HypertensionPhase 3NCT03816540
Diaphragmatic Breathing and Heart Rate Variability Training for Improving Hypertension in Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia
A Phase 3 study testing HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback in people with Hypertension and FXTAS, run by University of California, Davis at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
To study whether heart rate variability training and respiratory coherence can improve hypertension in individuals with FXTAS. All patients will receive HRV biofeedback training for 20 sessions. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 50 to 90 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Hypertension, FXTAS
- What is being tested?
- HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 May 2018to 13 Mar 2019
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 50 to 90 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Males and females between the ages of 50-90 with a molecular documentation of a fragile X premutation, diagnosed with FXTAS.
- stable current pharmacological treatment regimen for at least 4 weeks.
- English speaking (the intervention is currently only available in English)
- Clinically significant hypertension.
- Normal or corrected to normal vision and hearing.
Who cannot join
- Significant medical and behavioral problems that would interfere with the study (e.g. not being able to sit and play a computer game for 10 minutes)
- Participants who plan to initiate or change pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic interventions during the course of the study
- Individual is non-verbal (has no spoken language)
- English is not the primary language.
- Clinically critical Hypertension that requires medical attention
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of California, Davis, MIND Institute
Sacramento, California, 95817
About this study
To study whether heart rate variability training and respiratory coherence can improve hypertension in individuals with FXTAS.
All patients will receive HRV biofeedback training for 20 sessions. Our hypothesis is that individuals with FXTAS who undergo 20 sessions of biofeedback training will improve self-regulatory skills for reducing hypertension, as measured by blood pressure measurement to below 140/90. The investigators hypothesize that individuals who successfully develop increased heart rate variability and better synchrony between heart rhythm and respiration will show the greatest improvements in self-regulatory skills for hypertension.
Read the detailed description
Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disease that affects carriers of the fragile X premutation. This project proposes the evaluation of an innovative intervention program that promotes self-regulatory skills for hypertension in individuals with FXTAS. Using a control-group experimental design, the investigators propose to explore the efficacy of a biofeedback treatment to support self-regulatory processes on the physiological level: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and respiratory coherence biofeedback.
Chronic hypertension contributes to cardiovascular complications, dementia, and increased risk of stroke. Our results indicate that the risk of hypertension is significantly elevated in male premutation carriers with FXTAS compared with carriers without FXTAS and controls.
Several research studies showed high levels of physiological arousal in individuals with Fragile X-Associated Disorders (FXS/FX-AD), related to a dysregulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. One parameter to measure physiological arousal is cardiovascular activity. It provides an index of parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate is under the control of efferent sympathetic and vagal activities directed to the sinus node, which are modulated by central brain stem (vasomotor and respiratory centers) and peripheral oscillators (oscillation in arterial pressure and respiratory movements). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a reliable quantitative method for analyzing the modulatory effects of neural mechanisms on the sinus node.
Biofeedback treatments are reported for over 30 years. Biofeedback provides specific information about internal biological processes (i.e. muscle activity, respiration, heart rate variability, skin temperature and brain electrical activity) in an individual. In general, by enhancing the awareness of these processes and training to volitional control over them, specific parameters can be improved. The internal biological processes can be measured with a specific biofeedback equipment that convert this data into signals, often in the form of auditory, visual or somatosensory events, so that the individual can perceive real-time changes in their physiological activity. As the individual learns to control these events, healthier physiological processes are conditioned. Depending upon the physiological processes targeted, healthier patterns of activity can be achieved by most people after they have participated in 10 to 50 sessions of biofeedback supported with professional coaching and practice. Various biofeedback protocols and assistive electronic technologies such as the NeXus-10, emWave Personal Stress Reliever® or StressEraser® exist to enhance the balance of parasympathetic activity, vagal tone, increase HRV and synchronize respiration with the heart rhythm (i.e., the slowing down and speeding up of the heart over time).
