin JH, French SJ, Read NW. The effect of sucrose- and aspartame-sweetened drinks on energy intake, hunger and food choice of female, moderately restrained eaters. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Jan;21(1):37-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800360.
PubMed 9023599Lohman TR, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign,Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
Mojet J, Heidema J, Christ-Hazelhof E. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in supra-threshold intensities of five taste qualities? Chem Senses. 2003 Jun;28(5):397-413. doi: 10.1093/chemse/28.5.397.
PubMed 12826536Overduin J, Collet TH, Medic N, Henning E, Keogh JM, Forsyth F, Stephenson C, Kanning MW, Ruijschop RMAJ, Farooqi IS, van der Klaauw AA. Failure of sucrose replacement with the non-nutritive sweetener erythritol to alter GLP-1 or PYY release or test meal size in lean or obese people. Appetite. 2016 Dec 1;107:596-603. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.009. Epub 2016 Sep 9.
PubMed 27620647Piernas C, Tate DF, Wang X, Popkin BM. Does diet-beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? Results from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Mar;97(3):604-11. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.048405. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
PubMed 23364015Sweet! America's top 10 brands of soda. (2011, March 25). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42255151/ns/business-us_business/t/sweet-americas-top-brands-soda/
Top 10 Best Selling Soft Drink Brands in The World. (2016, December 30). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from http://www.worldstopmost.com/2017-2018-2019-2020/products/best-selling-soft-drink-brands-world-cheapest-expensive-top-10-popular-list/
Aging changes in the senses: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004013.htm
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Nov 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Energy Intake
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03579043
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UTK IRB-18-04475-XP
- Conditions
- Obesity
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: Lack of recruitment - no eligible participants.
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- The University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 22 May 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Sep 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2018 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Jul 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in replacement of nutritive sweeteners (NS) could be a potential weight loss strategy as it may reduce energy intake. One concern with the replacement of NS with NNS is the risk of caloric compensation after consumption of NNS. Most studies have examined the effect of NNS foods and beverages on energy intake in the short-term (one-day or less), with results suggesting lack of compensation in the very short-term (less than one day), and then compensation, or over compensation, when the NNS products are consumed on one day with measures of energy intake taken over 1 to 2 days (Anton et al., 2010; Lavin et al., 1997; Overduin et al., 2016; Appleton et al., 2007; Piernas et al., 2013). Given these mixed results, it is still not clear if NNS foods and beverages are a beneficial strategy for decreasing energy intake. However most studies have been in lab-based settings, in which participants are consuming provided food at specific times. No study has reported on the effect of NNS foods or beverages consumed over several days and energy intake on these days when participants are in free-living situations.
Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how NNS beverage consumption affects energy intake in free-living situations over a span of three days. Through a 3x4 mixed design, participants will be randomized into one of three groups: NNS beverage, NS beverage, or carbonated water (control). Participants will be encouraged to go about their normal daily activities and not change any other aspect except for drink consumption. One baseline and three, 24-hour dietary recalls will be collected over the course of the study to analyze energy intake. The specific aim of this investigation is to determine if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to NNS beverages.
Detailed description
At the completion of the phone screen, eligible participants will be scheduled to come to the Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory for the start of their baseline assessment.
The first session will occur the week prior to the test days. At this appointment, informed consent will be obtained, a demographic questionnaire completed, a beverage questionnaire (BEVQ-15) completed, and an appropriate time and preferred mode of contact (text message or e-mail) will be collected. Participant's height and weight will be collected through an electronic scale for weight and a stadiometer for height using standard procedures (Lohman, et al., 1988). Next, participants will be given the SenseWear armband. Participants will be instructed to start wearing the armband upon awakening on Monday morning and to wear the arm band on their upper right arm until going to sleep Monday night (wear time should be at least 10 hours per day). Participants will be instructed to continue wearing the armband, in an identical manner as on Monday, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. Participants will be instructed to not alter their physical activity from their normal routine from Monday to Thursday.
Participants will be randomized to one of the three groups, Coke (NS), Diet Coke (NNS), or carbonated water (control) using a random numbers table. For this investigation, Coke and Diet Coke will be used due to Coke and Diet Coke ranked number one and two as the most popular beverages in the U.S. from 2010 to 2018 ("Sweet! America's top 10 brands of soda," 2011; "Top 10 Best Selling Soft Drink Brands in The World," 2016). Next, participants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. Next, instructions will be provided to participants on how to complete the 24-hour dietary recalls and a two-dimensional visual aid will be provided to help participants in estimating portion sizes. Participants will also be given a detailed schedule about their study participation.
Participants will be called on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday to complete 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants will be sent daily reminders regarding their recalls and wearing the armband via text or e-mail (participant preferred mode of contact).
A final appointment will be completed on Friday in the HEAL lab. The armband will be returned and downloaded, the final recall will be completed, and participants will be debriefed about the purpose of the study. Participants will not be responsible for paying for the SenseWear Armband if they lose it or damage it. Once all data are collected, participants will be given a $25 gift card for their participation. If a participant cannot come to the lab on the Friday of their final appointment, then the last recall will be collected via phone and the appointment will be rescheduled in order to collect the armband.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Screening
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- To see if caloric compensation occurs during 3-day exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners, a 3x4 mixed factorial design will be used, with a between-subject factor of intervention group (NNS, NS, and control) and within-subject factor of time (baseline, day 1 of beverage exposure, day 2 of beverage exposure, and day 3 of beverage exposure).
