SchizophreniaNCT03621540
Augmentation of Working Memory Training With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With Schizophrenia
A study testing active tDCS and Adaptive working memory training in people with Schizophrenia and Cognitive Deficits, run by University Hospital Tuebingen at 2 sites in Germany.
Trial summary
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of schizophrenia and is in a large part responsible for the poor psychosocial outcome of the disorder. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques as a therapeutic option is just commencing for neuropsychiatric patients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Schizophrenia, Cognitive Deficits
- What is being tested?
- active tDCS and Adaptive working memory training
- Type of treatment
- Medical device, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 37 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesGermany
- Study dates
- 20 Apr 2018to 30 May 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
- age 18-60 years
- Ability to give informed consent
- right handedness
- stable antipsychotic medication one week prior to the experiment and during the training sessions
Who cannot join
- epilepsy
- metal implants near the head
- pregnancy
- use of antiepileptics
- use of benzodiazepines > 1 mg lorazepam equivalent
- current substance abuse (excluding tabacco)
- missing consent of the legal representative, if existing
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
Germany2 sites
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf
Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, 40629
University Hospital Tuebigen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
Tübingen, 72076
About this study
Official title: Augmentation of Working Memory Training With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Patients With Schizophrenia
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of schizophrenia and is in a large part responsible for the poor psychosocial outcome of the disorder. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques as a therapeutic option is just commencing for neuropsychiatric patients. Concerning healthy subjects the investigators have previously shown that anodal tDCS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) parallel to working memory training can sustainingly enhance performance in a spatial n-back task. Additionally, first translational experiments regarding the use of anodal tDCS to improve working memory (WM) in patients with schizophrenia rendered promising results.
On those grounds, the investigators now test the hypothesis that anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC can augment working memory training in patients with schizophrenia.
Read the detailed description
Cognitive impairments are a core and debilitating feature of schizophrenia, but effective treatment options are scarce. These deficits develop early in the progression of the disorder, frequently persist throughout lifespan and are considered a possible endophenotype of the disorder. Everyday functioning, work ability and social integration are substantially affected. A proper treatment of cognitive symptoms would probably reduce individual consequences like unemployment or early retirement and alleviate the resulting cost for our societies.
Working memory, the ability to temporally maintain and manipulate information, is critically relevant as interface between sensory input and the attainment of behavioral goals. It plays a pivotal role in executive functioning and shares overlapping cognitive processes with social cognition. The characteristic WM deficits in patients with schizophrenia are associated with aberrant dlPFC activation and connectivity, rendering this brain region a prime target for treatment interventions. Cognitive and specifically WM training have been proven effective to change prefrontal activation pattern resulting in improved performance. However, the effect sizes are moderate and the expenditure is high, so that training paradigms are not consistently implemented in regular treatment.
A possible way to increase the efficacy of WM training is the augmentation with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal membrane potentials and is regulating cortical excitability depending on polarity. Specifically, anodal stimulation can induce long-lasting cortical excitability elevations.
First translational studies exploring the effectiveness of tDCS to enhance cognition in patients with schizophrenia yielded promising results.To extend this knowledge, the investigators examine the effect of a tDCS augmented WM training (2 mA to the right dlPFC) in patients with schizophrenia. The WM training consists of two weeks (10 daily sessions) of 20 minute adaptive spatial n-back training, complemented by a Pre/Post session and two follow-up measurements after 4 and 12 weeks. In the two arms parallel study design, patients will be randomized either to the group receiving active anodal tDCS during the training or to the other group receiving sham stimulation during the training. The investigators hypothesize an enhancement of WM performance by anodal tDCS and investigate possible transfer effects in other cognitive tasks, psychopathology, quality of life and subjective cognitive capabilities. The investigators will further analyze the influence of the genetic make-up, neurophysiological signatures and other demographic and cognitive variables on the stimulation effect.
- Conditions
- Schizophrenia, Cognitive Deficits
- Being tested
- active tDCS, sham tDCS, Adaptive working memory training
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, working memory training
- Medical subject headings
- Schizophrenia, Cognition Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
active tDCSDevice
Using the NeuroConn Plus tDCS device, 2 mA anodal tDCS will be applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F4). 15 s fade in and fade out. Total stimulation time of 1365 s. Cathode over contralateral deltoid muscle.
sham tDCSDevice
Sham mode of the NeuroConn Plus tDCS device with 2 mA stimulation for 45 s at the beginning. Anode over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F4), Cathode over contralateral deltoid muscle. After that, only continuous impedance checking is performed.