- Conditions
- Hypertension, FXTAS
- Being tested
- HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback
- Medical subject headings
- Hypertension, Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedbackDevice
Biofeedback treatment to support self-regulatory processes on the physiological level: heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory coherence.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| FXTAS-affected | Experimental | FXTAS-affected participants will receive HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback training for 20 sessions. Receives: Device: HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback |
| FXTAS-unaffected | Active comparator | FXTAS-unaffected participants will be assessed to compare the effects of biofeedback based on FXTAS status. This arm will receive HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback training for 20 sessions. Receives: Device: HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in blood pressure (systolic & diastolic)
Blood pressure is measured at the brachial artery of left arm using an electronic blood pressure monitor with an inflatable cuff, repeated three times at each site, and averaged. Less than 120/80 mmHg is considered "normal," 120/80 to 139/89 mmHg is "prehypertension," and above 140/90 mmHg is "hypertension."
Measured: Baseline, 4 to 6 weeks
Clinical Global Impression Scale - Severity (CGI-S)
The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) will be assessed at baseline according to the severity of hypertension, which is rated on the following seven-point scale: 1=normal, not at all ill; 2=borderline elevated; 3=mildly elevated; 4=moderately elevated; 5=markedly elevated; 6=severely elevated; 7= extremely elevated. This rating is based upon observed and reported symptoms, behavior, and function in the past seven days. Symptoms and behavior can fluctuate over a week; the score should reflect the average severity level across the seven days.
Measured: Baseline
Clinical Global Impression Scale - Improvement (CGI-I)
The CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) is similar to the CGI-S. Directly post-treatment and at the follow-up, the investigator compares the patient's overall clinical condition to the one week period just prior to the baseline visit. The query hypertension is rated on a seven-point scale: "Compared to the patient's condition at baseline, this participant's condition is: 1=very much improved since the baseline; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline; 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the baseline measure.
Measured: 4 to 6 weeks
Secondary outcomes (4)
Psychophysiological Profile - Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
HRV will be assessed using the emwave2 desktop device (HeartMath Institute, Boulder Creek, CA). It uses an earlobe plethysmograph sensor to detect the pulse wave, and plots changes in heart rate on a beat-to-beat basis.
Measured: 4 to 6 weeks
Psychophysiological Profile - Synchrony between Respiration and HRV
A measure of synchrony will be assessed which will be calculated using the HRV measure previously described and respiration, which will be recorded by strain gauges placed around the abdomen.
Measured: 4 to 6 weeks
Psychophysiological Profile - Skin Conductance
Galvanic skin response is measured in Siemens by the skin's conductance between two small metal electrodes placed on the walls of the index finger tip and the ring finger tip.
Measured: 4 to 6 weeks
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Folstein test is a 30-point questionnaire that is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia.
Measured: 4 to 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Jan 2019
- Study start1 May 2018
- Primary completion13 Mar 2019
- Study completion13 Mar 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HypertensionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of California, DavisThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Same intervention will be applied to FXTAS-affected and unaffected (comparison) participants.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Davis
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis, Mini-Grant Geriatrics
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03816540
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1151848
- Status last verified
- Oct 2019
- First submitted
- 8 May 2018
- Last updated
- 22 Oct 2019
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Bradley RT, McCraty R, Atkinson M, Tomasino D, Daugherty A, Arguelles L. Emotion self-regulation, psychophysiological coherence, and test anxiety: results from an experiment using electrophysiological measures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010 Dec;35(4):261-83. doi: 10.1007/s10484-010-9134-x.
PubMed 20559707Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B. Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000 Sep;25(3):177-91. doi: 10.1023/a:1009554825745.
PubMed 10999236Lloyd A, Brett D, Wesnes K. Coherence training in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: cognitive functions and behavioral changes. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;16(4):34-42.
PubMed 20653294Hamlin AA, Sukharev D, Campos L, Mu Y, Tassone F, Hessl D, Nguyen DV, Loesch D, Hagerman RJ. Hypertension in FMR1 premutation males with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Jun;158A(6):1304-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35323. Epub 2012 Apr 23.
PubMed 22528549Pagani M, Rimoldi O, Pizzinelli P, Furlan R, Crivellaro W, Liberati D, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Assessment of the neural control of the circulation during psychological stress. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1991 Jul;35(1):33-41. doi: 10.1016/0165-1838(91)90036-3.
PubMed 1940025Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):1043-65. No abstract available.
PubMed 8598068Lubar JF, Bahler WW. Behavioral management of epileptic seizures following EEG biofeedback training of the sensorimotor rhythm. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1976 Mar;1(1):77-104. doi: 10.1007/BF00998692.