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nutritive Sweetener | Experimental | Other: Nutritive SweetenerParticipants will consume 36 ounces of Coke daily for three consecutive days. |
| Non-Nutritive Sweetener | Experimental | Other: Non-Nutritive SweetenerParticipants will consume 36 ounces of Diet Coke daily for three consecutive days. |
| Carbonated Water | Experimental | Other: Carbonated WaterParticipants will consume 36 ounces of carbonated water daily for three consecutive days. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 35 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- The eligible age range of participants will be 18-35 years. The age range for eligible participants was set because research has shown taste sensitivity declines after the age of 60. In 2001, Mojet and colleagues used sucrose and aspartame to test taste threshold sensitivity in young adults age 19-33 years and elderly adults age 60-75 years. Results showed a decrease in threshold and taste in the elderly adults (Mojet, et al., 2001). Sensitivity to the five basic tastes, sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, begins to decline after the age of 60 ("Aging changes in the senses," n.d.).
- Individuals with overweight or class I obesity - Body mass index (BMI) range 25-34.9 kg/m2
- Does not participate in more than 100 minutes of structured, moderate- to high-intensity physical activity weekly
- Consumes > 36oz of NS beverages daily as assessed by the Beverage Questionnaire (BEVQ)-15 (Hedrick, et al., 2012) - NS beverages include: 100% fruit juice, sweetened juice beverages, energy and sports drinks, sweetened tea or coffee, and soft drinks.
- Willing to substitute NS beverages for NNS beverages or carbonated water for a three-day period
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Report of current dieting or dieting within the past month
- Report of known reactions to sugar or NNS
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nutritive SweetenerAlso: CokeParticipants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. | Other | Nutritive Sweetener |
| Non-Nutritive SweetenerAlso: Diet CokeParticipants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. | Other | Non-Nutritive Sweetener |
| Carbonated WaterAlso: ControlParticipants will receive twelve, 12-ounce cans of a beverage that represents their assigned condition. Participants will be instructed to drink their assigned beverages Tuesday through Thursday, and to consume one beverage at 12pm, the second at 3pm, and the third at 6pm. Participants will be instructed that the beverages need to be consumed within +/- 30 minutes of the instructed time. Participants will be instructed that any other beverage consumed on Tuesday through Thursday should be water. | Other | Carbonated Water |
Primary outcome
Energy compensation including beverages
Time frame: 3 test days
Dietary intake and beverages
Energy compensation not including beverages
Time frame: 3 test days
Dietary intake without beverages included
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Nov 2018.
- Background: PubMed 20303371Anton SD, Martin CK, Han H, Coulon S, Cefalu WT, Geiselman P, Williamson DA. Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite. 2010 Aug;55(1):37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 18.
- Background: PubMed 17540414Appleton KM, Blundell JE. Habitual high and low consumers of artificially-sweetened beverages: effects of sweet taste and energy on short-term appetite. Physiol Behav. 2007 Oct 22;92(3):479-86. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.027. Epub 2007 Apr 27.
- Background: PubMed 22709811Hedrick VE, Savla J, Comber DL, Flack KD, Estabrooks PA, Nsiah-Kumi PA, Ortmeier S, Davy BM. Development of a brief questionnaire to assess habitual beverage intake (BEVQ-15): sugar-sweetened beverages and total beverage energy intake. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Jun;112(6):840-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.023.
- Background: PubMed 9023599Lavin JH, French SJ, Read NW. The effect of sucrose- and aspartame-sweetened drinks on energy intake, hunger and food choice of female, moderately restrained eaters. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Jan;21(1):37-42. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800360.
- BackgroundLohman TR, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign,Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
- Background: PubMed 12826536Mojet J, Heidema J, Christ-Hazelhof E. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in supra-threshold intensities of five taste qualities? Chem Senses. 2003 Jun;28(5):397-413. doi: 10.1093/chemse/28.5.397.
- Background: PubMed 27620647Overduin J, Collet TH, Medic N, Henning E, Keogh JM, Forsyth F, Stephenson C, Kanning MW, Ruijschop RMAJ, Farooqi IS, van der Klaauw AA. Failure of sucrose replacement with the non-nutritive sweetener erythritol to alter GLP-1 or PYY release or test meal size in lean or obese people. Appetite. 2016 Dec 1;107:596-603. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.009. Epub 2016 Sep 9.
- Background: PubMed 23364015Piernas C, Tate DF, Wang X, Popkin BM. Does diet-beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? Results from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Mar;97(3):604-11. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.048405. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
- BackgroundSweet! America's top 10 brands of soda. (2011, March 25). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42255151/ns/business-us_business/t/sweet-americas-top-brands-soda/
- BackgroundTop 10 Best Selling Soft Drink Brands in The World. (2016, December 30). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from http://www.worldstopmost.com/2017-2018-2019-2020/products/best-selling-soft-drink-brands-world-cheapest-expensive-top-10-popular-list/
- BackgroundAging changes in the senses: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004013.htm
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Hannah S Grider principal investigator
University of Tennessee
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Nutritive Sweetener, Non-Nutritive Sweetener and Carbonated Water in people with Obesity, run by The University of Tennessee, Knoxville at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Nov 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Energy compensation including beverages (time frame: 3 test days). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03579043, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Nov 2018.