Iron-deficiencyNCT03703739
Iron Absorption From Iron Fortified Extruded Rice Co-fortified With Various Solubilizing Agents
A study testing Reference meal 1, Reference 2 and Test meal A in people with Iron-deficiency, run by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at 1 site in Switzerland.
Trial summary
Food fortification is regarded as a safe and cost-effective approach to counteract and prevent iron deficiency. Rice is a staple food for millions of people living in regions where iron-deficiency anaemia is a significant public health problem. Therefore, rice may be a promising fortification vehicle. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 40 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Iron-deficiency
- What is being tested?
- Reference meal 1, Reference 2 and Test meal A
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 22 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSwitzerland
- Study dates
- 2 Oct 2018to Dec 2018
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 40 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Female, 18 to 40 years old
- Normal body Mass Index (18.5 - 25 kg/m2)
- Body weight ≤ 65 kg
- Signed informed consent
Who cannot join
- Pregnancy (assessed by self-declaration)
- Lactating up to 6 weeks before study initiation
- Anaemia (Hb < 12.0 g/dL)
- Elevate CRP (>5.0 mg/L)
- Any metabolic, gastrointestinal kidney or chronic disease such as diabetes, hepatitis, hypertension, cancer or cardiovascular diseases (according to the participants own statement)
- Continuous/long-term use of medication during the whole study (except for contraceptives)
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- Consumption of mineral and vitamin supplements within 2 weeks prior to 1st meal administration
- Blood transfusion, blood donation or significant blood loss (accident, surgery) over the past 4 months
- Earlier participation in a study using Fe stable isotopes or participation in any clinical study within the last 30 days
- Participant who cannot be expected to comply with study protocol (e.g. not available on certain study appointments)
- Smokers (> 1 cigarette per week)
- Difficulties with blood sampling
- Male gender
- Do not understand English
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effect of Solubilizing Agents on Iron Absorption From Iron Fortified Rice in Young Women
Food fortification is regarded as a safe and cost-effective approach to counteract and prevent iron deficiency. Rice is a staple food for millions of people living in regions where iron-deficiency anaemia is a significant public health problem. Therefore, rice may be a promising fortification vehicle. Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is an acceptable iron compound for rice fortification, due to its white colour and low reactivity with the rice matrix. However, iron from FePP generally has a low bioavailability. To increase the low iron bioavailability of FePP in fortified rice, ligands acting as solubilizing agents have been suggested, such as citric acid/trisodium citrate (CA/TSC), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP).
It is however unclear to which extent CA/TSC would enhance iron bioavailability in presence of phytic acid, a common inhibitor of iron absorption found in whole grains and legumes. Zinc oxide reduces iron bioavailability from FePP with and without CA/TSC, in contrast to Zinc sulphate. It is however unclear if this decrease would be also expected in presence of EDTA as solubilizing agent. Further, NaPP has been suggested as a solubilizing agent, enhancing the bioavailability from FePP in bouillon cubes. This study aim to test its effect in rice. Meals containing a high (bean sauce) and low (mixed vegetable) phytic acid level sauce will be used to simulated varying dietary backgrounds, allowing to answer the question which solubilizing agent is viable in enhancing iron bioavailability.
- Conditions
- Iron-deficiency
- Being tested
- Reference meal 1, Reference 2, Test meal A, Test meal B, Test meal C
- Keywords
- Iron deficiency, iron fortified rice, extruded rice
- Medical subject headings
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Iron Deficiencies
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Reference meal 1Dietary supplement
1 ml Ferrous sulfate solution (4mgFe/ml) was added in cooked comercial Rice Prior to served to participant. The meal served with 30 g mixed vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water
Reference 2Dietary supplement
1 ml Ferrous sulphate solution (4mgFe/ml) was added in cooked comercial Rice Prior to served to participant. The meal served with 30 g bean Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water
Test meal ADietary supplement
Fortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water.
** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc oxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Test meal BDietary supplement
Fortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water.
** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Test meal CDietary supplement
Fortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water.
** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium Citrate.
Test meal DDietary supplement
Fortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water.
** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate and sodium pyrophosphate.
Test meal EDietary supplement
Fortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g bean Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water.
** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium Citrate.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Reference meal 1 | Active comparator | 50 g of Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) (dry weight) was cooked and 4 mg iron from Ferrous sulfate was added Prior to give to participants. Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Reference meal 1 |
| Reference 2 | Active comparator | 50 g of Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) (dry weight) was cooked and 4 mg iron from Ferrous sulfate was added Prior to give to participants. Rice meal consumed with bean sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Reference 2 |
| Test meal A | Experimental | Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice cofortified with zinc oxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Test meal A |
| Test meal B | Experimental | Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Test meal B |
| Test meal C | Experimental | Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium citrate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Test meal C |
| Test meal D | Experimental | Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfafe and sodium pyrophosphate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Test meal D |
| Test meal E | Experimental | Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium citrate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with bean Sauce. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Test meal E |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change from baseline in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 2
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Measured: baseline, 2 weeks
Change from week 2 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 4
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Measured: 2 weeks, 4 weeks
Change from week 4 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 6
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Measured: 4 weeks, 6 weeks
Change from week 6 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 8
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Measured: 6 weeks, 8 weeks
Change from week 8 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 10
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Measured: 8 weeks, 10 weeks
Secondary outcomes (3)
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin of each timepoint
Measured: 2, 4,6,8 and 10 weeks
Plasma Ferritin
Plasma Ferritin of each timepoint
Measured: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks
Inflammation Marker
Plasma Ferririn of each timepoint
Measured: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Oct 2018
- Study start2 Oct 2018
- Primary completionDec 2018 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2018 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Iron-deficiencyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 22 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03703739
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Iron_RiceSolubilizing
- Status last verified
- Oct 2018
- First submitted
- 8 Oct 2018
- Last updated
- 12 Oct 2018
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Scheuchzer P, Syryamina VN, Zimmermann MB, Zeder C, Nystrom L, Yulikov M, Moretti D. Ferric Pyrophosphate Forms Soluble Iron Coordination Complexes with Zinc Compounds and Solubilizing Agents in Extruded Rice and Predicts Increased Iron Solubility and Bioavailability in Young Women. J Nutr. 2023 Mar;153(3):636-644. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.003. Epub 2022 Dec 24.
PubMed 36931746
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Oct 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Solubilizing Agents on Iron Absorption From Iron Fortified Rice in Young Women
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03703739
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Iron_RiceSolubilizing
- Conditions
- Iron-deficiency
- Keywords
- Iron deficiency, iron fortified rice, extruded rice
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 22 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Oct 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Dec 2018 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2018 (estimated)
- First posted
- 12 Oct 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Food fortification is regarded as a safe and cost-effective approach to counteract and prevent iron deficiency. Rice is a staple food for millions of people living in regions where iron-deficiency anaemia is a significant public health problem. Therefore, rice may be a promising fortification vehicle. Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is an acceptable iron compound for rice fortification, due to its white colour and low reactivity with the rice matrix. However, iron from FePP generally has a low bioavailability. To increase the low iron bioavailability of FePP in fortified rice, ligands acting as solubilizing agents have been suggested, such as citric acid/trisodium citrate (CA/TSC), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP).