PubMed 825150
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Oct 2019. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Diaphragmatic Breathing and Heart Rate Variability Training for Improving Hypertension in Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03816540
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1151848
- Conditions
- Hypertension, FXTAS
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, DavisUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis, Mini-Grant Geriatrics
- Study start
- 1 May 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 13 Mar 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- 13 Mar 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 25 Jan 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
To study whether heart rate variability training and respiratory coherence can improve hypertension in individuals with FXTAS.
All patients will receive HRV biofeedback training for 20 sessions. Our hypothesis is that individuals with FXTAS who undergo 20 sessions of biofeedback training will improve self-regulatory skills for reducing hypertension, as measured by blood pressure measurement to below 140/90. The investigators hypothesize that individuals who successfully develop increased heart rate variability and better synchrony between heart rhythm and respiration will show the greatest improvements in self-regulatory skills for hypertension.
Detailed description
Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disease that affects carriers of the fragile X premutation. This project proposes the evaluation of an innovative intervention program that promotes self-regulatory skills for hypertension in individuals with FXTAS. Using a control-group experimental design, the investigators propose to explore the efficacy of a biofeedback treatment to support self-regulatory processes on the physiological level: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and respiratory coherence biofeedback.
Chronic hypertension contributes to cardiovascular complications, dementia, and increased risk of stroke. Our results indicate that the risk of hypertension is significantly elevated in male premutation carriers with FXTAS compared with carriers without FXTAS and controls.
Several research studies showed high levels of physiological arousal in individuals with Fragile X-Associated Disorders (FXS/FX-AD), related to a dysregulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. One parameter to measure physiological arousal is cardiovascular activity. It provides an index of parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate is under the control of efferent sympathetic and vagal activities directed to the sinus node, which are modulated by central brain stem (vasomotor and respiratory centers) and peripheral oscillators (oscillation in arterial pressure and respiratory movements). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a reliable quantitative method for analyzing the modulatory effects of neural mechanisms on the sinus node.
Biofeedback treatments are reported for over 30 years. Biofeedback provides specific information about internal biological processes (i.e. muscle activity, respiration, heart rate variability, skin temperature and brain electrical activity) in an individual. In general, by enhancing the awareness of these processes and training to volitional control over them, specific parameters can be improved. The internal biological processes can be measured with a specific biofeedback equipment that convert this data into signals, often in the form of auditory, visual or somatosensory events, so that the individual can perceive real-time changes in their physiological activity. As the individual learns to control these events, healthier physiological processes are conditioned. Depending upon the physiological processes targeted, healthier patterns of activity can be achieved by most people after they have participated in 10 to 50 sessions of biofeedback supported with professional coaching and practice. Various biofeedback protocols and assistive electronic technologies such as the NeXus-10, emWave Personal Stress Reliever® or StressEraser® exist to enhance the balance of parasympathetic activity, vagal tone, increase HRV and synchronize respiration with the heart rhythm (i.e., the slowing down and speeding up of the heart over time).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Same intervention will be applied to FXTAS-affected and unaffected (comparison) participants.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| FXTAS-affected | Experimental | Device: HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedbackFXTAS-affected participants will receive HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback training for 20 sessions. |
| FXTAS-unaffected | Active comparator | Device: HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedbackFXTAS-unaffected participants will be assessed to compare the effects of biofeedback based on FXTAS status. This arm will receive HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback training for 20 sessions. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 50 to 90 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Males and females between the ages of 50-90 with a molecular documentation of a fragile X premutation, diagnosed with FXTAS.
- stable current pharmacological treatment regimen for at least 4 weeks.
- English speaking (the intervention is currently only available in English)
- Clinically significant hypertension.
- Normal or corrected to normal vision and hearing.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Significant medical and behavioral problems that would interfere with the study (e.g. not being able to sit and play a computer game for 10 minutes)
- Participants who plan to initiate or change pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic interventions during the course of the study
- Individual is non-verbal (has no spoken language)
- English is not the primary language.