Adaptive working memory trainingBehavioural
Adaptive spatial n-back training.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Verum arm | Active comparator | 25 min anodal tDCS + adaptive working memory training Receives: Device: active tDCS; Behavioral: Adaptive working memory training |
| Sham arm | Sham comparator | sham tDCS + adaptive working memory training Receives: Device: sham tDCS; Behavioral: Adaptive working memory training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change (post training - pre training) in working memory task performance (1-,2-,3-back).
Use of d' and response time as dependent variables. Based on signal detection theory, the discriminability index d' (d-prime) is calculated by using the formula d' = Z(hit rate) - Z(false alarm rate).
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of working memory training.
Secondary outcomes (16)
Change (post training - pre training) in cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B. Results in seconds will be normalized by age and education adjusted standard values. Slower processing time indicates less cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B. Results in seconds will be normalized by age and education adjusted standard values. Slower processing time indicates less cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in cognition.
Measure of different cognitive domains with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Subscales (Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Motor Function, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing, Executive Function) and composite score. Taking age and gender into account, individual test scores are averaged to standardized scores (z-score) . Higher scores indicate better task performance.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in cognition.
Measure of different cognitive domains with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Subscales (Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Motor Function, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing, Executive Function) and composite score. Taking age and gender into account, individual test scores are averaged to standardized scores (z-score) . Higher scores indicate better task performance.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in working memory task performance (1-,2-,3-back).
Use of the d' and response time as dependent variables. Based on signal detection theory, the discriminability index d' (d-prime) is calculated by using the formula d' = Z(hit rate) - Z(false alarm rate).
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow up: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in depressive symptoms.
Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Maximum score is 27. Higher scores indicate a higher level of depression.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in depressive symptoms.
Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Maximum score is 27. Higher scores indicate a higher level of depression.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in psychopathology.
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The PANSS measures symptom severity on a positive, a negative and a general psychopathology scale. Higher scores indicate more pronounced symptom severity. The PANSS will be analyzed in subscales and as a summed total score.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in psychopathology.
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The PANSS measures symptom severity on a positive, a negative and a general psychopathology scale. Higher scores indicate more pronounced symptom severity. The PANSS will be analyzed in subscales and as a summed total score.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in negative symptoms
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). The total score is calculated by addition of 5 subscales with a maximum score of 25. A higher score indicates more pronounced negative symptoms.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in negative symptoms
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). The total score is calculated by addition of 5 subscales with a maximum score of 25. A higher score indicates more pronounced negative symptoms.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in quality of life.
World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, short version (WHOQOL-BREF). Four major domains are assessed: physical, psychological, social relationships and environment. It consists of 26 items and a maximum score of 130. Higher scores indicate a higher quality of life.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in quality of life.
World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, short version (WHOQOL-BREF). Four major domains are assessed: physical, psychological, social relationships and environment. It consists of 26 items and a maximum score of 130. Higher scores indicate a higher quality of life
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in subjective cognitive capacity.
Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS).Scale with 21 items, maximum score of 84, higher scores indicate more subjective cognitive impairment.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in subjective cognitive capacity.
Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS).Scale with 21 items, maximum score of 84, higher scores indicate more subjective cognitive impairment.
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Differences in EEG signatures between interventional arms.
resting state connectivity, event-related potentials (ERP), 32-channel EEG
Measured: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Aug 2018
- Study start20 Apr 2018
- Primary completion30 Dec 2022
- Study completion30 May 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for SchizophreniaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 37 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital Tuebingen
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Andreas J Fallgatter, M.D., Study director, University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03621540
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ESPRIT Training
- Status last verified
- Sep 2023
- First submitted
- 8 May 2018
- Last updated
- 6 Oct 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 Oct 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Augmentation of Working Memory Training With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Patients With Schizophrenia
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03621540
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ESPRIT Training
- Conditions
- Schizophrenia, Cognitive Deficits
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, working memory training
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 37 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital TuebingenUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- Study start
- 20 Apr 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Dec 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 May 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Aug 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of schizophrenia and is in a large part responsible for the poor psychosocial outcome of the disorder. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques as a therapeutic option is just commencing for neuropsychiatric patients. Concerning healthy subjects the investigators have previously shown that anodal tDCS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) parallel to working memory training can sustainingly enhance performance in a spatial n-back task. Additionally, first translational experiments regarding the use of anodal tDCS to improve working memory (WM) in patients with schizophrenia rendered promising results.
On those grounds, the investigators now test the hypothesis that anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC can augment working memory training in patients with schizophrenia.