It is however unclear to which extent CA/TSC would enhance iron bioavailability in presence of phytic acid, a common inhibitor of iron absorption found in whole grains and legumes. Zinc oxide reduces iron bioavailability from FePP with and without CA/TSC, in contrast to Zinc sulphate. It is however unclear if this decrease would be also expected in presence of EDTA as solubilizing agent. Further, NaPP has been suggested as a solubilizing agent, enhancing the bioavailability from FePP in bouillon cubes. This study aim to test its effect in rice. Meals containing a high (bean sauce) and low (mixed vegetable) phytic acid level sauce will be used to simulated varying dietary backgrounds, allowing to answer the question which solubilizing agent is viable in enhancing iron bioavailability.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 7
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Reference meal 1 | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Reference meal 150 g of Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) (dry weight) was cooked and 4 mg iron from Ferrous sulfate was added Prior to give to participants. Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. |
| Reference 2 | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Reference 250 g of Commercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) (dry weight) was cooked and 4 mg iron from Ferrous sulfate was added Prior to give to participants. Rice meal consumed with bean sauce. |
| Test meal A | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Test meal ACommercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice cofortified with zinc oxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. |
| Test meal B | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Test meal BCommercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. |
| Test meal C | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Test meal CCommercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium citrate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. |
| Test meal D | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Test meal DCommercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfafe and sodium pyrophosphate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with mixed vegetable Sauce. |
| Test meal E | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Test meal ECommercial Rice (Jasmin Rice) was mixed with iron fortified extuded rice co-fortified with zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium citrate (mixing ratio 100:1), Rice meal consumed with bean Sauce. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 40 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Female, 18 to 40 years old
- Normal body Mass Index (18.5 - 25 kg/m2)
- Body weight ≤ 65 kg
- Signed informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (14 listed)
- Pregnancy (assessed by self-declaration)
- Lactating up to 6 weeks before study initiation
- Anaemia (Hb < 12.0 g/dL)
- Elevate CRP (>5.0 mg/L)
- Any metabolic, gastrointestinal kidney or chronic disease such as diabetes, hepatitis, hypertension, cancer or cardiovascular diseases (according to the participants own statement)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Reference meal 11 ml Ferrous sulfate solution (4mgFe/ml) was added in cooked comercial Rice Prior to served to participant. The meal served with 30 g mixed vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water | Dietary supplement | Reference meal 1 |
| Reference 21 ml Ferrous sulphate solution (4mgFe/ml) was added in cooked comercial Rice Prior to served to participant. The meal served with 30 g bean Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water | Dietary supplement | Reference 2 |
| Test meal AFortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water. ** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc oxide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Dietary supplement | Test meal A |
| Test meal BFortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water. ** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Dietary supplement | Test meal B |
| Test meal CFortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water. ** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium Citrate. | Dietary supplement | Test meal C |
| Test meal DFortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g vegetable Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water. ** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate and sodium pyrophosphate. | Dietary supplement | Test meal D |
| Test meal EFortified extruded Rice was mixed with Commercial Rice (mixing Ratio: 1:100) The meal served with 30 g bean Sauce and 300 ml nanopure water. ** composition of extruded Rice: Ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate, citric acid and trisodium Citrate. | Dietary supplement | Test meal E |
Primary outcome
Change from baseline in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 2
Time frame: baseline, 2 weeks
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Change from week 2 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 4
Time frame: 2 weeks, 4 weeks
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Change from week 4 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 6
Time frame: 4 weeks, 6 weeks
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Change from week 6 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 8
Time frame: 6 weeks, 8 weeks
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
Change from week 8 in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 10
Time frame: 8 weeks, 10 weeks
The change in the isotopic ratio of iron will be measured after the administration of test meal including iron isotopes.
3 secondary outcomes
Haemoglobin
Time frame: 2, 4,6,8 and 10 weeks
Plasma Ferritin
Time frame: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks
Inflammation Marker
Time frame: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Oct 2018.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 36931746Scheuchzer P, Syryamina VN, Zimmermann MB, Zeder C, Nystrom L, Yulikov M, Moretti D. Ferric Pyrophosphate Forms Soluble Iron Coordination Complexes with Zinc Compounds and Solubilizing Agents in Extruded Rice and Predicts Increased Iron Solubility and Bioavailability in Young Women. J Nutr. 2023 Mar;153(3):636-644. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.003. Epub 2022 Dec 24.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Reference meal 1, Reference 2 and Test meal A in people with Iron-deficiency, run by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at 1 site in Switzerland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 14 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Oct 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Switzerland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change from baseline in the isotopic ratio of iron in blood at week 2 (time frame: baseline, 2 weeks). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03703739, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Oct 2018; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.