- Clinically critical Hypertension that requires medical attention
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedbackBiofeedback treatment to support self-regulatory processes on the physiological level: heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory coherence. | Device | FXTAS-affected, FXTAS-unaffected |
Primary outcome
Change in blood pressure (systolic & diastolic)
Time frame: Baseline, 4 to 6 weeks
Blood pressure is measured at the brachial artery of left arm using an electronic blood pressure monitor with an inflatable cuff, repeated three times at each site, and averaged. Less than 120/80 mmHg is considered "normal," 120/80 to 139/89 mmHg is "prehypertension," and above 140/90 mmHg is "hypertension."
Clinical Global Impression Scale - Severity (CGI-S)
Time frame: Baseline
The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) will be assessed at baseline according to the severity of hypertension, which is rated on the following seven-point scale: 1=normal, not at all ill; 2=borderline elevated; 3=mildly elevated; 4=moderately elevated; 5=markedly elevated; 6=severely elevated; 7= extremely elevated. This rating is based upon observed and reported symptoms, behavior, and function in the past seven days. Symptoms and behavior can fluctuate over a week; the score should reflect the average severity level across the seven days.
Clinical Global Impression Scale - Improvement (CGI-I)
Time frame: 4 to 6 weeks
The CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) is similar to the CGI-S. Directly post-treatment and at the follow-up, the investigator compares the patient's overall clinical condition to the one week period just prior to the baseline visit. The query hypertension is rated on a seven-point scale: "Compared to the patient's condition at baseline, this participant's condition is: 1=very much improved since the baseline; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline; 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the baseline measure.
4 secondary outcomes
Psychophysiological Profile - Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
Time frame: 4 to 6 weeks
Psychophysiological Profile - Synchrony between Respiration and HRV
Time frame: 4 to 6 weeks
Psychophysiological Profile - Skin Conductance
Time frame: 4 to 6 weeks
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Time frame: 4 to 6 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Oct 2019.
- Background: PubMed 20559707Bradley RT, McCraty R, Atkinson M, Tomasino D, Daugherty A, Arguelles L. Emotion self-regulation, psychophysiological coherence, and test anxiety: results from an experiment using electrophysiological measures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010 Dec;35(4):261-83. doi: 10.1007/s10484-010-9134-x.
- Background: PubMed 10999236Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B. Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000 Sep;25(3):177-91. doi: 10.1023/a:1009554825745.
- Background: PubMed 20653294Lloyd A, Brett D, Wesnes K. Coherence training in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: cognitive functions and behavioral changes. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;16(4):34-42.
- Background: PubMed 22528549Hamlin AA, Sukharev D, Campos L, Mu Y, Tassone F, Hessl D, Nguyen DV, Loesch D, Hagerman RJ. Hypertension in FMR1 premutation males with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Jun;158A(6):1304-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35323. Epub 2012 Apr 23.
- Background: PubMed 1940025Pagani M, Rimoldi O, Pizzinelli P, Furlan R, Crivellaro W, Liberati D, Cerutti S, Malliani A. Assessment of the neural control of the circulation during psychological stress. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1991 Jul;35(1):33-41. doi: 10.1016/0165-1838(91)90036-3.
- Background: PubMed 8598068Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):1043-65. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 825150Lubar JF, Bahler WW. Behavioral management of epileptic seizures following EEG biofeedback training of the sensorimotor rhythm. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1976 Mar;1(1):77-104. doi: 10.1007/BF00998692.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Hypertension
Active, not recruiting
Digital Reinforcement of Motivational Interviewing Micro-Skills Among Primary Care Healthcare Professionals
Hypertension (Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)
Recruiting
Investigating Vascular Properties of HEMI and SPG Signals in Individuals With or at Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension (HTN)
Recruiting
Trial Phase: Syndemic Adapted Medly Uganda
Mental Health
Not yet recruitingPhase 2/3
An Open-Label Extension Study to Evaluate Inhaled Treprostinil SMI in Participants With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (PH-COPD)
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Enrolling by invitation
Testing Implementation Strategies to Support Clinic Fidelity to an Outpatient Hypertension Bundle
Pregnancy Related, Hypertension
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 3 study testing HRV and respiratory coherence biofeedback in people with Hypertension and FXTAS, run by University of California, Davis at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Oct 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 3 studies compare the treatment with the current standard treatment or a placebo in a large group, to confirm how well it works and watch for side effects.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in blood pressure (systolic & diastolic) (time frame: Baseline, 4 to 6 weeks). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03816540, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Oct 2019.