Detailed description
Cognitive impairments are a core and debilitating feature of schizophrenia, but effective treatment options are scarce. These deficits develop early in the progression of the disorder, frequently persist throughout lifespan and are considered a possible endophenotype of the disorder. Everyday functioning, work ability and social integration are substantially affected. A proper treatment of cognitive symptoms would probably reduce individual consequences like unemployment or early retirement and alleviate the resulting cost for our societies.
Working memory, the ability to temporally maintain and manipulate information, is critically relevant as interface between sensory input and the attainment of behavioral goals. It plays a pivotal role in executive functioning and shares overlapping cognitive processes with social cognition. The characteristic WM deficits in patients with schizophrenia are associated with aberrant dlPFC activation and connectivity, rendering this brain region a prime target for treatment interventions. Cognitive and specifically WM training have been proven effective to change prefrontal activation pattern resulting in improved performance. However, the effect sizes are moderate and the expenditure is high, so that training paradigms are not consistently implemented in regular treatment.
A possible way to increase the efficacy of WM training is the augmentation with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal membrane potentials and is regulating cortical excitability depending on polarity. Specifically, anodal stimulation can induce long-lasting cortical excitability elevations.
First translational studies exploring the effectiveness of tDCS to enhance cognition in patients with schizophrenia yielded promising results.To extend this knowledge, the investigators examine the effect of a tDCS augmented WM training (2 mA to the right dlPFC) in patients with schizophrenia. The WM training consists of two weeks (10 daily sessions) of 20 minute adaptive spatial n-back training, complemented by a Pre/Post session and two follow-up measurements after 4 and 12 weeks. In the two arms parallel study design, patients will be randomized either to the group receiving active anodal tDCS during the training or to the other group receiving sham stimulation during the training. The investigators hypothesize an enhancement of WM performance by anodal tDCS and investigate possible transfer effects in other cognitive tasks, psychopathology, quality of life and subjective cognitive capabilities. The investigators will further analyze the influence of the genetic make-up, neurophysiological signatures and other demographic and cognitive variables on the stimulation effect.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, care provider, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Verum arm | Active comparator | Device: active tDCS, Behavioral: Adaptive working memory training25 min anodal tDCS + adaptive working memory training |
| Sham arm | Sham comparator | Device: sham tDCS, Behavioral: Adaptive working memory trainingsham tDCS + adaptive working memory training |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
- age 18-60 years
- Ability to give informed consent
- right handedness
- stable antipsychotic medication one week prior to the experiment and during the training sessions
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- epilepsy
- metal implants near the head
- pregnancy
- use of antiepileptics
- use of benzodiazepines > 1 mg lorazepam equivalent
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| active tDCSUsing the NeuroConn Plus tDCS device, 2 mA anodal tDCS will be applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F4). 15 s fade in and fade out. Total stimulation time of 1365 s. Cathode over contralateral deltoid muscle. | Device | Verum arm |
| sham tDCSSham mode of the NeuroConn Plus tDCS device with 2 mA stimulation for 45 s at the beginning. Anode over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F4), Cathode over contralateral deltoid muscle. After that, only continuous impedance checking is performed. | Device | Sham arm |
| Adaptive working memory trainingAdaptive spatial n-back training. | Behavioural | Sham arm, Verum arm |
Primary outcome
Change (post training - pre training) in working memory task performance (1-,2-,3-back).
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of working memory training.
Use of d' and response time as dependent variables. Based on signal detection theory, the discriminability index d' (d-prime) is calculated by using the formula d' = Z(hit rate) - Z(false alarm rate).
16 secondary outcomes
Change (post training - pre training) in cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in cognitive flexibility and processing speed.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in cognition.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in cognition.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in working memory task performance (1-,2-,3-back).
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow up: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in depressive symptoms.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in depressive symptoms.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in psychopathology.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in psychopathology.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in negative symptoms
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in negative symptoms
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in quality of life.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in quality of life.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training. And changes in follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Change (post training - pre training) in subjective cognitive capacity.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training.
Change (follow-up - pre training) in subjective cognitive capacity.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Follow-up sessions: 4 and 12 weeks after completion of working memory training.
Differences in EEG signatures between interventional arms.
Time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of training
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 Oct 2023.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Andreas J Fallgatter, M.D. study director
University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Psychiatry
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing active tDCS and Adaptive working memory training in people with Schizophrenia and Cognitive Deficits, run by University Hospital Tuebingen at 2 sites in Germany.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 Oct 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in Germany. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change (post training - pre training) in working memory task performance (1-,2-,3-back). (time frame: Pre Training: 3-4 days before training start. Post Training: 3-4 days after completion of working memory training.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 Oct 2023.